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Energy, Utilities and Chemicals   the way we see it




The Impact of Renewables
on the Electric Grid
The regulators are coming, the            it is an engineering issue, in others       These four categories of renewables
regulators are coming and they are        it is a people issue. No generation         bring different issues to the grid
going to force changes in our industry.   will be installed and operate without       and have different levels of grid
With political requirements to reduce     facing some issues and problems.            friendliness. The location of the
carbon, deal with global warming,                                                     connection and the ability to produce
be greener, allow local participation     To really look at the impact of             power on demand makes the
in the power grid, and try to manage      renewable sources on the electric grid,     difference in how friendly they are.
the cost of energy, regulators are        you need to separate the renewables
changing the requirements for what        into several categories. In this            S-Cent
is allowed on the grid. Renewable         document, we have made a simplistic         The S-Cent and the V-Cent are both
generation is the buzz word today         separation into the following categories:   connected to the transmission grid
and regulators do not want to be left                                                 and have the ability to take advantage
behind. In the US, more than 30           1. Schedulable central station              of the traditional control systems and
states now have renewable portfolio          generation (S-Cent) – This               monitoring. The existing SCADA
standards—mandatory percentages of           includes biomass and other               systems and protection schemes are
power that have to be produced and           alternative fuels that can be used       capable of supporting both of these
delivered from renewable sources by          in place of fossil fuels, and existing   types of generation. S-Cent is so
specific dates. In some cases, the RPS       fossil fuel plants may be able to be     similar to conventional generation
requirements kick in as soon as 2010,        retrofitted to consume them. For         that it offers few or no issues in
in others the first real requirement is      instance, wood chips replacing           integration into the grid. Since it
in 2025. But in any case, in the US,         coal, ethanol replacing oil, or          is so simple to integrate, where the
the state requirements will require          biogas replacing natural gas.            fuels are available and economically
that an additional 1 percent of the       2. Variable Central Station                 viable, it should be considered as the
total electric power consumed in             Generation (V-Cent) – Wind farms         first choice in deployment. In most
the US be produced by renewable              are the best known examples of this      cases, the economic model for S-Cent
sources each year. In Europe, triple         class of asset and are the most          matches that of conventional fossil
20 will force a similar requirement.         widely deployed renewable                generation. A sample of the facilities
The manufacturers of renewable               generation sources today producing       that fit into this include:
generation devices are all running           electricity. Large solar and wave
at full capacity and increasing that         power installations also fit into this   1. Large wood-fired power plants
capacity. GE Energy will double              category. The assumption is that         2. Garbage and post consumer waste
windmill production in 2008, again           V-Cent would be connected to the            incinerators
in 2009 and yet again in 2010 and            transmission (high voltage) network.     3.   Landfill gas generation facilities
they are completely sold out until
                                          3. Schedulable Distributed                  4.   Pumped hydro facilities
2012. Other manufacturers are in
                                             Generation (S-Dist) – This is
a similar situation and the type of                                                   5.   Large hydro facilities
                                             small scale generation that uses
renewable generation they produce                                                     6.   Run of the river current farms.
                                             renewable fuels; normally, the
does not matter. Incentives and
                                             generation facilities would be
subsidies, rather than real economics,                                                These facilities offer very few
                                             found on farms, in businesses and
are driving the sales, as well as                                                     challenges from a grid management
                                             in homes. One good example
regulatory requirements.                                                              point of view, but they do offer
                                             would be wood-fired combined
                                             heat and power. The expectation          other challenges for site approval
This installation of renewables will                                                  and operations. In some areas,
                                             would be that the generation can
not be without problems. None are                                                     incinerators that were installed only
                                             be turned on and off as needed.
impossible to deal with, but some                                                     a few years ago are being shutdown
are very expensive to deal with and       4. Variable Distributed Generation
                                                                                      because of protests by people who live
others just take time and energy.            (V-Dist) – This is the category that
                                                                                      near the facility.
Renewables will have an impact on            most environmentalists mean
the whole utility value chain and how        when they discuss the next
                                                                                      One very clean garbage incinerator
it operates. No utility is exempt, and       generation of the electric network.
                                                                                      in a major city has been shut down
it does not matter if the market is          Solar Cells on a homeowner’s roof,
                                                                                      after only 8 years of operation because
fully regulated or fully de-regulated,       or a small windmill in the
                                                                                      people living in the area did not
there will be an impact. In some cases       backyard or barnyard.




