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Multicasting                         .. an Overview!
for Next Generation Internet

presented by Marvin Hoffmann
at Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart




                                                       16.01.2012
Who am I?

• Marvin Hoffmann (B.Sc.)

• Bachelor „Medieninformatik“
  at Hochschule der Medien

• 2nd semester
  „Computer Science and Media“
Why this course and topic?

• IBM Day some semesters ago - Mr. Demharter spoke about IPv6:

• Bachelor courses
                                        „With IPv6 there are more adresses
   • „Nachrichtentechnik“
                                          then grains of sand on earth!“
   • „Rechnernetze“

   • „Rechnernetze 2“

• always curious about new technology

• how to adress multiple adresses?

• who uses multicasts?
Agenda                           Questions?
                           When ever they come up!
• Introduction
   • What is it?

   • Why would I use it?

• Multicast
   • General Information

   • IPv4

   • IPv6

   • Problems

• Resume
Introduction



                      hat“ an d „why“
               The „w
                   of Mult icasting
What is Multicast?

• Different approaches of sending information

   • Unicast                                    • one to one



   • Anycast                                    • one to one



   • Broadcast                                  • one to many



   • Multicast                                  • one to many
Why would I use Multicast?

• Multicasting allows you to send the same information to different hosts

• .. without having to send it again and again for each of the hosts



   • Multicast



   • is not Unicast x n

                                  +
Technical Benefits

• Enhances Efficiency

• Increased Scalability

• Elimination of Network Redundancy

• Reduced Server and CPU Loads

‣ Optimized Performance
Business Benefits

• Increased Productivity

• Reduced Capital and Operational
  Expense

• New Revenue Streams

• Increased Competitive Advantage

• Network Investment Protection
Multicast and Protocols



                          H ow does it work?


                                     What do we nee
                                                      d?
How it works | General Information

• Groupaddress with Subscription-Handling

               Newsletter                             Multicast
 Publisher                             Sender
 Subscriber                            Reciever
 Mail-Server                           (Rendezvous-) Router
 Newsletter-Topic                      Multicast-Group
 subscribe to Newsletter               Join Multicast-Group
 unsubscribe from Newsletter           Leave Multicast-Group
How it works | IPv4

• reserved Address-Space is 224.0.0.0/4 (224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255)
  binary: 1110xxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx

• some difficulties:

   • 224.0.0.0/8 is used by Routing-Protocols

   • 239.0.0.0/8 is used for scoping

• uses special Internet Group Management Protocol to handle Join and
  Leave Requests for Groups
How it works | IPv4
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

• used for Group Management

• multiple Version (v1 - v3)
             v1               Host can join MC group; Host can not leave MC group, he times out
             v2                     Hosts can now leave MC group by sending a leave Message
             v3                  a Source for the MC Stream can be specified on joining a Group

• 64 bit Package
              0 ... 7                           8 ... 15                                        16 ... 31
               Type                     max. Reply Time                                         Checksum
                                                    Multicast Group Address

• Types: 0x11 Group Membership Query (general or specific);
  0x16 v2 Membership Report; 0x17 Leave Group; 0x22 v3 Membership Report

Complete List of Types can be found here: http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/igmp.htm
How it works | IPv6

• IPv6 Address Format
                48                   16                          64
     Public Routing Topology       Site T.               Interface Identifier
               network prefix                             host address part

• IPv6 Multicast Address Format
        8             4     4                             112
    11111111         Flags Scope
        FF            0     2                              ::1

• Flags (0RPT): 0 permanent; 1 (T-Bit) transient; 3 (P-Bit) Unicast-Prefix-based;
  7 (R-Bit) includes Rendezvous Point address

• Scope: 1 interface-local; 2 link-local; 5 site-local; 8 organization-local; E global
How it works | IPv6

• IPv6 Multicast Addresses:
                              Address                                                              Description
   Interface-Local Scope
   FF01::1                                                                all Nodes
   FF01::2                                                                all Routers
   Link-Local Scope
   FF02::1                                                                all Nodes
   FF02::2                                                                all Routers
   FF02::D                                                                all PIM-Routers
   FF02::1:2                                                              all DHCP-Servers


