Classzone book

2. While the
American
Revolution and
the French
Revolution were
being fought in
the late 1700s,
another kind of
revolution took
hold in Britain.
Though not
political, this
revolution—
known as the
Industrial
Revolution—
brought about
just as many
changes to
society.

3. Introduction to industry
• The Industrial Revolution
began in Great Britain
during the late 1700s.
• Changes in the way land
was used and new farming
methods increased
productivity.
• Skilled inventors developed
new technology, and
entrepreneurs with money
invested in new or
expanded ventures.

4. New Inventions and Ideas

12. • Capitalism was a major factor in spurring
industrial growth. It was an economic system in Capitalism
which individuals and private firms, not the
government, own the means of production,
including land, machinery, and the workplace.
In a capitalist system, individuals decide how
they can make a profit and determine business
practices accordingly
• Industrialists practiced industrial capitalism
which involved continually expanding factories
or investing in new businesses. After investing
in a factory, capitalists used profits to hire more
workers and buy more raw materials and new
machines.
• Mass Production: the production of huge
quantities of identical goods
• Manufacturers invested in machines to replace
more costly human labor. Machines were fast
working and precise and enabled industrialists
to mass-produce

13. Adam Smith
• Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who
set down the workings of a laissez-faire
economy.
• In The Wealth of Nations of 1776, Smith
stated that businesses compete to produce
goods as inexpensively as possible, and
consumers buy the best goods at the lowest
prices. Efficient producers make more profit,
hire more workers, invent new stuff, and
continue to expand, to everyone’s benefit.
• By the 1850s, Great Britain, the world’s
leading industrial power, had adopted free
trade and other laissez-faire policies.
- As the Industrial Revolution sped up, Smith’s ideas
influenced economic thought and practice

14. Capitalist Ideas
• During the Industrial Revolution, European thinkers rejected
mercantilism with its government controls.
• These thinkers supported laissez-faire, a policy allowing
business to operate without government interference.
• Laissez-faire comes from a French term meaning “let them
alone.”
• European thinkers held that fewer taxes and regulations would
enable farmers to grow more produce.
• In the early 1800s, laissez-faire soon gained the support of
middle-class owners of railroads, factories, and mines.

17. English: Work by Ford Madox Brown, 1852-63 Oil on canvas. Original in the Manchester
City Art Galleries

18. Great Britain Leads the Way
Money and Industry
• This agriculture revolution • Capital-money to invest in
helped Great Britain to lead labor, machines, and raw
materials that is essential for
the Industrial Revolution the growth of industry
• Successful farming business • By investing in growing
allowed landowners to industries, the aristocracy and
invest money in growing middle class had a good
industries chance of making a profit
• Parliament encouraged
• Many displaced farmers investment by passing laws
became industrial workers; that helped the growing
moved to urban areas. businesses
The four factors of economics are:
land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship

19. Great Britain Leads the Way cont.
Natural Resources Large Labor Supply
• Britain’s wealth included its • In one century, England’s
rich supply of natural population nearly doubled
resources
– Improvements in farming lead
• Water provided power for to increased availability of
developing industries and
transported raw materials food
and finished goods – better, more nutritious food
• Britain also had huge led to people living longer
supplies of coal, the and healthier lives
principle raw material of • Changes in farming lead to
the Industrial Revolution increased supply of industrial
– Produced iron and steel workers
for machinery and helped
to fuel industry • Entrepreneurs-businesspeople
who set up industries by bringing
together capital, labor, and new
industrial inventions

20. Why Britain Industrialized First

21. Enclosure
Movement
• Open field system- system where British farmers had
planted crops and kept livestock on unfenced private
and public lands for hundreds of years
• Landowners felt that larger farms with enclosed fields
would increase farming efficiency and productivity
• Enclosure Movement-practice of fencing or enclosing
common lands into individual holdings
• Parliament supported this and passed laws that allowed
landowners to take over and fence off private and
common lands
• Many small farmers dependent on village lands were
forced to move to towns and cities to find work

