This document provides an introduction to tolerance design concepts and principles. It discusses key tolerance concepts such as tolerancing schemes, tolerance modeling and representation, tolerance specification, tolerance analysis, tolerance synthesis and allocation, tolerance transfer, and tolerance evaluation. It also outlines the scope of tolerance design and provides examples of parametric, geometric, and statistical tolerancing schemes as well as tolerance modeling using boundary representations.

1. 人工智慧實驗室
容差設計概論 ITD-01
Introduction to tolerance design
簡介 General
臺灣科技大學機械系
NTUST ME
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 1

2. 人工智慧實驗室
參考資料
A
• Title CAD/CAM Theory and Practice
• Authors Ibrahim Zeid
• Publisher McGraw-Hill , New York
• Date 1991
• Pages pp. 757-835
Ch. 7 Mechanical Tolerancing
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 2

3. 人工智慧實驗室
參考資料
B
• Title A Comprehensive Review of
Tolerancing Research
• Authors Hong, Y. S. and T. C. Chang
• Journal International Journal of Product
Research 40(11)
• Date 2002
• Pages pp. 2425-2459
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 3

4. 人工智慧實驗室
Basic Concepts
• Tolerance
– 公差, 允差, 容差, 容許度,寬容值
• Tolerancing , Tolerance design
– 容差設計
• Tolerance Control
– 容差控制
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 4

5. 人工智慧實驗室
Basic Concepts
• Characteristics of Products
– Material, geometry, function
• Dimensioning of Products
– Nominal size and Tolerance
Size is replaced by specification in many
applications
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 5

6. 人工智慧實驗室
Basic Concepts
• Product life cycle
– Demand – Transportation
– Design – Storage
– Manufacturing – Sale
– Inspection – Operation
– Assembly – Maintenance
– Testing – Failure
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 6

7. 人工智慧實驗室
Basic Concepts
機器要運轉則必有鬆隙和振動。
製品裝上夾具，不一定能放在理想的同一位置。
刀具必有磨損。
材料有堅硬、軟脆。 Manufacturing
製品因殘留內應力而產生撓曲。
光線強弱及其射入方向常左右視覺。
切削表面粗度，總是帶有刀痕山谷及起伏波浪。
切削或量測製品時，其溫度常不同。
操作者有熟練生疏與慎密或粗心。
工場中也沒有簡便的精密量具來證實其為絕對準確。
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 7

8. 人工智慧實驗室
Basic Concepts
Functional Requirements
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 8

9. 人工智慧實驗室
Scope
Tolerance design
A. Tolerancing schemes
B. Tolerance modeling and representation
C. Tolerance specification
D. Tolerance analysis
E. Tolerance synthesis (allocation)
F. Tolerance transfer
G. Tolerance evaluation
H. Quality engineering
I. Computer aided design
J. Other applications
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 9

10. 人工智慧實驗室
A. Tolerancing schemes
• Parametric
– Conventional tolerances (plus/minus)
– Vectorial tolerancing WCS + 6 DOF
• Geometric
– Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)
– Attributes of features: forms, orientations, locations,
runouts, profiles.
• Statistical
– Distribution
– Standard deviation
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 10

11. 人工智慧實驗室
B. Modeling and representation
• Tolerance system
– Variational Graph
– Boundary Representation
– Constructive Solid Geometry
– Feasible Space
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 11

12. 人工智慧實驗室
B. Modeling and representation
Boundary Representation
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 12

13. 人工智慧實驗室
B. Modeling and representation
Boundary Representation
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 13

14. 人工智慧實驗室
C. Tolerance specification
• Standards
– ISO 1101
– ANSI Y14.5
– DIN, JIS
– CNS B1001-4,12-16, B1002-1
• Functional tolerance
• Assembly tolerance
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 14

15. 人工智慧實驗室
D. Tolerance analysis
• Worst Case (Absolute)
method
• Statistical method
• Variance method
• Bender’s method
• Gilson’s method
• Liggett’s method
• Bjorke’s method
• Monte Carlo Simulation
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 15