• IPv6 does not use IGMP anymore, but ICMPv6


Complete List of IPv6 Multicast Addresses can be found here: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses/ipv6-multicast-addresses.xml
Problems

• most Routers in the Internet are not capable of Multicast Routing

   • special Protocols needed (DVMRP / MOSPF / PIM)

• special, world-wide Network called M(ulticast Back)Bone
   • Tunneling using unicasts from network to network

• Routing between Routers with Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
   • best scalability (compared to DVMRP and MOSPF)

   • Dense-Mode: Broadcast to all Multicast-Routers

   • Sparse-Mode: Rendezvous-Router who handles Requests (Pub/Sub)
Resume



            at is left to say..
         Wh

                          Questions?
Resume

• a very interesting Topic

• thought that multicasting would
  be possible over the internet
  (without MBone)

• one more reason to look forward
  to IPv6




• Any Questions?
Thank you for your attention!



If there are further questions, just send me an eMail..
     contact@marvin-hoffmann.de

..or contact me on the web:
   /profile/Marvin_Hoffmann3 |   @h_marvin |    /marvin.hoffmann
Sources
• Literature

    • http://www.6net.org/ (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6MulticastandAnycastAddressing.htm# (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/iosswrel/ps6537/ps6552/
      prod_white_paper0900aecd804d5fe6.html (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses/multicast-addresses.xml (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses/ipv6-multicast-addresses.xml (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/igmp.htm (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781068(WS.10).aspx (visited 16.01.12)

    • Silvia Hagen: IPv6. Grundlagen - Funktionalität - Integration (ISBN-13: 978-3952294222)

    • Cisco: Developing IP Multicast Networks: The Definitive Guide to Designing and Deploying Cisco IP Multi- Cast
      Networks: 1 (ISBN-13: 978-1578700776)

    • http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/~sunny/iNetMM/MultimediaImNetz.6.html (visited 16.01.12)

    • http://de.wikipedia.org/ (visited 16.01.12)
more Sources
• Images

   • „Connected World“: http://gigaom2.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/facebook-connection-map-3x2.png
     (visited 16.01.12)

   • Envelope: http://gadgetsteria.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/sparrow-logo-300x300.png
     (visited 16.01.12)

   • „Questions?“: http://www.coachwithjeremy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/questions-to-ask-a-sales-
     coach.jpg (visited 16.01.12)

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IP Multicasting - An Overview