2
Energy, Utilities and Chemicals      the way we see it




like the noise of the trucks and the        kind of forecasting. Forecasting the       generate power. People mostly do not
look of the facility in their industrial    output of V-Cent is critical, as it        like to live in areas with strong and
neighborhood. The facility exceeded         determines when to fire up the large       steady winds, it makes living tougher.
every standard that could be applied,       fossil plants to support days when         This means that in most cases the
and trucks were only allowed to             the wind is either going to blow           locations that have the best wind are
deliver trash from 10 AM to 4 PM, a         too strongly or not at all, or as in       not the places that have high densities
time when few people were home.             the case of photovoltaic, when the         of people or power consumption. For
                                            storms are rolling across the service      the grid operator, that means building
V-Cent                                      territory hiding the sun. The global       extensions to the transmission grid.
Like the S-Cent facilities, they are        understanding of cloud paths and           High voltage transmission lines are
connected to the high voltage network       detailed wind forecasts is less than       not cheap—they can cost millions
and produce large amounts of power.         perfect, and as such, the impact of        of euros a kilometer; for example,
Also, like the S-Cent facilities, they      weather on V-Cent is likewise, i.e. less   at AEP, one project is budgeted at
are highly visible on the horizon           than perfect.                              5.5 million dollars a mile. Add to
and cannot be hidden from view                                                         the cost the fact that wind farms
easily. Unlike the S-Cent facilities        This less than perfect understanding       only generate about 40 percent of
they run when the environment is            means that the utility has to be ready     the time, and the transmission link
right, and not when they are needed.        to react to changes in power output        to support a plan like the Pickens
For example, wind has to blow fast          on a very short timeline; in some          plan (a plan to replace all the fossil
enough, and yet not too fast in order       cases the swing can be hundreds of         generation in the US with wind
to generate power. In most cases they       megawatts in a matter of minutes.          power and use the natural gas that
offer power from 7 to 40 percent of         If utilities want to see this power        currently makes electricity and heats
the time, depending on the location         swing in operation, visit Tennet the       homes to power automobiles) in the
and the type of resource. These             grid operator in the Netherlands and       US would need to connect to three
systems require some level of other         watch the power flow on a stormy day       times the number of megawatts of
generation to provide support, since        on the interconnector with Germany.        wind power than it would for coal
the power they produce comes and            Because conventional generation            generation. In other words, to use
goes on a change in the weather,            does not react as quickly as V-Cent        wind to provide ancillary services
and the load they support may not.          typically does, the grid operator on       (e.g. maintaining voltage, frequency
The estimate in Colorado is that            the transmission network has to            and the integrity of the Alternating
it takes one megawatt of running            deal with rapid changes in voltage         Current (AC) wave form – all required
gas-fired generation to support 2           on the grid. In some cases, where          to let device work right and not burn
megawatts of wind generation in             the penetration of wind or solar is        out)—by spreading the wind farms
the state. This ratio has a big impact      small, the rapid swing is a small          over a wide area that receives strong
on the carbon footprint of the final        part of the overall power flow and         wind—would cost at least three
delivered power. While it is cleaner        can be safely ignored. In Texas and        times the cost of transmission for
than a new coal-fired power plant, the      Spain this is not the case, and both       a new nuclear plant. No one likes
estimate is that to get the equivalent      have almost lost the transmission          large steel towers in their backyard,
of 2 megawatts of new coal-fired            grid to blackouts because of wind          so you can expect that even if
power plant, 1 megawatt of gas-             power—in Texas it was the sudden           people embrace wind mills, they
fired generation and 2 megawatts of         and unexpected drop in wind power          will pan the transmission corridors.
wind generation have to be installed.       production and in Spain it was too         With these new large transmission
Large variable central generation can       much wind generation on a wonderful        links, there are issues with power
be monitored by existing SCADA              spring Sunday when people decided          quality and voltage management on
systems and controlled by existing          to go outside and shut off most of         the transmission network that did
energy management systems that              their electric devices and lights. Swift   not exist before. Proper ancillary
are in operation by the transmission        action by the grid operator saved the      services can help fix this, but the
operator today. What the existing           grid in both cases, but it was close.      technology to use one wind farm
systems cannot do is to predict with                                                   to support another wind farm for
any level of confidence what the            Geographically wind blows where it         ancillary services, like voltage
output of wind power will be 24 to          blows and we do not have the skills        support or frequency management
48 hours in advance. New systems            to modify the global weather patterns      is not commercially available yet.
have to be installed to support this        to put the wind where we want it to        The global industry has worked very




The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid                                                                                3
hard to manage power quality, and           engines. In the future, these may be       generate a single phase of power. That
that has allowed homeowners to have         powered by bio-diesel and ethanol,         means that the power flows out of the
computers and other digital devices         making them technically renewable          generator onto a single phase of the
in their homes and businesses. If the       sources. There are literally thousands     grid. If this generator is installed on
network power quality falls enough,         of internal combustion generators          the right phase, it can be very useful
the utilities will have to either turn to   in the distribution grid today.            in balancing the load between phases;
using high voltage DC transmission          Companies like EnerNoc were formed         unfortunately you have a better
networks and converting the power           to install controls and schedule their     chance of winning in Las Vegas then
closer to the customer into AC power,       operation on the grid. This resource       you do in getting all the generators
or individual customers will have to        has been ignored in the past because       installed on the right phase, since the
return to using motor-generator sets        the distribution grid is not ready to      owner of the generation has control
or solid state power electronics to         handle two way power flows, when in        of their device and not the utility.
manage power quality. These costs           fact, in many cases the way they are       This can lead to very large phase
have not been factored into any of the      used is to disconnect the customer         imbalances and big differences in
renewable portfolio standards or other      from the grid and let them run as a        voltage on a phase to phase basis.
plans that push for a high fraction         stand-alone island.                        Phase imbalance normally leads to
of variable sources. These barriers                                                    wasted power, in some extreme cases
are not insurmountable, but they do         Changing the grid to support S-Dist        as much or more than the distributed
need to be honestly addressed with          means changing the relaying and            generator creates.
research and engineering.                   the protective devices installed in
                                            the grid to allow power to flow            Further, the inverters have another
In the future, as more and more of the      backwards (on the grid). Today the         issue that is yet to be tackled—they
generation becomes V-Cent the ability       grid is designed to allow power to         create harmonics that can be harmful
of the operator to prevent a blackout       flow one way, from the high voltage        to the operation of the grid as well
will decrease and more of the grid          network to the customer; as S-Dist         as appliances and computers that
may be at risk. The most common             is installed and operated attached to      are installed on the grid. These
generation sources in this category are     the grid, power has to be able to flow     harmonics can shorten the life of the
wind and photovoltaic farms, two of the     in both directions. In a typical grid,     appliances and computers. Today,
fastest growing sources in the world.       there is a protective device for every     harmonics in the low voltage network
                                            100 to 200 customers; changing these       are normally ignored, since the cost to
S-Dist                                      devices is a labor-intensive process       solve harmonics problems outweighs
Schedulable distributed generation          that can interrupt the power to all        the value of fixing the problem.
differs from V-Dist in that it is done      the customers that are downstream          As large screen television sets and
on a more “human” scale, typically          of that device. The next issue is how      other new solid state electronic
in less than 1 megawatt sizes. This         to pay the generation owner for the        devices are installed and add their
means that it is not connected to           power they generate. When a utility        harmonics to the grid, the impact
the high voltage network, but rather        islands the customer, it is easy—they      of harmonics is increasing. Since
to the low voltage or distribution          simply pay them for removing their         harmonics have a negative impact on
network. Because it can be scheduled,       load from the grid, and not for the        the life of consumer devices this can
it offers the ability to provide highly     kilowatt hours of power generated.         mean that the average life span of
distributed power, close to where           As we integrate S-Dist, you need to        many of these devices is decreasing.
the customers consume it on the             create a measurement system and            Eventually, the industry will have
grid. This has a number of beneficial       change the tariffs to support the          to tackle harmonics issues. Most
impacts, if the S-Dist is built to a plan   payment of customers who generate          utilities operate under regulations
that supports the needs of the grid         power for you.                             that allow them to charge the creator
and it is planned into the distribution                                                of harmonics the cost of fixing the
grid. Unfortunately, this is seldom         S-Dist has a further problem—most          problem it or force them to fix the
the case; homeowners and business           of these generators use electronic         harmonics themselves; however,
owners decide they want to install          inverters to take the DC output of the     almost no utility actually bothers
generation and they do so. Today,           generator and turn it into AC power        to ensure either today. These issues
the most common sources are not             on the grid. Because of the small size     may be an added cost on S-Dist that
renewable at all, but rather gasoline-      of the generator, it is too expensive to   may delay installation or minimize
and diesel-fired internal combustion        create 3 phase power, so they instead      operation in the future. Harmonics