22. • Landowners practiced new, more efficient
farming methods
– To raise crop yields, they mixed different
kinds of soil and used new crop rotation
systems
– Crop Rotation-the practice of alternating
crops of different kinds to preserve soil fertility
– Charles Townshend- urged the growing of turnips to
enrich exhausted soil
– Another reformer, Robert Bakewell, bred stronger
horses for farm work and fatter sheep and cattle for meat
– Jethro Tull- invented the seed drill that enabled
farmers to plant seeds in orderly rows

24. Growing Textile Industry
Advances in Machinery Producing More Cloth
• John Kay- improved the loom with • Edmund Cartwright-
the flying shuttle developed the power loom to
• James Hargeaves- invented a solve the shortage of weavers
more efficient spinning machine • The new inventions created a
called the spinning jenny growing need for raw cotton
• Richard Arkwright-developed the • (American) Eli Whitney-
water frame-a huge spinning developed the cotton gin that
machine that ran continually on cleaned cotton 50 times faster
waterpower than one person could
• Samuel Crompton- produce the
spinning mule by combining
features of the spinning jenny
and the water frame

25. Flying shuttle Water Frame
Spinning Jenny
Power Loom
Spinning Mule Cotton Gin

26. The Factory System
• Factory System- organized method of production that
brought workers and machines together under control
of managers
• Waterways powered machines and provided
transportation for raw materials and finished cloth
• As the factory system spread, manufacturers required
more
power than horses and water
could provide
• James Watt- designed an
efficient steam engine*
– Steam engines allowed
factories that had to close
down when water froze or
flowed too low to run
continuously
• The steam engine enabled
factories to be built far from
waterways

27. The first passenger carriage in Europe, 1830, George Stephenson´s steam locomotive,
Liverpool and Manchester Railway

29. Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney designed and invented the
cotton gin by April 1793. The cotton gin
was a machine that automated the
separation of cottonseed from the short-
staple cotton fiber. He contributed to the
concept of interchangeable parts and
increased factory production. These
interchangeable parts were machine-
made parts that were exactly alike and
easily assembled or exchanged.

30. Industrial Developments
• The use of factory machinery • Water transportation also
increased demand for iron improved: in 1761, British
and steel workers dug one of the first
modern canals
• Henry Bessemer and William
– Soon, a canal building craze began
Kelly-developed methods to in both Europe and the US
inexpensively produce steel
from iron • A combination of steam power
and steel would soon
• At the same time, people worked revolutionize both land and water
to advanced transportation transportation
systems throughout – In 1801, Richard Trevithick first
Europe and the US brought steam-powered travel to
• Improvements began when land with a steam-powered
private companies began building carriage that ran on wheels and
and paving roads three years later, a steam
locomotive that ran on rails
• John McAdam and Thomas – In 1807, Robert Fulton designed
Telford- further advanced road the first practical steamboat
making: • Railroads and steamboats laid the
– better drainage systems and foundations for a global economy
– the use of layers of crushed rock and opened new forms of
investment

39. Modernizing Japan
Japan didn't trade until 1853, when four
American warships commanded by
Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed
into the bay at Edo(present-day
Tokyo).He wanted to trade with Japan
and so they signed a treaty with Perry
in 1854.
Meiji Leaders
First five years after Perry, shogun signed
treaties with Britain, France, Holland,
Russia, and the United States.
Unhappiness of the treaties led to the
overthrow of the shogun in 1868. A
group of Samurai gave its allegiance to
the new emperor, Mutsuhito, but kept
the real power to themselves.
Mutsuhito was known as the Meiji, or
Enlightened emperor, Japan's new rulers
were called Meiji leaders. They
Strengthened the Military, and worked to
transform the nation into industrial
society.
They established a system of universal
education designed to produce loyal,
skilled citizens who worked for Japan's
modernization.

