Review of Content from 1930-Present

1. Global History 10
Content Review Part II

2. Rise of Totalitarianism
•Stalin, Ataturk, Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo, and
Franco

3. Modernizing Turkey & Iran
• Mustafa Kemal [Ataturk]
declared the Republic of
Turkey; he passed laws
which westernized his
state (secularization, laws
against veils, Latin script,
ended Shariah).
• Shah Reza Khan Pahlavi
also westernized Iran and
pursued modernization of
infrastructure, civil rights,
health and education.

4. Fascist Italy
• Post-war Italy supported
the Fascist Party of Benito
Mussolini.
• The March on Rome led to
Fascist takeover of Italy.
• Black Shirts [squadristi].
• Normalized relations with
the Pope [Lateran Pacts].
• Italian nationalism [Mare
Nostro, Italia Irredenta];
opposed democracy and
communism.

5. Japanese Expansion
• Due to the need for
industrial resources and
markets, Emperor Hirohito
and Tojo, launched an era
of military expansion.
• Annexation of Korea in
1910
• Later referred to as the
Rising Sun, secured
resources.
• Became allied with Hitler
and Mussolini. Axis
Alliance

6. Stalinist Rule
• Joseph Stalin rose to power
after isolating Trotsky
[executed] in the Party.
• Pursued Five Year Plans
[collectivization]; led to the
Terror Famine [kulaks].
• Eliminated enemies in the
Great Purge (1936-39).
• Used the NKVD [secret
police] and gulag prisons.
• Sponsored Socialist Realism
in the arts and atheism.

7. Nazi Germany
• Weimar Republic was
plagued by instability
and hyperinflation.
• Adolf Hitler and his
Nazis tried to take power
in Beerhall Putsch.
• Wrote Mein Kampf [anti-
Semitism, Aryan Master
Race theories].
• Became chancellor and
ended democracy (1933)
• Pursued militaristic and
nationalistic agendas.

8. World War II (1939-45)
• M.A.N.I.A. and the
Invasion of Poland (by
Non-Aggression Pact).
• Munich Conference -
Appeasement
• Blitzkrieg tactics
• Big Three: US [FDR],
USSR [Stalin] and
Britain [Churchill].
• Pearl Harbor invasion.
• Turning points: Miracle
at Dunkirk, Stalingrad,
Midway, D-Day

9. End of the War: Europe
• Allied Invasion of Italy
(Mussolini overthrown)
• D-Day Invasion and the
Liberation of France.
• Battle of the Bulge
• Fall of Berlin [Suicide
of Adolf Hitler] - known
as V.E. Day.
• Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences – plans for
the future of Europe.

10. End of the War: Pacific
• US forces pursued “island
hopping” strategy to Japan
(reached Okinawa and Iwo
Jima).
• Allies liberated Philippines,
Indochina and China.
• Dropped atomic bombs on
Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
• Japan surrendered to
Allies – V.J. Day

11. The Holocaust
• Nazis pursued the
extermination of the
Jews (Final Solution).
• Kristallnacht (Night of
Broken Glass)
• Passed Nuremburg Laws
to deprive Jews of all
human rights.
• Extermination and labor
camps (planned at
Wannsee Conference).
• Nuremburg Trials

12. Indian Nationalism
• The Indian National
Congress followed
Mahatma Gandhi in
his pursuit of non-
violent resistance
[ahimsa] of British rule
[Amritsar Massacre].
• Famous Salt March to
the sea [self-reliance;
boycott of British
goods] was a success.

13. South Asia: India
• Jawaharlal Nehru pursued
socialist policies; non-
alignment; banned caste
system; fought two wars
over Kashmir.
• Indira Gandhi [emergency
rule; nuclear bomb; war
over Bangladesh; attack on
Sikh Golden Temple] and
son Rajiv Gandhi were both
assassinated.
• World’s largest democracy

14. South Asia: Pakistan
• Founded by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah [Muslim
League]; two territories -
E. Pakistan became
Bangladesh.
• Election of Benazir Bhutto
[assassinated].
• Dictators ruled until 2011
[Pervez Musharraf].
• Nuclear weapons power.

15. Chinese Nationalism
• Manchu [Qing] dynasty
was overthrown by Dr.
Sun Yixian [declared the
Republic of China, 1911].
• Pursued Three Principles:
Nationalism, Democracy,
Livelihood.
• Founded the Guomindang
[Nationalist] Party and
even worked with
Communists.

