12. what is perception?
A process by
which individual
organise and
interpret their
sensory
impressions in
order to give
meaning to the
environment.
13. perception is an important factor in human behaviour
• Perceptions vary from person to person.
• Different people perceive different things about the same
situation.
• But more than that, we assign different meanings to what
we perceive. And the meanings might change for a
certain person.
•
• One might change one's perspective or simply make
things mean something else.
16. selection of stimuli
• selection is the first process in perception
• the process of filtering information received
by our sense is called selecting stimuli.
• we are selecting the stimuli through our
senses, like...
19. several factors are there which influence
selective attention
• External • Internal
• Nature
• Location • Learning
• Color • Inner needs
• Size • Age difference
• Contrast • Interest
• Movement
• Ambivalance
• Repetition
20. ORGANISING
• organisation is the second stage in the perception
process.
• which helps gain the perceiver’s attention.
• The stimuli received must be organized so as to
assign some meaning to them.
• This aspect of forming bits of information into
meaningful wholes is called the perpetual
organization.
• there are three dimentions to the perceptual
organisation
23. • Perceptual constancy
•
• Perceptual constancy is one of the advanced forms of
perceptual organization.
• According to this principle, individuals’ perception of
certain elements in objects like
size, shape, color, brightness, and location is constant and
does not change from person to person.
• For instance, even though the picture of an apple is
printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of
the fruit as red.
• Perceptual constancy is enhanced by learning. Learning
helps individuals perceive certain patterns of cues in a
similar way and this leads to perceptual constancy.
24. • Perceptual Context
• The context of the situation also plays a major role
in shaping the perception of individuals.
• Different contexts convey different meanings to
people.
• For example, if a manager pats his twoyear-old
son, it is considered a sign of love and affection.
However, if he gives an employee a pat on the
back, it is considered a sign of appreciation for the
work done by the employee.
25. interpretation
• after the selection and organising the stimuli has to
interpret them in order to make a sensible meaning.
• perceiver cant draw any meaning without
interpretation.
• it is a subjective and judgemental process.
• perceiver uses his assumption of
people,things,object, and situation.
• he makes attributions,uses his judgemental skills
distorts information,adds/delete information brings his
own subjective feelings,opinion,and emotions,in
interpreting and drawing the measures
26. • Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time Perception
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
27. Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
There are 2 types of attributions that people make:
Dispositional attributions, which describe a
persons behavior to internal factor such as personality
traits, motivation, or ability.
Situation attributions, which attribute a persons
behavior to external factors such as equipment or
social influence from others.
35. stereo typing
• Stereotyping refers to the generalization of the
characteristics of all members belonging to a
certain group.
• People judge others based on the perception they
have about the group to which these individuals
belong and do not consider the unique
characteristics of the person in question.
• For instance, politicians are considered to be
manipulative and corrupt.
• In the organizational context, stereotyping often
takes place based upon gender, race, ethnicity, etc.
36.
37. The Halo Effect
• In the halo effect, the perceiver tends to judge
a person depending upon a dominant trait which
can be either positive or negative.
• The various traits could be
intelligence, sociability,aggressiveness, etc.
• The halo effect is generally found in performance
appraisal.
• Often appraisers rate the performance of
employees based on one particular trait rather
than by taking all aspects into consideration.