4
Energy, Utilities and Chemicals       the way we see it




are not just an issue of S-Dist, V-Dist     the peak would be much higher than         Most of the best places to put wind
has similar issues as do many of the        the cost to generate power at a central    mills and solar cells are out in the
new classes of consumer electronics.        station—further reducing the number        suburban and rural areas where the
                                            of hours that the S-Dist might run.        people density is less, and that means
Because the S-Dist is installed in the                                                 the power consumption is also less.
distribution network, the transmission      Finally, these generation sources          In many cases, this means the size of
SCADA system does not offer the ability     typically have a site approval             the wires in the distribution grid are
to operate or monitor these generation      problem—since most are diesel              also smaller. To put larger numbers
sources. Instead, the operator of the       and gasoline engines running               of V-Dist units in the rural areas and
low voltage network will have to install    bio-fuels, they are noisy and smell        move the power to people who will
a system to monitor and control these       (imagine McDonalds French fries            use it may involve re-conductoring—
sources and provide information to          for bio-diesel). Many people do not        replacing the physical wire in the
the Energy Management System that           want to see them installed in their        distribution grid so that it will carry
normally resides in the transmission        neighborhood and even fewer people         more power than it does today. For
operations center. Some utilities are       want to hear them run at 3 o’clock in      an overhead system, where the lines
choosing to allow a third party to do       the morning.                               are up on poles, re-conductoring
this work for them, while others are                                                   can cost as little as $100,000 a mile.
attempting to install the infrastructure    V-Dist                                     For underground systems, that
to support S-Dist. The Distribution         Finally there is V-Dist, the kind          number can run into more than a
Network Operators (DNOs) in the UK          of renewables that most people             million dollars a mile. Companies
already have these systems installed,       think of when you mention                  like HydroOne in Canada made the
but have yet to use them for this           renewable generation—human-scale           decision to re-conductor years ago
purpose. They are generally well ahead      renewables that should blend into          and made it a multi-decade program
of most of the rest of the industry in      the neighborhood. These solar and          to replace thousands of kilometers of
having the infrastructure to support        wind powered devices are owned by          wire when they did maintenance.
these sources.                              business owners and homeowners.
                                            They are deployed in the low voltage       Unlike the V-Cent, these systems are
Loss of power from a system failure         network and suffer from all the same       maintained by the homeowner and
should cause most S-Dist systems            problems that S-Dist does. This            many of them find they do not get the
to automatically disconnect from            includes the issues with harmonics         power output they were promised by
the grid, since they seldom are large       and with phase imbalance.                  the salesman; so they do not make the
enough to support the entire load                                                      money they expected and hence do
in the remaining section of the grid        They have even had issues with smell       not maintain the generator. This leads
that they are now connected to. This        and noise (for instance, solar cells       to a collapse in the capability of the
means that while the customer that          that cooked tree sap giving off strong     system to make power and can make
owns the S-Dist has a higher level of       odors and windmills that make noise        the generator even more erratic then it
reliability, the rest of the customers      all night long). In addition, these        was when it was first installed. One of
do not. Most S-Dist is very useful          devices pose another problem for the       the first components to typically fail is
for shaving the peak—i.e. reducing          grid operator—they run when the            the islanding device and the inverter.
the demand for a section of the grid        environment is right and do not run        The failure of these devices does not
when the demand for power is at its         when it is not. They use the grid like     typically isolate the device, but rather
highest. This is very useful when the       a large battery, putting excess power      they fail most often providing DC
grid is reaching its limit for providing    into the grid and drawing power            power into the grid even when they
power. In the case where this is all the    from the grid when they do not make        should be islanded. The failure of the
S-Dist is being used for, it might run      enough. In similar cases, going from       power electronics creates a hazard
as much as 200 hours a year. This is        a net generator to a net consumer can      for the lineman who is dispatched
a huge capital investment for roughly       take seconds. This works well when         to fix the network outage, since they
2% of the year. Most customers who          the percentage of power produced           have no clue that the power is still
would install S-Dist would do so for        from V-Dist is small, but as the           flowing through the line and many
reliability rather than to support peak     percentage increases there will need       transformers will step up the voltage
shaving. In many cases, the price that      to be real batteries installed on the      for this distributed power. The ability
would have to be offered to the S-Dist      grid, and that is a whole different        to monitor the health of the power
owner to run their generation to shave      story with its own issues.                 electronics—both the inverter and




The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid                                                                                 5
ABILITY TO BUILD                                                                                                            COST TO OPERATE                                                                                       EMISSIONS                                                                             LOAD SUPPORT




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Capital Costs (Kilowatt of capacity) USD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Wildlife Impact (Beyond Emissions)




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Cost per KWH (cents - USD)
                                                                                                                                                                                 Similar plants in production




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Source for cost per KWH
                                                                                                                                                         Decommissioning costs




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Source for capital costs
                                                   Technology Readiness




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Foreward fuel price
                                                                                         Public Acceptance




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Ancillary Services
                               Typical Size (MW)




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Fuel Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Fuel Availability




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Fuel Efficiency
                                                                                                             Cooling Water




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Dispatchable
                                                                                                                                         Time to build




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Schedulable
                                                                          Capital Cost




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Particulates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Lead Times

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             O&M Costs




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Ramp Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Reliabity
                                                                                                                             Site Size