40. 2
The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect
Immediate Effects
•Rise of factories
•Changes in transportation and communication
•Urbanization
•New methods of production
•Rise of urban working class
•Growth of reform movements
Causes
Long-Term Effects
•Increased agricultural productivity
•Growth of labor unions
•Growing population
•Inexpensive new products
•New sources of energy, such as
•Spread of industrialization
steam and coal
•Rise of big business
•Growing demand for textiles and
•Expansion of public education
other mass-produced goods
•Expansion of middle class
•Improved technology
•Competition for world trade among
•Available natural resources, labor,
industrialized nations
and money
•Progress in medical care
•Strong, stable governments
promoted economic growth

41. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

45. Samuel Slater
• Tall, ruddy young British
worker on a ship bound for
New York.
• A farmer was his listed
occupation but he was actually
a smuggler, stealing a valuable
British commodity-industrial
knowledge-to make money in
America.
• Knew how to build an industrial
spinning wheel and introduced
it to the US.

46. Communications
Samuel Morse James Clerk Maxwell
assembled a working model of promoted the development of
the telegraph the radio
Promoted the idea that
Used a system of dots and electromagnetic waves travel
dashes through space at the speed of
light
American inventor British physicist
Telegraph lines linked most
European and North American
cities

49. a

51. Industrialization: Success or Failure?
France Germany United States
British capital and machinery
government encouraged Used British capital to build
and American mechanical
industrialization their first major railway
skills promoted new industry.
developed a large pool of Strong iron, coal, and textile Shoe and textile factories
outstanding scientists industries emerged. flourished in New England.
industrialization was
industrialization was slow- industrialization was
successful especially in the
paced successful
Northeast
Napoleonic Wars strained
Government funding helped Coal mines and ironworks
the economy and depleted
the industry to grow expanded in PA
the workforce
Growth of mining and railway By 1870, the US ranked with
Brought machinery from Great Britain and Germany as
construction became big in one of the world’s 3 most
Britain and set up factories
Paris industrialized countries.
Economy depended on farming
and small businesses, not new
industries.

52. 1
Technology and Industry
The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred
economic growth. To improve efficiency, manufacturers
designed products with interchangeable parts.
They also introduced the assembly line. (Mass production)
STEEL CHEMICALS ELECTRICITY
Henry Bessemer Alessandro Volta
developed a process Chemists created
developed the first battery.
to produce stronger hundreds of new
Michael Faraday created
steel. products. the first electric motor and
New chemical fertilizers the first dynamo, a
Steel quickly became led to increased food machine that generates
the major material production. electricity.
used in tools, bridges, Alfred Nobel invented Thomas Edison made the
and railroads. dynamite. first electric light bulb.

53. Alexander Graham
Guglielmo Marconi
Bell
devised the wireless telegraph
invented the telephone
which later became the radio
Scottish-born American teacher of
the deaf
Tiny electrical wires carrying sound
allowed people to speak to each
other over long distances

54. Electricity
Scientists devised ways to harness electrical power and electricity
replaced coal as the major source of industrial fuel.
Michael Faraday Thomas Edison
discovered that moving a magnet
Invented the phonograph which
through a coil in a copper wire would
reproduced sound
produce an electrical current
Made electric lighting cheap and
Electric motor was based on this accessible by inventing
principle
incandescent light bulbs.
British chemist American inventor

55. Michael Faraday Thomas Edison

56. Energy & Engines
•The Industrial Revolution surged forward with advances in
engines. These inventions ushered in the age of the motor car:
Gottlieb Daimler
German engineer
Redesigned the internal combustion engine
Now runs on gasoline
Produced enough power to propel vehicles and boats
Rudolf Diesel
German engineer
Developed an oil-burning internal-combustion engine
Could run industrial plants, ocean liners, and locomotives
Ferdinand von Zeppelin
Streamlined the dirigible with a gasoline engine
A dirigible was a 40-year-old balloon-like invention that could carry passengers

57. 1
Advances in Transportation and Communication
During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and
communication were transformed by technology.
COMMUNICATION
TRANSPORTATION •Samuel Morse developed
•Steamships replaced sailing ships. the telegraph.
•Rail lines connected inland cities and •Alexander Graham Bell
seaports, mining regions and industrial patented the telephone.
centers. •Guglielmo Marconi invented
•Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered the radio.
internal combustion engine.
•Karl Benz patented the first automobile.
•Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine
•Henry Ford began mass producing cars.
•Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew
the first airplane.