16. Chinese Civil War
• After Dr. Sun’s death, Jiang
Jieshi [Chiang Kaishek] led
the Guomindang.
• Cleared China of warlords
with Communist aid.
• Turned on Communists
[Shanghai Massacre] and
pursued them into the
mountains [Long March].
• Japanese invasion of China
[Rape of Nanjing] caused
both sides to stop fighting.

17. Communist China (1949)
• Jiang Jieshi’s exhausted
Nationalist forces were
easily defeated by the
Chinese Communists of
Mao Zedong (1949).
• Jiang’s government fled to
the island of Taiwan – still
called itself Republic of
China.
• Mao’s People’s Republic of
China was declared.

18. Mao’s Policies
• Great Leap Forward
[collective farms] and
five year plans led to
millions of deaths –
Mao withdrew from
public.
• Cultural Revolution –
Mao purged his
rivals [pragmatists]
with the Red Guards.
• “Little Red Book”

19. Pan-Africanism
• Developed in ideas of
Marcus Garvey and
Leopold Senghor
[negritude]
• Belief in the unity of
the African peoples.
• Response to European
imperialism and the
rise of nationalism in
Africa.

20. African Independence
• Ghana – Kwame
Nkrumah used general
strikes for independence.
• Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta
and the Mau Mau
uprising [terrorism].
• Nigeria – Ibo declared
Republic of Biafra [led
to death of millions]
• Congo – democracy
overthrown by rebel
groups; Mobutu Sese
Seko became dictator.

21. Origins of the Cold War
• Stalin’s need for a buffer
zone in Eastern Europe led
to rise of the Iron Curtain.
• Division of Berlin and Two
Germanys
• Berlin Blockade and Airlift
• Greek Civil War
• U.S. Containment policy:
Truman Doctrine and the
Marshall Plan.
• NATO and Warsaw Pact

22. The Arms Race
• Development of atomic
bombs: US (1945) and
USSR (1949).
• Hydrogen bombs: US
(1952), USSR (1953).
• ICBMs: USSR - Sputnik
(1957), US (1959).
• MAD (Mutual Assured
Destruction) led to détente
and arms talks.
• SALT I (1972) and SALT II
(1979) reduced arsenal and
technology.

23. Post-Stalin USSR
• Nikita Khrushchev –
de-Stalinization (1955);
“Thaw;” Hungarian
Uprising (1956); Sino-
Soviet split; ousted by
the Party (1964).
• Leonid Brezhnev –
dissidents; stagnation;
Prague Spring (1968);
Invasion of Afghanistan
(1979).

24. Western Europe
• W. Germany – “Economic
Miracle” [Konrad Adenauer].
• Rise of the Welfare State –
Britain, France, W. Germany.
• European Unity: European
Community (1957) expands into
European Union (1993).
• Margaret Thatcher – limits on the
welfare state; privatized
industries.
• France – Withdrew from NATO.

25. Cold War in Asia
• Korean War – UN Army
pushes back N. Koreans; Two
Koreas established.
• First Indochina War [Ho Chi
Minh defeats French] – Two
Vietnams (No/So).
• Vietnam War [2nd
Indochina] –
US involvement fails; North
and Vietcong defeat South.
• Conflict expands to Laos and
Cambodia [Khmer Rouge led
by Pol Pot]
• Cambodian “Killing Fields”

26. Communist Cuba
• Cuban Communists led by
Fidel Castro and Che
Guevara overthrew US-
backed dictator Battista.
• Bay of Pigs Invasion –
Failed US attempt to oust
Castro.
• Cuban Missile Crisis – US-
Soviet tension over missiles
in Cuba; ends with missile
withdrawals on both sides.
• US imposes trade embargo

27. Southeast Asia
• Indonesia –Sukarno led
nation to independence;
Suharto ordered killing of
500,000 and overthrew him.
• Philippines – Dictator
Marcos overthrown by
“People Power” uprising led
by Corazon Aquino.
• Myanmar – military rulers
put democratically elected
Aung San Suu Kyi under
house arrest for 20 yrs;
Nobel Peace prize winner.

28. End of the Cold War
• Mikhail Gorbachev – glasnost,
perestroika; non-interference.
• Eastern European Revolts
(1989): end of Warsaw Pact.
• Reunification of Germany
• August Coup of 1991:
Hardliners fail to stop pro-
democracy forces led by Boris
Yeltsin.
• Fall of the USSR: 15 new
states, including the Russian
Republic.

29. Post-Cold War Flashpoints
• Chechnya – Russian region
pursuing violent path to
independence [terrorism];
crushed by Vladimir Putin.
• Collapse of Yugoslavia –
led to violence in Bosnia
[Muslims, Serbs and Croats
fight]; Dayton Peace Accords
ended civil war; Kosovo.
• Rwanda and Burundi –
ethnic strife between Hutus
and Tutsis leads to massacre
of 800,000.