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Mercury



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Sulfur
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        CO2
 GENERATION SOURCE

 Baseload

 Conventional Coal            600                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1534                                                            2 5.2                                                  1

 Nuclear                      1000                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       3540                                                            1 7.8                                                  1

 Pebble bed Nuclear           200                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1000 4.5

 Hydro                        500                                                                            NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1551                                                            2

 Biomass                      600                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2809                                                            2

 Biogas                       300                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1897                                                            2

 Combined Cycle Natural Gas   300                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                717                                                     2 7.2                                                  1

 Simple Natural Gas           200                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            500                                                         2

 Clean Coal                        NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2537                                                            2 9.6                                                  1

 Clean Gas                         NA

 Petroleum                    300                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                717                                                     2

 GeoThermal                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1110                                                            2

 Concentrating Salt/Solar          NA

 Peaking

 Aero Gas Turbine                      25                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       473                                                      2

 Diesel                                        5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         1021                                                            2

 Fuel Cells                                    1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         5374                                                            2

 Gasoline                             <1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1227                                                            2

 Pumped Hydro                 300                                                                            NA                                                                                                                          NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1200                                                            3

 Variable

 Photovoltaic                         <1                                                                     NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5649                                                            2

 Thin Film Photovoltaic               <1                                                                     NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1000                                                            6

 Wind Mills                                    3                                                             NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1434                                                            2 8.8                                                  1

 Wave Machines                         15                                                                    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5040                                                            7

 Concentrating Solar                   50                                                                    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3744                                                            2



Sources
1) Electricity generation costs and investment decisions: A REVIEW; Dennis Anderson; Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology; Feb. 2007
2) EIA Report #: DOE/EIA-0554 (2008)
3) Shaping & Firming Wind Energy with Electric Energy Storage by Dr. Robert B. Schainker; EPRI; Nov. 2006
4) A Future For Nuclear Energy – Pebble Bed Reactors by Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D.; MIT; April 2004
5) Note the first 165 MW pebble bed reactor in South Africa has a 8400 USD per KW price including R&D and all the costs associated with a first time project
6) PES Wiki - http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Thin_Film_Solar
7) http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/50342/story.htm




6
Energy, Utilities and Chemicals      the way we see it




islanding device—is critical to the         the regulator to get a way to incent        as well as developing the operating
safety of people working on the             people to put them in the right places,     rules is another significant chunk
system, and a simple fine for failure       or for the utility to install and support   of work. Knowing what is really
to maintain the system is not enough        installation in the right places.           happening in the distribution network
to remove the human hazard that                                                         is more than just the renewable issue;
exists. This human hazard can exist         Dealing with variability is tough.          most of the distribution network
with S-Dist as well, but empirical data     The choices are ancillary services,         has very little in the way of sensors
from working with both S-Dist and           demand response, or storage. To             available to provide information on
V-Dist indicates that the S-Dist sees       date there are no good answers for          what is happening. Putting this issue
fewer failures and more maintenance         storage, although the battery industry      on to renewables is unfair, but it is a
than V-Dist installations.                  keeps promising that in 5 years they        gating item for successfully installing
                                            will have an answer—this started            S-Dist and V-Dist. Smart Metering is a
Summary                                     in the 1970s and continues to be a          step in the right direction for sharing
Renewable generation is an important        5 year promise. Demand response             this cost.
part of the future for the electric         means installing devices that either
industry—we can not avoid it and            provide information or control in the       The good news is that nothing new
we cannot hide from it. We have             homes. This is part of many smart           needs to be invented—only improved
to work through these problems              metering deployments. Finally, there        and deployed (with the exception of
and make integration of renewables          is ancillary service—burning fossil         storage). Renewables are a key part of
easy. IEEE-1547 provided the basic          fuels to support the integration of         fixing the carbon issue and providing
interface for renewables to the grid,       variable renewables in the grid or          electricity where the cost of power
so the interconnection, the largest         holding hydro facilities in reserve to      is not tied to the cost of fossil fuels.
stumbling block a decade ago, has           provide instant voltage support. This       Fuel price swings and the move to
been solved. Now the issues move            is a question that will take research,      carbon markets will tend to accelerate
to the integration of the renewables        planning and operational work to            the move to renewable. The new US
into the operation of the grid. Some        provide an answer for, and it will not      Energy Team under President Obama
of the issues can be solved with            solve the “too much power” issue on a       will also accelerate this move in the
planning—relaying and protection            day when customer demand drops to           US and that will have an impact on
schemes can be redesigned and the           almost nothing.                             the rest of the world. Regulators,
new standard can be deployed as                                                         customers, utilities, manufacturers
circuits are maintained or built. This      Harmonics, reactive power, and              and independent power producers
is an important step in being ready         power quality are harder problems.          will all have to work together to make
for distributed generation, and not         The transmission operators                  this work. For more than 100 years,
just renewable generation. Working          manage reactive power and many              we have been improving, perfecting
with regulators to determine how to         of the sensors on the transmission          and investing in the existing electric
test the status of power electronics        networks exist to handle reactive           grid. One estimate for transmission
and what the utility is allowed to          power. Capacitor banks are helpful          alone indicates that the US would
require for the safety of workers is        in managing reactive power, but             have to spend over $900 billion to
also an important step. For example:        typically they do not exist out in the      support a plan like the Pickens Plan.
Can the utility cut the wire to the         distribution network and the sensors        Globally, it would amount to trillions
power electronics and remove it, if the     and controls to use them effectively        of dollars.
islanding device is not functioning         also do not exist. Harmonics and
correctly? What are the rules for safely    power quality for the smaller               We have a long way to go, we need to
operating these devices and ensuring        customer to date have been ignored          make the journey, but knowing the
maintenance? This will have to be           as too expensive for the benefits           issues we will encounter along the
solved for each utility, as there is no     delivered. The question is when the         way and planning for them in advance
universal answer. Site approval is          tipping point is reached and these          will make the journey more likely
an issue that will not go away, and         problems have to be sorted out.             to succeed. This is a journey that we
in most cases it is the responsibility                                                  need to take, let us all do it with the
of someone other than the utility.          Integration of hundreds or thousands        highest possible chance to succeed.
Putting the devices on the right            of generation sources into existing
phase, if they are single phase, again      Energy Management Systems and
is an issue that takes working with         Distribution Management Systems,