58. Henry Ford
Henry Ford used the assembly line
methods to produce his Model T
automobiles. As he produced greater
quantities of his cars, the cost of
producing each car fell, allowing him
to drop the price. This enabled
millions of people to buy cars.

59. Taking Flight
Wilbur and Orville Wright achieved success in 1903
at Kitty Hawk with the first flight of a motorized
airplane. It covered a distance of 120 feet. Only five
years later they flew their wooden airplane 100
miles.
New airplanes and other vehicles needed a
steady supply of fuel for power and rubber
for tires and other parts. Petroleum and
rubber industries skyrocketed and
innovations in transportation,
communications, and electricity changed
the American lifestyle forever.

61. 1
The Rise of Big Business
New technologies required the investment of large
amounts of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs
sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors.
Large-scale companies formed corporations,
businesses that are owned by many investors who
buy shares of stock.
Powerful business leaders created monopolies and
trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled
entire industries or areas of the economy.
Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces and
formed a cartel, an association to fix prices, set
production quotas, or control markets.

62. The Rise of the Middle Class
• More jobs/biz came along
with successful owners
• Education became a key idea along
with people becoming involved in
politics
In a democracy or a republic, it is
essential that your electorate/plebiscite
is literate and informed enough to make
political decisions while voting.

63. Middle-Class Lifestyles
• The stereotype of men go out to work and the
women stayed home to clean and raise the
children developed during this period
• Boys sent to school to learn business or trade
and typically took father’s position or worked
in family business
• Girls stayed at home learning to cook, sew and
all the workings of a household

64. 2
The World
of Cities
• How had cities changed by 1900?
• How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions
for workers?

65. 2
City Life
As industrialization progressed, cities came to
dominate the West. At the same time, city life
underwent dramatic changes.
• Settlement patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant
neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor
crowded into slums near the city center.
• Paved streets, gas lamps, organized police forces, and
expanded fire protection made cities safer and more liveable.
• Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel.
• Sewage systems improved public
health.

66. Lives of the Working Class
• Class size increased
• Luxuries became available
• No longer made or grew what the family needed—
no longer self-sufficient
• Went from “rugged
Individualism” to
consumerism

67. Population Explosion
2
Between 1800 and 1900, the
population of Europe more than
doubled. This rapid growth was •People ate better.
not due to larger families. Instead, •Medical knowledge increased.
population soared because the •Public sanitation improved.
death rate fell. •Hygiene improved.
The drop in the death rate can be
attributed to the following:
Year Male Female
1850 40.3 years 42.8 years
1870 42.3 years 44.7 years
1890 45.8 years 48.5 years
1910 52.7 years 56.0 years

68. At the Mercy of Machinery
• As competition increased between factories,
work conditions decreased
• Workers spent between 10-14 hours in the
factories a day
• Women made less than half of men and
children made even less

69. 2
Working-Class Struggles
Workers protested to improve the harsh
conditions of industrial life. At first,
business owners tried to silence
protesters, strikes and unions were
illegal, and demonstrations were crushed.
By mid-century, workers slowly began to make progress:
• Workers formed mutual-aid societies, self-help groups to aid sick or
injured workers.
• Workers won the right to organize unions.
•Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions. Social
unionism—vote in guys who will pass pro-union laws.
• Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance.
• The standard of living improved.

70. Workers’ Lives
• Working children didn’t go to school, worked long
hours and suffered from diseases and injuries from
the intense work.
• Working offered new independence for women
• Owners of mill often controlled of the worker’s lives

71. Workers Unite
• Developed labor unions that demanded fair
wages and tolerable working conditions
• Labor unions are made up of workers of a
trade

72. Union Tactics
• Organized protests, slowdowns,
boycotts, sit-downs, strikes
• Unions banned in England, and known members
of unions lost their jobs and were not hired for
jobs in U.S.--blacklisted
• Collective bargaining developed and unions
gained acceptance
Picketing—an orderly
assemblage of strikers to protest
unfair working conditions.
Signs were attached to wooden
slats made from picket fenceposts.
Recently banned because they made
great weapons in a scuffle!