  • 1. Multicasting .. an Overview! for Next Generation Internet presented by Marvin Hoffmann at Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart 16.01.2012
  • 2. Who am I? • Marvin Hoffmann (B.Sc.) • Bachelor „Medieninformatik“ at Hochschule der Medien • 2nd semester „Computer Science and Media“
  • 3. Why this course and topic? • IBM Day some semesters ago - Mr. Demharter spoke about IPv6: • Bachelor courses „With IPv6 there are more adresses • „Nachrichtentechnik“ then grains of sand on earth!“ • „Rechnernetze“ • „Rechnernetze 2“ • always curious about new technology • how to adress multiple adresses? • who uses multicasts?
  • 4. Agenda Questions? When ever they come up! • Introduction • What is it? • Why would I use it? • Multicast • General Information • IPv4 • IPv6 • Problems • Resume
  • 5. Introduction hat“ an d „why“ The „w of Mult icasting
  • 6. What is Multicast? • Different approaches of sending information • Unicast • one to one • Anycast • one to one • Broadcast • one to many • Multicast • one to many
  • 7. Why would I use Multicast? • Multicasting allows you to send the same information to different hosts • .. without having to send it again and again for each of the hosts • Multicast • is not Unicast x n +
  • 8. Technical Benefits • Enhances Efficiency • Increased Scalability • Elimination of Network Redundancy • Reduced Server and CPU Loads ‣ Optimized Performance
  • 9. Business Benefits • Increased Productivity • Reduced Capital and Operational Expense • New Revenue Streams • Increased Competitive Advantage • Network Investment Protection
  • 10. Multicast and Protocols H ow does it work? What do we nee d?
  • 11. How it works | General Information • Groupaddress with Subscription-Handling Newsletter Multicast Publisher Sender Subscriber Reciever Mail-Server (Rendezvous-) Router Newsletter-Topic Multicast-Group subscribe to Newsletter Join Multicast-Group unsubscribe from Newsletter Leave Multicast-Group
  • 12. How it works | IPv4 • reserved Address-Space is 224.0.0.0/4 (224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255) binary: 1110xxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx • some difficulties: • 224.0.0.0/8 is used by Routing-Protocols • 239.0.0.0/8 is used for scoping • uses special Internet Group Management Protocol to handle Join and Leave Requests for Groups
  • 13. How it works | IPv4 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) • used for Group Management • multiple Version (v1 - v3) v1 Host can join MC group; Host can not leave MC group, he times out v2 Hosts can now leave MC group by sending a leave Message v3 a Source for the MC Stream can be specified on joining a Group • 64 bit Package 0 ... 7 8 ... 15 16 ... 31 Type max. Reply Time Checksum Multicast Group Address • Types: 0x11 Group Membership Query (general or specific); 0x16 v2 Membership Report; 0x17 Leave Group; 0x22 v3 Membership Report Complete List of Types can be found here: http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/igmp.htm
  • 14. How it works | IPv6 • IPv6 Address Format 48 16 64 Public Routing Topology Site T. Interface Identifier network prefix host address part • IPv6 Multicast Address Format 8 4 4 112 11111111 Flags Scope FF 0 2 ::1 • Flags (0RPT): 0 permanent; 1 (T-Bit) transient; 3 (P-Bit) Unicast-Prefix-based; 7 (R-Bit) includes Rendezvous Point address • Scope: 1 interface-local; 2 link-local; 5 site-local; 8 organization-local; E global
  • 15. How it works | IPv6 • IPv6 Multicast Addresses: Address Description Interface-Local Scope FF01::1 all Nodes FF01::2 all Routers Link-Local Scope FF02::1 all Nodes FF02::2 all Routers FF02::D all PIM-Routers FF02::1:2 all DHCP-Servers • IPv6 does not use IGMP anymore, but ICMPv6 Complete List of IPv6 Multicast Addresses can be found here: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses/ipv6-multicast-addresses.xml
  • 16. Problems • most Routers in the Internet are not capable of Multicast Routing • special Protocols needed (DVMRP / MOSPF / PIM) • special, world-wide Network called M(ulticast Back)Bone • Tunneling using unicasts from network to network • Routing between Routers with Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) • best scalability (compared to DVMRP and MOSPF) • Dense-Mode: Broadcast to all Multicast-Routers • Sparse-Mode: Rendezvous-Router who handles Requests (Pub/Sub)
  • 17. Resume at is left to say.. Wh Questions?
  • 18. Resume • a very interesting Topic • thought that multicasting would be possible over the internet (without MBone) • one more reason to look forward to IPv6 • Any Questions?
  • 19. Thank you for your attention! If there are further questions, just send me an eMail.. contact@marvin-hoffmann.de ..or contact me on the web: /profile/Marvin_Hoffmann3 | @h_marvin | /marvin.hoffmann
  • 20. Sources • Literature • http://www.6net.org/ (visited 16.01.12) • http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6MulticastandAnycastAddressing.htm# (visited 16.01.12) • http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html (visited 16.01.12) • http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/iosswrel/ps6537/ps6552/ prod_white_paper0900aecd804d5fe6.html (visited 16.01.12) • http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses/multicast-addresses.xml (visited 16.01.12) • http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses/ipv6-multicast-addresses.xml (visited 16.01.12) • http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/igmp.htm (visited 16.01.12) • http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781068(WS.10).aspx (visited 16.01.12) • Silvia Hagen: IPv6. Grundlagen - Funktionalität - Integration (ISBN-13: 978-3952294222) • Cisco: Developing IP Multicast Networks: The Definitive Guide to Designing and Deploying Cisco IP Multi- Cast Networks: 1 (ISBN-13: 978-1578700776) • http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/~sunny/iNetMM/MultimediaImNetz.6.html (visited 16.01.12) • http://de.wikipedia.org/ (visited 16.01.12)
  • 21. more Sources • Images • „Connected World“: http://gigaom2.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/facebook-connection-map-3x2.png (visited 16.01.12) • Envelope: http://gadgetsteria.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/sparrow-logo-300x300.png (visited 16.01.12) • „Questions?“: http://www.coachwithjeremy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/questions-to-ask-a-sales- coach.jpg (visited 16.01.12)