The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid                                                                                  7
www.capgemini.com/energy




                    About Capgemini and the
                    Collaborative Business Experience

              Capgemini, one of the               8.7 billion and employs over 88,000
            world’s foremost providers of         people worldwide.
 consulting, technology and outsourcing
 services, enables its clients to transform       With 1.15 billion euros revenue in 2007
 and perform through technologies.                and 10,000+ dedicated consultants
                                                  engaged in Energy, Utilities and
 Capgemini provides its clients with              Chemicals projects across Europe,
 insights and capabilities that boost             North America and Asia Pacific,
 their freedom to achieve superior                Capgemini’s Energy, Utilities &
 results through a unique way of                  Chemicals Global Sector serves the
 working - the Collaborative Business             business consulting and information
 Experience® - and through a global               technology needs of many of the world’s
 delivery model called Rightshore®,               largest players of this industry.
 which aims to offer the right resources
 in the right location at competitive cost.       More information about our services,
 Present in 36 countries, Capgemini               offices and research is available at
 reported 2007 global revenues of EUR             www.capgemini.com/energy




For more information please contact:
Gord Reynolds
Practice Leader
Smart Energy Services
gord.reynolds@capgemini.com
+1 416.732.2200




                                                                                                                         EUC20081215_473




© 2009 Capgemini. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be modified, deleted or
expanded by any process or means without prior written permission from Capgemini.

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Smart Grid Operational Services The Impact Of Renewables On The Electric Grid POV

