8. A Red Cross public health nurse poses with Model T Ford before setting out on rounds. (Photo courtesy of The American National Red Cross.)
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10. During the Spanish-American War in 1898, nurses traveled by sea to care for soldiers in need. (Photo courtesy of The American National Red Cross.)
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13. During World War I, a Red Cross nurse at a field hospital in France bathes eyes of a gassed patient from the U.S. Army. (Photo courtesy of The American National Red Cross.)
14. Some of the first African American nurses to serve with the U.S. Army standing outside their quarters at Camp Sherman in Chillicothe, Ohio. (Photo courtesy of The American National Red Cross.)
15. Nursing students during the 1930s or 1940s in an anatomy class at Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D.C.
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Editor's Notes
Illness was often believed to be caused by sin or the gods' displeasure. In what ways are religious groups still involved in caring for the sick throughout the world? After the break between King Henry VIII of England and the Catholic Church in the 1500s, care of the sick was left to the government.
During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale asked the Secretary of War to allow her to train women to care for the sick and wounded. Lowered the death rate from 60% to 1%. The Nightingale nurses made their rounds after dark with the aid of a lighted oil lamp. The lamp became the official symbol of nursing.
Which of Florence Nightingale’s curriculum principles still apply today in the treatment of illness? (all of them) Modern nursing has gone to great lengths to distinguish itself from medicine. Each is a distinctly different profession, yet they are codependent for optimal patient outcomes. Nightingale’s influence still exists in twenty-first century nursing practice. Her nursing school curriculum addressed many of the same things included in modern nursing education.
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross. Who established the Henry Street Settlement Service in New York City?
The Shepard Gill School was established to train nurses to care for the sick at home. A legacy left by Thomas Thompson allowed Richard Bradley, the executor of the will, to open a practical nursing school in Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1907.
Training in the Nightingale schools was well organized, with classes held separately from practical experience. In the United States, training occurred bedside, with no formal classes or curriculum. What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of teaching nursing classes from a standardized curriculum? (All cover uniform content.)
In World War I, nurses tended to the wounded and sick behind the front lines. First African American nurses serve in the U.S. Army paved the way for others to follow. In World War II, demand for nurses to serve in military hospitals increased significantly. Nurses continue to serve in times of military crisis, including Operation Iraqi Freedom.
To accomplish these goals, the practical nurse takes on the role of caregiver, educator, collaborator, and manager. The nurse's goal is to encourage growth toward wellness so that the patient can once again be self-reliant. What are interventions?
The promotion of evidence-based nursing has become stronger around the world over the past decade. Students are being taught the skills to discriminate between high-quality and flawed research and to interpret the study results. What is used to establish the best practices?
The practice acts generally define activities in which nurses may engage, state the legal requirements and titles for nursing licensure, and establish the education needed for licensure. What are the Standards of Nursing Practice?
The nursing process emerged during the 1970s and 1980s. It is a circular process involving ongoing assessment.
Practical nursing was created to fill a gap left by nurses who enlisted in the military services during World War II. Practical or vocational nursing programs generally take 12-18 months to complete. Why was NAPNES formed?
What are some of the reasons for the existence of three different levels of preparation for registered nurses? What caused the ANA to propose that the baccalaureate degree be necessary for entry into professional nursing practice?
Nurse practitioners may specialize in family practice, pediatrics, maternity, psychiatry, adult health nursing, or geriatrics, and once licensed can practice more independently than as a registered nurse. The ANA set up a separate American Nurses Credentialing Center to enhance the professional image of nursing. From whom can a practical nurse receive a specialty certification?
Under functional nursing care, care of the patient was rather fragmented.
When did team nursing evolve? Team nursing worked fairly well as long as there was excellent communication among the members and the team leader evaluated care delivered.
Appeared in the late 1960s and 1970s. Because research is showing better patient outcomes with more of the care being delivered by nurses, there is a trend back to total patient care. How is the productivity level increased with primary nursing?
What are the names of two national HMOs? Patients must be referred by their primary physician for diagnostic tests, hospitalization (including emergency room visits), and consultation with a specialist.
There are usually a larger number of physicians to choose from in a PPO than in an HMO. Who may contract with PPOs?
Documentation is exacting because every treatment and each use of equipment must be documented with evidence showing it is needed. Why is vigilant assessment with documentation more important than ever?
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