Editor's Notes

  1. bevor wir uns auf die präsentation stürzen zunächst noch zu meinen vorstellungen\n
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  3. IPv6 aka IP next Generation\n
  4. Fragen und Ergänzungen immer dann wenns passt!\n
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  9. erhöhte produktivität geringere kapital und operationale aufwände\nneue umsatz möglichkeiten erhöhter wettbewerbsvorteil\nschutz bezüglich investitionen ins netzwerk\n
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  11. Multicasting lässt sich sehr gut vergleichen mit einem newsletter system\n
  12. - reservierter Adress-Bereich für Multicast-Gruppen-Adressen\n- ipv4 verwendet noch ein spezielles Protokoll IGMP für das Handling der Gruppenorganisiation\n
  13. evolution 16 und 17 die bereits bekannten..\n0x11: generelle anfrage oder spezielle anfrage\ngenerell: welche gruppen haben mitglieder?\nspeziell: hat diese gruppe mitglieden?\n0x16: Join 0x17: Leave\n
  14. PRT: i.d.R. vom ISP; Site T. i.d.R. vom Admin (Subnets);\n\nFlags: vier mögliche Kombinationen sind definiert 0000, 0001, 0011, 0111\n- erstes bit immer 0, zweites = R, drittes = P, viertes = T\n- R-Bit erzwingt P-Bit erzwingt T-Bit\n- 0 IANA vergeben, 1 vorübergehende Adressen, 3 dynamisch zugewiesene Präfix Informationen, enthält informationen zu Rendezvous-Point\n\nScope: 1 interface- oder node-local (Loopback)\n- 2 werden von Routern nicht weiter geleitet\n- 5 werden geroutet, nicht jedoch von Border-/Edge-Routern weitergeleitet (Peers; Vortrag von Freitag)\n- 8 werden geroutet, auch von Border-Routern, bleiben aber Organisationsintern (erfordert administrativen Aufwand)\n- E darf überallhin geroutet werden\n- 0 und F sind reserviert und dürfen nicht verwendet werden\n- 6 und 7 sind nicht definiert und können verwendet werden um eigene Scopes zu definieren\n\nAuf Broadcast-Adresse eingehen!\n
  15. interessant: interface-local -> loopback -> nodes und routers\nkleiner auszug aus vielen adressen\n
  16. DVMRP -> Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (ähnlich RIP Routing Information Protocol verwendet um Routing Tabelle in zB LAN zu generieren)\nMOSPF -> Multicast Open Shortest Path First\n\nmbone seit 1992 durch Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)\nVerfahren PIM das ein routing von multicast paketen zwischen routern ermöglicht\n\ndense mode: broadcast an alle multicast gruppen; router ohne interessierten teilnehmen melden sich ab; erzeugt viel last und ist deshalb nicht zu gebrauchen in netzen mit hoher teilnehmerdichte\n\nsparse-mode: Pub/Sub! rendezvous-router bei dem daten eingehen. router die interessenten für bestimmte gruppen haben, fragen nach ob es für diese gruppe daten gibt;\nhohe last an rendezvous-router -> nach bekanntmachung kann shortes path genutzt werden für übertragung\n
  17. Persönliches Resume, technisches Resume kann jeder selbst ziehen und vielleicht auch nicht all zu interessant.\n
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