  • 1. Energy, Utilities and Chemicals the way we see it The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid
  • 2. The regulators are coming, the it is an engineering issue, in others These four categories of renewables regulators are coming and they are it is a people issue. No generation bring different issues to the grid going to force changes in our industry. will be installed and operate without and have different levels of grid With political requirements to reduce facing some issues and problems. friendliness. The location of the carbon, deal with global warming, connection and the ability to produce be greener, allow local participation To really look at the impact of power on demand makes the in the power grid, and try to manage renewable sources on the electric grid, difference in how friendly they are. the cost of energy, regulators are you need to separate the renewables changing the requirements for what into several categories. In this S-Cent is allowed on the grid. Renewable document, we have made a simplistic The S-Cent and the V-Cent are both generation is the buzz word today separation into the following categories: connected to the transmission grid and regulators do not want to be left and have the ability to take advantage behind. In the US, more than 30 1. Schedulable central station of the traditional control systems and states now have renewable portfolio generation (S-Cent) – This monitoring. The existing SCADA standards—mandatory percentages of includes biomass and other systems and protection schemes are power that have to be produced and alternative fuels that can be used capable of supporting both of these delivered from renewable sources by in place of fossil fuels, and existing types of generation. S-Cent is so specific dates. In some cases, the RPS fossil fuel plants may be able to be similar to conventional generation requirements kick in as soon as 2010, retrofitted to consume them. For that it offers few or no issues in in others the first real requirement is instance, wood chips replacing integration into the grid. Since it in 2025. But in any case, in the US, coal, ethanol replacing oil, or is so simple to integrate, where the the state requirements will require biogas replacing natural gas. fuels are available and economically that an additional 1 percent of the 2. Variable Central Station viable, it should be considered as the total electric power consumed in Generation (V-Cent) – Wind farms first choice in deployment. In most the US be produced by renewable are the best known examples of this cases, the economic model for S-Cent sources each year. In Europe, triple class of asset and are the most matches that of conventional fossil 20 will force a similar requirement. widely deployed renewable generation. A sample of the facilities The manufacturers of renewable generation sources today producing that fit into this include: generation devices are all running electricity. Large solar and wave at full capacity and increasing that power installations also fit into this 1. Large wood-fired power plants capacity. GE Energy will double category. The assumption is that 2. Garbage and post consumer waste windmill production in 2008, again V-Cent would be connected to the incinerators in 2009 and yet again in 2010 and transmission (high voltage) network. 3. Landfill gas generation facilities they are completely sold out until 3. Schedulable Distributed 4. Pumped hydro facilities 2012. Other manufacturers are in Generation (S-Dist) – This is a similar situation and the type of 5. Large hydro facilities small scale generation that uses renewable generation they produce 6. Run of the river current farms. renewable fuels; normally, the does not matter. Incentives and generation facilities would be subsidies, rather than real economics, These facilities offer very few found on farms, in businesses and are driving the sales, as well as challenges from a grid management in homes. One good example regulatory requirements. point of view, but they do offer would be wood-fired combined heat and power. The expectation other challenges for site approval This installation of renewables will and operations. In some areas, would be that the generation can not be without problems. None are incinerators that were installed only be turned on and off as needed. impossible to deal with, but some a few years ago are being shutdown are very expensive to deal with and 4. Variable Distributed Generation because of protests by people who live others just take time and energy. (V-Dist) – This is the category that near the facility. Renewables will have an impact on most environmentalists mean the whole utility value chain and how when they discuss the next One very clean garbage incinerator it operates. No utility is exempt, and generation of the electric network. in a major city has been shut down it does not matter if the market is Solar Cells on a homeowner’s roof, after only 8 years of operation because fully regulated or fully de-regulated, or a small windmill in the people living in the area did not there will be an impact. In some cases backyard or barnyard. 2
  • 3. Energy, Utilities and Chemicals the way we see it like the noise of the trucks and the kind of forecasting. Forecasting the generate power. People mostly do not look of the facility in their industrial output of V-Cent is critical, as it like to live in areas with strong and neighborhood. The facility exceeded determines when to fire up the large steady winds, it makes living tougher. every standard that could be applied, fossil plants to support days when This means that in most cases the and trucks were only allowed to the wind is either going to blow locations that have the best wind are deliver trash from 10 AM to 4 PM, a too strongly or not at all, or as in not the places that have high densities time when few people were home. the case of photovoltaic, when the of people or power consumption. For storms are rolling across the service the grid operator, that means building V-Cent territory hiding the sun. The global extensions to the transmission grid. Like the S-Cent facilities, they are understanding of cloud paths and High voltage transmission lines are connected to the high voltage network detailed wind forecasts is less than not cheap—they can cost millions and produce large amounts of power. perfect, and as such, the impact of of euros a kilometer; for example, Also, like the S-Cent facilities, they weather on V-Cent is likewise, i.e. less at AEP, one project is budgeted at are highly visible on the horizon than perfect. 5.5 million dollars a mile. Add to and cannot be hidden from view the cost the fact that wind farms easily. Unlike the S-Cent facilities This less than perfect understanding only generate about 40 percent of they run when the environment is means that the utility has to be ready the time, and the transmission link right, and not when they are needed. to react to changes in power output to support a plan like the Pickens For example, wind has to blow fast on a very short timeline; in some plan (a plan to replace all the fossil enough, and yet not too fast in order cases the swing can be hundreds of generation in the US with wind to generate power. In most cases they megawatts in a matter of minutes. power and use the natural gas that offer power from 7 to 40 percent of If utilities want to see this power currently makes electricity and heats the time, depending on the location swing in operation, visit Tennet the homes to power automobiles) in the and the type of resource. These grid operator in the Netherlands and US would need to connect to three systems require some level of other watch the power flow on a stormy day times the number of megawatts of generation to provide support, since on the interconnector with Germany. wind power than it would for coal the power they produce comes and Because conventional generation generation. In other words, to use goes on a change in the weather, does not react as quickly as V-Cent wind to provide ancillary services and the load they support may not. typically does, the grid operator on (e.g. maintaining voltage, frequency The estimate in Colorado is that the transmission network has to and the integrity of the Alternating it takes one megawatt of running deal with rapid changes in voltage Current (AC) wave form – all required gas-fired generation to support 2 on the grid. In some cases, where to let device work right and not burn megawatts of wind generation in the penetration of wind or solar is out)—by spreading the wind farms the state. This ratio has a big impact small, the rapid swing is a small over a wide area that receives strong on the carbon footprint of the final part of the overall power flow and wind—would cost at least three delivered power. While it is cleaner can be safely ignored. In Texas and times the cost of transmission for than a new coal-fired power plant, the Spain this is not the case, and both a new nuclear plant. No one likes estimate is that to get the equivalent have almost lost the transmission large steel towers in their backyard, of 2 megawatts of new coal-fired grid to blackouts because of wind so you can expect that even if power plant, 1 megawatt of gas- power—in Texas it was the sudden people embrace wind mills, they fired generation and 2 megawatts of and unexpected drop in wind power will pan the transmission corridors. wind generation have to be installed. production and in Spain it was too With these new large transmission Large variable central generation can much wind generation on a wonderful links, there are issues with power be monitored by existing SCADA spring Sunday when people decided quality and voltage management on systems and controlled by existing to go outside and shut off most of the transmission network that did energy management systems that their electric devices and lights. Swift not exist before. Proper ancillary are in operation by the transmission action by the grid operator saved the services can help fix this, but the operator today. What the existing grid in both cases, but it was close. technology to use one wind farm systems cannot do is to predict with to support another wind farm for any level of confidence what the Geographically wind blows where it ancillary services, like voltage output of wind power will be 24 to blows and we do not have the skills support or frequency management 48 hours in advance. New systems to modify the global weather patterns is not commercially available yet. have to be installed to support this to put the wind where we want it to The global industry has worked very The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid 3