30. Mexican Revolution
• Fueled by nationalism
but was caused by
oppressive Mexican
leadership [dictator
Porfirio Diaz].
• While democracy was
gained, civil war led to
millions of deaths.
• Influenced the rise of
the PRI [until 2000].

31. Latin American Dictators
• Argentina – Juan Peron [with
wife Evita] enjoyed popular
support but was ousted by
military; Mothers of the Plaza de
Mayo – silent protest for missing
relatives; dictatorship until 1983
[after defeat in Falklands War].
• Chile – Socialist Pres. Salvador
Allende overthrown by dictator
Augusto Pinochet.
• OAS [Organization of American
States] formed to promote
democracy in the region.

32. Latin American Conflicts
• Nicaragua – ruled by the Marxist
Sandinista regime; challenged by
US backed Contras; ended with
elections (1990).
• El Salvador – attacked by death
squads [death of Archbishop
Romero – liberation theology];
UN peace deal ended civil war
(1991).
• Guatemala – military regime
targeted indigenous peoples
[slaughtered thousands]; peace
with rebels led to stability (1993).

33. Apartheid
• Afrikaners passed apartheid,
townships, homelands.
• ANC [African National
Congress] led by Nelson
Mandela – jailed for treason.
• Soweto Uprising; Sharpeville
Massacre; Bishop Desmond
Tutu spoke against gov’t.
• Sanctions, divestment
• FW deKlerk repealed laws;
released Mandela.
• Mandela became president.

34. Deng’s China
• Deng Xiaoping arrested Gang
of Four [Madame Mao] and
ruled as premier after Mao.
• Introduced policy of the Four
Modernizations [economic
reforms] and gradually
brought capitalism.
• Tiananmen Square Massacre
- pro-democracy protests
crushed in Beijing [Goddess
of Democracy statue]
• Return of Hong Kong from
Britain (1997).

35. Pan-Arabism
• The rise of Gamal Abdel
Nasser in Egypt led to
focus on Pan-Arabism.
• Believed in the unity of
the Arab peoples across
the Middle East (e.g.
Arab League).
• Pursued this in his UAR
[United Arab Republic]
with Syria (1959-61).
• Declined in recent times.

36. Palestine: Two Nationalisms
• Zionists [Theodore Herzl]
were encouraged by the
Balfour Declaration and
settled in Palestine [rise of
Jewish kibbutzim].
• Pan-Arabism and British
promises of liberation
[during World War I] made
Arabs optimistic of
establishing rule over their
Arabic homelands.
• British unable to control
Palestine after World War II

37. Partitions in Asia
• Partition of India into two
states (India and E. and W.
Pakistan) on religious lines.
• Led to three Indo-Pakistani
Wars over Kashmir and
separation of East Pakistan
[Bangladesh].
• Partition of Palestine into
two states (Israel and Arab
state) accepted only by Jews.
• Led to four Arab-Israeli
Wars.

38. Arab-Israeli Conflict
• 1948: Israeli War of
Independence [David
Ben-Gurion]- victory
over four Arab states
• 1956: Suez Canal Crisis
[Nasser nationalizes
canal zone but loses
war]
• 1967: Six Day War
[Golda Meir] – massive
win for Israel
• 1973: Yom Kippur War
– slim victory for Israel
[Anwar Sadat gains
some prestige].

39. Middle Eastern Turmoil
• Lebanese Civil War: Muslims
v. Christians in Beirut (1975)
• PLO [Palestine Liberation
Organization] of Yasser
Arafat used terrorism against
Israelis.
• Muammar Qaddafi of Libya
had ties with terrorist groups.
• Kurdish rebels fight Turks.
• OPEC puts embargo on
Western nations [leads to
worldwide recession].

40. Islamic Fundamentalism
• Iranian Revolution (1979)
brought the Ayatollah
Khomeini to power.
• Created theocratic state
ruled by Shariah law
[based on the Quran] and
the clergy; attacked West.
• US Hostage Crisis.
• Shi’ite leaders clashed
with Sunni leaders: Iran-
Iraq War (1980-88).

41. Irish Independence
• Catholic Ireland was occupied
by English Protestants (16th
Cent.); nationalism grew with
consequences of the Potato
Famine and the struggle for
Home Rule.
• After Easter Uprising (1916),
Ireland [except six counties]
received independence (1922);
IRA and paramilitary groups
formed.
• Good Friday Accord (1995)
reduced the tensions in
Northern Ireland.