This document provides an overview of the history of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and their relationship. It discusses [1] how Britain previously tried to control Afghanistan but could not, using it as a buffer against Russia. [2] It outlines the borders established by Britain and how the Durand Line dividing Pashtun lands was not accepted by Afghanistan. [3] After the fall of the Soviet-backed government in Afghanistan, the country descended into civil war, while Pakistan supported the rise of the Taliban regime.

1. Chapter 2 Afghanistan and Pakistan Great Decisions

2. British India India Pakistan Bangladesh

3. British India Tried to take over Afghanistan but couldn’t Used it as a buffer zone ( against Russia ) British established a 3 tiered Border First line : areas under direct British rule from areas under Pashtun tribal Control --- Today the lnie that separates the NWFP ( North Western Frontier Province ) and Balochistan from the FATA ( Federally Administered Tribal Areas ) Durand Line : separating the Tribal areas from the areas under the control of the Afghani emir ( accepted by international community)

4. Pashtunistan A group concentrated in Afghanistan, NWFP, and FATA The Durand Line cut through the Pashtun Tribal Area

5. The Weakening of British India Afghanistan’s full sovereignty 1919 India’s independence in 1947 Pakistan was a new state Afghanistan claimed that all treaties or borders with British India had lapsed because now Pakistan is a state on its own Afghanistan refused to recognize the Durand Line and called for the self determination of Pashtunistan The Duran line is the Western International border of Pakistan

6. Afghanistan The dynasty fell in 1973 The king was overthrown by his cousin, Daud– who was murdered by Communist military officers in 1978 This led to the US, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia supporting the mujahidin against the Soviets After the fall of the Soviets – ethnic conflicts amongst tribes increased

7. Pakistan supported the rise to power – Taliban The resistance organized the Northern Alliance – opposed the Taliban They control the norther and western afghanistan and the capital Kabul

8. THE US ATTACK THE UN BONN AGREEMENT The Bush administration wanted to destroy al Qaeda’s bases in Afghanistan The U.S asked the UN to take charge to sponsor political transition in Afghanistan Afghanistan had not had a govt. since 1979 Interim authority for 6 months Must choose and ELJ (emergency LoyaJirga ) or an emergency grand council to choose the next govt. Then created a CLJ or a constitution Then fair elections HamidKarzai was elected president September 11, 2001

9. G-8 G-8 Members were appointed different sectors to reform Germany – police Japan – demobilization, disarmament Britain – Counternarcotics Italy – Justice U.S- limited involvement in Afghan National Army

11. Insurgency escalated 2006 – Taliban launched major offenses 2007 – 2008 – attacks continued to rise Taliban gained a lot of support – controlled more than 50 districts out of 365 and government controlled 62 out of 365

12. Pakistan Uses the wars in the region to stabilize itself Wanted to bring Afghanistan under its influence by supporting Pashtun Islamists Supported the US in ending the Taliban movement in Afghanistan and searching for Al Qaeda – because otherwise the US would ally with India However this wasn’t true the taliban was still very much supported in Pakistan President Bush found out and confronted Prez. Musharaf with it

13. Al - Qaeda Located in the FATA region ( Federally administered Tribal Areas) of pakistan on the afghan border

14. Afghan Taliban Mullah Mohamed Umar- leader or amir of the Taliban He leads the Quetta Shura (directs operations in Southern Afghanistan) JalaludinHaqqani – another center of Afghan Taliban Collaborate more closely with Al-Qaeda Responsible for military activity in Eastern Afghanistan and Kabul Islamic party – Mujahidin group – NE afghanistan and NW Pakistan

16. IN Pakistan’s View: The US failed to engae the Taliban The US has done a poor job in stabilizing Afghanistan They signed a nuclear treaty with India ( pakistan’s threat) Pakistan will only deliver Al-Qaeda if the US engages Taliban and includes them in the govt of Afghanistan

17. Policy considerations (afghanistan) Strengthen government legitimacy Differentiating between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda International army will only remain to secure the area Improvements in security ANA, ANP – Afghan National Army, and Afghan National police Controlling Drugs – Crop eradication

18. Policy Considerations : Pakistan More of a threat towards international community International community should work together to eliminate the threats This effort should work more with Pakistan Highlighting how important it is that Pakistan is stable Frank discussion Durand Line Issue