  • 4. hard to manage power quality, and engines. In the future, these may be generate a single phase of power. That that has allowed homeowners to have powered by bio-diesel and ethanol, means that the power flows out of the computers and other digital devices making them technically renewable generator onto a single phase of the in their homes and businesses. If the sources. There are literally thousands grid. If this generator is installed on network power quality falls enough, of internal combustion generators the right phase, it can be very useful the utilities will have to either turn to in the distribution grid today. in balancing the load between phases; using high voltage DC transmission Companies like EnerNoc were formed unfortunately you have a better networks and converting the power to install controls and schedule their chance of winning in Las Vegas then closer to the customer into AC power, operation on the grid. This resource you do in getting all the generators or individual customers will have to has been ignored in the past because installed on the right phase, since the return to using motor-generator sets the distribution grid is not ready to owner of the generation has control or solid state power electronics to handle two way power flows, when in of their device and not the utility. manage power quality. These costs fact, in many cases the way they are This can lead to very large phase have not been factored into any of the used is to disconnect the customer imbalances and big differences in renewable portfolio standards or other from the grid and let them run as a voltage on a phase to phase basis. plans that push for a high fraction stand-alone island. Phase imbalance normally leads to of variable sources. These barriers wasted power, in some extreme cases are not insurmountable, but they do Changing the grid to support S-Dist as much or more than the distributed need to be honestly addressed with means changing the relaying and generator creates. research and engineering. the protective devices installed in the grid to allow power to flow Further, the inverters have another In the future, as more and more of the backwards (on the grid). Today the issue that is yet to be tackled—they generation becomes V-Cent the ability grid is designed to allow power to create harmonics that can be harmful of the operator to prevent a blackout flow one way, from the high voltage to the operation of the grid as well will decrease and more of the grid network to the customer; as S-Dist as appliances and computers that may be at risk. The most common is installed and operated attached to are installed on the grid. These generation sources in this category are the grid, power has to be able to flow harmonics can shorten the life of the wind and photovoltaic farms, two of the in both directions. In a typical grid, appliances and computers. Today, fastest growing sources in the world. there is a protective device for every harmonics in the low voltage network 100 to 200 customers; changing these are normally ignored, since the cost to S-Dist devices is a labor-intensive process solve harmonics problems outweighs Schedulable distributed generation that can interrupt the power to all the value of fixing the problem. differs from V-Dist in that it is done the customers that are downstream As large screen television sets and on a more “human” scale, typically of that device. The next issue is how other new solid state electronic in less than 1 megawatt sizes. This to pay the generation owner for the devices are installed and add their means that it is not connected to power they generate. When a utility harmonics to the grid, the impact the high voltage network, but rather islands the customer, it is easy—they of harmonics is increasing. Since to the low voltage or distribution simply pay them for removing their harmonics have a negative impact on network. Because it can be scheduled, load from the grid, and not for the the life of consumer devices this can it offers the ability to provide highly kilowatt hours of power generated. mean that the average life span of distributed power, close to where As we integrate S-Dist, you need to many of these devices is decreasing. the customers consume it on the create a measurement system and Eventually, the industry will have grid. This has a number of beneficial change the tariffs to support the to tackle harmonics issues. Most impacts, if the S-Dist is built to a plan payment of customers who generate utilities operate under regulations that supports the needs of the grid power for you. that allow them to charge the creator and it is planned into the distribution of harmonics the cost of fixing the grid. Unfortunately, this is seldom S-Dist has a further problem—most problem it or force them to fix the the case; homeowners and business of these generators use electronic harmonics themselves; however, owners decide they want to install inverters to take the DC output of the almost no utility actually bothers generation and they do so. Today, generator and turn it into AC power to ensure either today. These issues the most common sources are not on the grid. Because of the small size may be an added cost on S-Dist that renewable at all, but rather gasoline- of the generator, it is too expensive to may delay installation or minimize and diesel-fired internal combustion create 3 phase power, so they instead operation in the future. Harmonics 4
  • 5. Energy, Utilities and Chemicals the way we see it are not just an issue of S-Dist, V-Dist the peak would be much higher than Most of the best places to put wind has similar issues as do many of the the cost to generate power at a central mills and solar cells are out in the new classes of consumer electronics. station—further reducing the number suburban and rural areas where the of hours that the S-Dist might run. people density is less, and that means Because the S-Dist is installed in the the power consumption is also less. distribution network, the transmission Finally, these generation sources In many cases, this means the size of SCADA system does not offer the ability typically have a site approval the wires in the distribution grid are to operate or monitor these generation problem—since most are diesel also smaller. To put larger numbers sources. Instead, the operator of the and gasoline engines running of V-Dist units in the rural areas and low voltage network will have to install bio-fuels, they are noisy and smell move the power to people who will a system to monitor and control these (imagine McDonalds French fries use it may involve re-conductoring— sources and provide information to for bio-diesel). Many people do not replacing the physical wire in the the Energy Management System that want to see them installed in their distribution grid so that it will carry normally resides in the transmission neighborhood and even fewer people more power than it does today. For operations center. Some utilities are want to hear them run at 3 o’clock in an overhead system, where the lines choosing to allow a third party to do the morning. are up on poles, re-conductoring this work for them, while others are can cost as little as $100,000 a mile. attempting to install the infrastructure V-Dist For underground systems, that to support S-Dist. The Distribution Finally there is V-Dist, the kind number can run into more than a Network Operators (DNOs) in the UK of renewables that most people million dollars a mile. Companies already have these systems installed, think of when you mention like HydroOne in Canada made the but have yet to use them for this renewable generation—human-scale decision to re-conductor years ago purpose. They are generally well ahead renewables that should blend into and made it a multi-decade program of most of the rest of the industry in the neighborhood. These solar and to replace thousands of kilometers of having the infrastructure to support wind powered devices are owned by wire when they did maintenance. these sources. business owners and homeowners. They are deployed in the low voltage Unlike the V-Cent, these systems are Loss of power from a system failure network and suffer from all the same maintained by the homeowner and should cause most S-Dist systems problems that S-Dist does. This many of them find they do not get the to automatically disconnect from includes the issues with harmonics power output they were promised by the grid, since they seldom are large and with phase imbalance. the salesman; so they do not make the enough to support the entire load money they expected and hence do in the remaining section of the grid They have even had issues with smell not maintain the generator. This leads that they are now connected to. This and noise (for instance, solar cells to a collapse in the capability of the means that while the customer that that cooked tree sap giving off strong system to make power and can make owns the S-Dist has a higher level of odors and windmills that make noise the generator even more erratic then it reliability, the rest of the customers all night long). In addition, these was when it was first installed. One of do not. Most S-Dist is very useful devices pose another problem for the the first components to typically fail is for shaving the peak—i.e. reducing grid operator—they run when the the islanding device and the inverter. the demand for a section of the grid environment is right and do not run The failure of these devices does not when the demand for power is at its when it is not. They use the grid like typically isolate the device, but rather highest. This is very useful when the a large battery, putting excess power they fail most often providing DC grid is reaching its limit for providing into the grid and drawing power power into the grid even when they power. In the case where this is all the from the grid when they do not make should be islanded. The failure of the S-Dist is being used for, it might run enough. In similar cases, going from power electronics creates a hazard as much as 200 hours a year. This is a net generator to a net consumer can for the lineman who is dispatched a huge capital investment for roughly take seconds. This works well when to fix the network outage, since they 2% of the year. Most customers who the percentage of power produced have no clue that the power is still would install S-Dist would do so for from V-Dist is small, but as the flowing through the line and many reliability rather than to support peak percentage increases there will need transformers will step up the voltage shaving. In many cases, the price that to be real batteries installed on the for this distributed power. The ability would have to be offered to the S-Dist grid, and that is a whole different to monitor the health of the power owner to run their generation to shave story with its own issues. electronics—both the inverter and The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid 5