73. 3
What Values Shaped the New Social Order?
• A strict code of etiquette governed social
behavior.
• Children were supposed to be “seen but not
heard.”
• Middle-class parents had a large say in choosing
whom their children married. At the same time,
the notion of “falling in love” was more accepted
than ever before.
• Men worked while women stayed at home.
Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a
cult of domesticity that idealized women and the
home.

74. 3
Rights for Women
• Across Europe and the United States, politically active
women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce,
and property laws.
• Women’s groups supported the Temperance movement,
a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.
• Before 1850, some women had become leaders in the
union movement.
• Some women campaigned to abolish slavery.
• Many women broke the barriers that kept them out of
universities and professions.
• In the mid- to late 1800s, groups dedicated to
women’s suffrage emerged. Women in the US will
not get the vote until 1920—the 19th Amendment.

75. 3
Growth in Public
Education
• By the late 1800s, reformers persuaded many governments to set
up public schools and require basic education for all children.
• Governments began to expand secondary schools, or high schools.
• Colleges and universities expanded during this period. Universities
added courses in the sciences to their curricula.
• Some women sought greater educational opportunities. By the 1840s,
a few small colleges for women opened.

80. Countries by 2012 economic freedom index

81. Karl Marx’s Theories and
Friedrich Engels
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels met in Paris in 1844.
• Marx later settled in London, and he and Engels
became lifelong friends and collaborators.
• Marx believed that capitalism was only a temporary
phase. As the makers of goods, the proletariat, or
the working class, was the true productive class.
Proletariats could seize control from the bourgeoisie,
Karl Marx or middle class, during an economic crisis and then
build a society in which the people owned Friedrich Engels
everything. He wrote The Communist Manifesto
and Das Kapital.
Without private property, classes would vanish, and the government would wither
away. This would be known as communism, a society without class distinctions
or private property.
This did not happen—sigh!

82. Marx and Engels
• -Karl Marx, a German
philosopher, dismissed
early socialism as
impractical and tried to
find a scientific basis for it.
• - Son of a German lawyer
and had a doctorate of
- Horrified by English factory
history and philosophy conditions, Engels wrote
The Condition of the
Working Class in England.

86. Marx’s Theories
• Following the German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, Marx believed
changing ideas
were the major force in history and history advanced through conflict.
• Marx viewed economics as the major force for change.
Marx Economic
Base BASE
Theory ECONOMIC
Social Customs Religion Art
Law Law Social Systems Customs Religion Art
Systems

87. Marx’s Theories cont.
The class that
controlled They gave up
production became control through
the controlling class. revolutions.
Therefore, clashes
between the classes
were inevitable.

88. Marx’s Theories (cont.)
• Proletariat working class
• Bourgeoisie middle class
• -According to Marx, the proletariat would build a
society in which people owned everything.
• Without private property, classes and government
would wither away.
• Communism governing principle would be “from
each according to his ability, and each according to
his need”.
• These views were published in The Communist
Manifesto of 1848.
• Marx developed them further in Das Kapital in 1867.

89. The Socialist
Legacy
• History did not proceed by Marx’s plan.
• Workers could buy more with their wages. Rather than
overthrow their governments, workers gained the right to vote to
correct the worst social ills. Workers also remained loyal to their
individual nations.
• Democratic Socialists began to appear and urged public control
of some means of production, but they respected individual
values and democratic means to implement Socialist policies.
• In the early 1900s, revolution swept Russia. Rising to power
in the revolution, the Russian communists imposed their
beliefs on the country and shunned democratic values.
• Communism is a radical form of socialism first developed
by a group of Marxist revolutionaries. Communism is a
society without class distinction or private property.

90. The Socialist Legacy
• -History did not proceed by Marx’s plan, however.
• -Rather than overthrow their government, workers gained the
right to vote and used it to correct social issues in many
democratic countries.
• Democratic socialism developed in Europe, which urged public
control of production, but respected individual values and
favored democratic means. Many countries like Denmark,
West Germany, Sweden, Finland, Japan, etc. adopt socialism
especially after WWII.