6 akmal karimov - uzbekistan

1. Current status of the groundwater
resources in the irrigated zone of Central
Asia
A. Karimov, IWMI

2. • IWMI ( International Water Management Institute) – one of
the 15s center of the CGIAR (Consulting Group for
International Agricultural Research)
www.iwmi.org (Colombo, Sri Lanka)
• IWMI has regional center in Tashkent
+ 99871 – 2370445
a.karimov@cgiar.org / u.kalandarova@cgiar.org

3. GW study area within Central Asia
Fergana Valley and the Syrdarya
midstream
Central Asia

4. Groundwater use in the Aral Sea basin
House.
WU
68%
Ind. WU
29%
Other
3%
Kazakhstan
GWR = 1.8 km3
GWE = 0.42 km3 HWU
10%
IWU
14%
Agr. WU
76%
Kyrgyzstan
GWR = 0.86 km3
GWE = 0.40 km3
O
1% Tajikistan
House.WU
34%
IWU
9%
Agr.WU
56%
GWR = 6.65 km3
GWE = 0.99 km3
HWU
46%
IWU
8%
AWU
33%
DW
13%
Turkmenistan
GWR = 3.36 km3
GWE = 0.46 km3
House.WU
42%
Ind. WU
9%
Rangelands
Drain.W
22%
Agr. WU
25%
1%
Dewatering mines
7%
Uzbekistan
GWR 18.5 km3
GWE = 5.43 km3

5. GW of the Fergana Valley
Groundwater depths, July 2004
The area of the irrigated land with
shallow water table
Soil type
Fergana Valley

6. Evaporation from shallow water table on silt
loam soils of the Fergana Valley
Lysimeter studies ( Ganiev, 1979)
1050
900
750
600
450
300
150
0
0 1 2 3 4
mm/ha
Water depth, m
250
200
150
100
50
0
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
000‘ га
Sand
Sandy loam
Silt loam
The area with shallow water
Evaporation from shallow water table
0.70
0.55
0.40
0.25
0.10
-0.05
-0.20
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
GWe.ET (-)
УГВ, m
RF
HDI
LDI
DI
FI
Poly. (HDI)
Poly. (LDI)
Poly. (DI)
Poly. (FI)

7. Regional GW balance for the Fergana Valley
(average for 1992-2004)
Item Average
Mm3/yr %
Inflow
1. Irrigation losses 7054 78
2. Precipitation losses 245 3
3. Leakage from rivers 1301 14
4. Underground inflow 1721 19
Groundwater inflow 9020 100
Discharge
1. GW extraction
a) For municipal needs 1040 11
b) Industry 330 4
c) Irrigation 871 10
d) Drainage 942 10
2. Evaporation 944 10
3. Discharge to drainage 4774 53
Total discharge 9048 100

8. Groundwater recovery technologies
Deep wells:
Depth – 60-100 m Boreholes:
Yield - 15-50 l/s
Cost - 15,000-25,000
USD
Shallow wells:
Depth – 25-40 m
Yield - 2-4 l/s
Cost - 2,000-
4,000 USD
Depth – 20-30 m
Yield - 1-2.5 l/s
Cost - 300-500 USD

9. Simple technology of groundwater irrigation at the
pilot small farm in FV
80
60
40
20
0
Number of boreholes
2001 2004 2007 2010
2009
2010
IWMI and AWRDC studies

10. Yield of grapes – 16-25 t/ha
Farmer income – 7,000-9,000 USD/ha
Irrigation rates – 7000-7500 m3/ha
2011-2012 гг
Groundwater irrigation of grapevines – Fergana
province – 2011-2012
Deep wells:
Depth – 60-100 m
Yield - 15-40 l/s
Cost - 15,000-25,000 USD

11. Modeling groundwater of the Sokh aquifer
Initial salinity of GW

12. Hydrogeology conditions of the Northern
Tajikistan
Zone GW storages
Annual
change
TDS
Km3
Mm3/
yea Mg/l
Zone 1 11.4 23.7 1000-1500
Zone 2 1.7 6.9 1000-1400
Zone 3 8.3 11 800-1500
Zone 4 8.9 14.3 700-1500
Total 30.3 42.1
Zone I
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Groundwater storages

13. Groundwater extraction in the Sogd province,
Tajikistan
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Отбор, млн м3
Дренаж Орошение
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Площадь, га
С близким залеганием УГВ подверженные засолению
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Урожайность, т/га
хлопок рис
GW extraction in Gafurov district
The area with shallow water
Yield of cotton and rice

14. Water use in the Samgar lift irrigation zone,
Northern Tajikistan
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Number of new wells
Shortage of canal water in the
Samgar irrigation zone induce
farmers move to groundwater
irrigation. There is uniform
water supply under groundwater
irrigation zone and low uniformity
under canal irrigation.
Number of new wells in the Samgar zone
Flow, Mm3/mo
Water witdrawal Karamazarsai Return flow

15. GW extraction for irrigation and drainage in
Rasulev district
Rasulev district
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Pumpage, M M3
Irrigation
drainage

16. Groundwater salinity and dephts in the Makhtaral
Irrigation project command area (Kazakhstan)
GW salinity GW depths

17. Dustyk canal: water supply for irrigation
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Water supply of the Makhtaral
district, Mm3/yr
Limit Actual
water supply at MIP level 6400 m3/ha, at field 3360 m3/ha; however, 5500 m3/ha is cotton
water demand

18. Groundwater depths (a) and salinity (b) in the
Makhtaral Irrigation Project command area
(% of total irrigated area)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1993 1996 1998 2002 2005 2008
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-5
>5
a)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1993 1996 1998 2002 2005 2008
>10
5-10
3-5
1-3
0-1
b)

19. Land cover classes from maximum NDVI

20. Paleo-channels in the Karshi steppe
Gravel deposits in the profile
Surface failures
Geomorphology change indicates
sharp change of the deposits
These are indication of paleo-channels
Water ponds in the depressions

21. Pritashkent artesian aquifer
The Pritashkent artesian aquifer supplies 40 l/s of
mineral water for the sanatoriums and clinics of
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan

22. The experience of IWRM in the Fergana Valley
1. Establishing WUAs based on hydrographic principles within both
sides > WU Groups/ WU Unions at canal level
2. Joint canal management (Government and WUs)
3. Joint non-formal meetings and sharing plans
4. Improving water accounting/training/devices/structures
5. Improving water productivity/extension-training centers
6. Policy support group
7. Small river WU governance bodies (at two sides separately)
8. Data exchange and early warning systems
9. State support to improving water management
10. Legislation

23. Conclusions:
 GW in the irrigated zone of the CA is highly connected with surface flow
and irrigation
 Irrigation water losses form significant amount of groundwater recharge
 Widespread shallow groundwater in the irrigated zone
 Increasing groundwater use for irrigation will not increase significantly
total water available for agriculture
 Groundwater use for agriculture will increase productivities and will bring
other socio-economic benefits

24. Acknowledgements
• OPEC Fund for international development for funding these studies (2006-
2013)
• “Water, Land and Environment..” CGIAR project led by IWMI
• National Teams from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan for
collaboration
• UNESCO for coordinating TWA studies in CA and inviting to this and other
meetings on TWA

25. Rahmet, Spacibo, Thank You