  • 6. ABILITY TO BUILD COST TO OPERATE EMISSIONS LOAD SUPPORT Capital Costs (Kilowatt of capacity) USD Wildlife Impact (Beyond Emissions) Cost per KWH (cents - USD) Similar plants in production Source for cost per KWH Decommissioning costs Source for capital costs Technology Readiness Foreward fuel price Public Acceptance Ancillary Services Typical Size (MW) Fuel Competition Fuel Availability Fuel Efficiency Cooling Water Dispatchable Time to build Schedulable Capital Cost Particulates Lead Times O&M Costs Ramp Rate Reliabity Site Size Mercury Waste Sulfur CO2 GENERATION SOURCE Baseload Conventional Coal 600 1534 2 5.2 1 Nuclear 1000 3540 1 7.8 1 Pebble bed Nuclear 200 1000 4.5 Hydro 500 NA 1551 2 Biomass 600 2809 2 Biogas 300 1897 2 Combined Cycle Natural Gas 300 717 2 7.2 1 Simple Natural Gas 200 500 2 Clean Coal NA 2537 2 9.6 1 Clean Gas NA Petroleum 300 717 2 GeoThermal 1110 2 Concentrating Salt/Solar NA Peaking Aero Gas Turbine 25 473 2 Diesel 5 1021 2 Fuel Cells 1 5374 2 Gasoline <1 1227 2 Pumped Hydro 300 NA NA 1200 3 Variable Photovoltaic <1 NA 5649 2 Thin Film Photovoltaic <1 NA 1000 6 Wind Mills 3 NA 1434 2 8.8 1 Wave Machines 15 NA 5040 7 Concentrating Solar 50 NA 3744 2 Sources 1) Electricity generation costs and investment decisions: A REVIEW; Dennis Anderson; Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology; Feb. 2007 2) EIA Report #: DOE/EIA-0554 (2008) 3) Shaping & Firming Wind Energy with Electric Energy Storage by Dr. Robert B. Schainker; EPRI; Nov. 2006 4) A Future For Nuclear Energy – Pebble Bed Reactors by Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D.; MIT; April 2004 5) Note the first 165 MW pebble bed reactor in South Africa has a 8400 USD per KW price including R&D and all the costs associated with a first time project 6) PES Wiki - http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Thin_Film_Solar 7) http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/50342/story.htm 6
  • 7. Energy, Utilities and Chemicals the way we see it islanding device—is critical to the the regulator to get a way to incent as well as developing the operating safety of people working on the people to put them in the right places, rules is another significant chunk system, and a simple fine for failure or for the utility to install and support of work. Knowing what is really to maintain the system is not enough installation in the right places. happening in the distribution network to remove the human hazard that is more than just the renewable issue; exists. This human hazard can exist Dealing with variability is tough. most of the distribution network with S-Dist as well, but empirical data The choices are ancillary services, has very little in the way of sensors from working with both S-Dist and demand response, or storage. To available to provide information on V-Dist indicates that the S-Dist sees date there are no good answers for what is happening. Putting this issue fewer failures and more maintenance storage, although the battery industry on to renewables is unfair, but it is a than V-Dist installations. keeps promising that in 5 years they gating item for successfully installing will have an answer—this started S-Dist and V-Dist. Smart Metering is a Summary in the 1970s and continues to be a step in the right direction for sharing Renewable generation is an important 5 year promise. Demand response this cost. part of the future for the electric means installing devices that either industry—we can not avoid it and provide information or control in the The good news is that nothing new we cannot hide from it. We have homes. This is part of many smart needs to be invented—only improved to work through these problems metering deployments. Finally, there and deployed (with the exception of and make integration of renewables is ancillary service—burning fossil storage). Renewables are a key part of easy. IEEE-1547 provided the basic fuels to support the integration of fixing the carbon issue and providing interface for renewables to the grid, variable renewables in the grid or electricity where the cost of power so the interconnection, the largest holding hydro facilities in reserve to is not tied to the cost of fossil fuels. stumbling block a decade ago, has provide instant voltage support. This Fuel price swings and the move to been solved. Now the issues move is a question that will take research, carbon markets will tend to accelerate to the integration of the renewables planning and operational work to the move to renewable. The new US into the operation of the grid. Some provide an answer for, and it will not Energy Team under President Obama of the issues can be solved with solve the “too much power” issue on a will also accelerate this move in the planning—relaying and protection day when customer demand drops to US and that will have an impact on schemes can be redesigned and the almost nothing. the rest of the world. Regulators, new standard can be deployed as customers, utilities, manufacturers circuits are maintained or built. This Harmonics, reactive power, and and independent power producers is an important step in being ready power quality are harder problems. will all have to work together to make for distributed generation, and not The transmission operators this work. For more than 100 years, just renewable generation. Working manage reactive power and many we have been improving, perfecting with regulators to determine how to of the sensors on the transmission and investing in the existing electric test the status of power electronics networks exist to handle reactive grid. One estimate for transmission and what the utility is allowed to power. Capacitor banks are helpful alone indicates that the US would require for the safety of workers is in managing reactive power, but have to spend over $900 billion to also an important step. For example: typically they do not exist out in the support a plan like the Pickens Plan. Can the utility cut the wire to the distribution network and the sensors Globally, it would amount to trillions power electronics and remove it, if the and controls to use them effectively of dollars. islanding device is not functioning also do not exist. Harmonics and correctly? What are the rules for safely power quality for the smaller We have a long way to go, we need to operating these devices and ensuring customer to date have been ignored make the journey, but knowing the maintenance? This will have to be as too expensive for the benefits issues we will encounter along the solved for each utility, as there is no delivered. The question is when the way and planning for them in advance universal answer. Site approval is tipping point is reached and these will make the journey more likely an issue that will not go away, and problems have to be sorted out. to succeed. This is a journey that we in most cases it is the responsibility need to take, let us all do it with the of someone other than the utility. Integration of hundreds or thousands highest possible chance to succeed. Putting the devices on the right of generation sources into existing phase, if they are single phase, again Energy Management Systems and is an issue that takes working with Distribution Management Systems, The Impact of Renewables on the Electric Grid 7
  • 8. www.capgemini.com/energy About Capgemini and the Collaborative Business Experience Capgemini, one of the 8.7 billion and employs over 88,000 world’s foremost providers of people worldwide. consulting, technology and outsourcing services, enables its clients to transform With 1.15 billion euros revenue in 2007 and perform through technologies. and 10,000+ dedicated consultants engaged in Energy, Utilities and Capgemini provides its clients with Chemicals projects across Europe, insights and capabilities that boost North America and Asia Pacific, their freedom to achieve superior Capgemini’s Energy, Utilities & results through a unique way of Chemicals Global Sector serves the working - the Collaborative Business business consulting and information Experience® - and through a global technology needs of many of the world’s delivery model called Rightshore®, largest players of this industry. which aims to offer the right resources in the right location at competitive cost. More information about our services, Present in 36 countries, Capgemini offices and research is available at reported 2007 global revenues of EUR www.capgemini.com/energy For more information please contact: Gord Reynolds Practice Leader Smart Energy Services gord.reynolds@capgemini.com +1 416.732.2200 EUC20081215_473 © 2009 Capgemini. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be modified, deleted or expanded by any process or means without prior written permission from Capgemini.