16. 人工智慧實驗室
E. Tolerance synthesis (allocation)
• Equal tolerance
• Equal precision
• Minimum cost
• Optimization
• Reliability Index
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 16

17. 人工智慧實驗室
E. Tolerance synthesis (allocation)
• Cost function
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 17

18. 人工智慧實驗室
E. Tolerance synthesis (allocation)
• Cost function
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 18

19. 人工智慧實驗室
E. Tolerance synthesis (allocation)
• Cost function
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 19

20. 人工智慧實驗室
F. Tolerance transfer
Systematic methodologies are needed for
modeling processes to evaluate processing
alternatives for a given tolerance
– Process Layout
– Tolerance Charts
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 20

21. 人工智慧實驗室
F. Tolerance transfer
Process Layout
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 21

22. 人工智慧實驗室
F. Tolerance transfer
Process Layout
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 22

23. 人工智慧實驗室
F. Tolerance transfer
零件號碼 零件名稱 修改代號
國立台灣工業技術學院
設計者 設計日期 校對者 校對日期
容 差 表
0.0910
0.1200
0.1000
0.0990
0.0910
0.2030
0.1870
1
4
Tolerance
2
3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.5090
0.5010
5
6
Charts
OP NO & T OPE. DIM. BEF. DIM. ST. REM.
±
1 PFORM
2 PFORM
0.750
0.300
0.010
±
0.010 • 1、零件略圖繪製區
3 PFORM 0.300 ±
0.010
4 PFORM 0.100 ±
0.010 • 2、施工程序號碼及使用機具
5 PFORM 0.150 ±
0.010
6 LATHE-R 0.605 ±
0.010 0.750 ± 0.010 0.145 ± 0.020 欄
7 LATHE-R 0.115 ±
0.010 0.005 ± 0.030 0.110 ± 0.040
8 LATHE-R 0.341 ±
0.010 0.390 ± 0.030 0.049 ± 0.040
9 LATHE-F 0.116 ±
0.003 0.149 ± 0.030 0.033 ± 0.033 • 3、施工尺寸及容差標示欄
10 LATHE-F 0.328 ±
0.003 0.341 ± 0.010 0.013 ± 0.013
11 GRIND 0.120 ±
0.001 0.116 ± 0.003 0.004 ± 0.004 • 4、各施工程序基準面及加工
12 GRIND 0.547 ±
0.002 0.572 ± 0.023 0.025 ± 0.025
13 GRIND 0.215 ±
0.001 0.297 ± 0.034 0.082 ± 0.035
面符號標示欄
14 LATHE-F 0.420 ±
0.004 0.427 ± 0.003 0.007 ± 0.007
15 LATHE-F 0.219 ±
0.002 0.327 ± 0.033 0.108 ± 0.035
16 LATHE-F
17 GRIND
0.434
0.315
±
0.004
±
0.002
0.444
0.324
±
±
0.006
0.007
0.010
0.009
±
±
0.010
0.009
7 • 5、施工前尺寸及容差標示欄
18 GRIND 0.410 ±
0.002 0.425 ± 0.013 0.015 ± 0.015
• 6、材料切削量及容差標示欄
19 GRIND 0.505 ±
0.002 0.515 ± 0.008 0.010 ± 0.010 8
9
• 7、藍圖尺寸及容差標示欄
ENGINEER DIMENSION RESULTING DIMENSION
• 8、藍圖尺寸符號標示欄
20 B/P 0.505 ± 0.004 0.505 ± 0.002
21 B/P 0.195 ± 0.008 0.195 ± 0.007
• 9、結果尺寸及容差標示欄
22 B/P 0.110 ± 0.010 0.110 ± 0.010
23 B/P 0.095 ± 0.004 0.095 ± 0.004
24 B/P 0.095 ± 0.004 0.095 ± 0.004
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 23

24. 人工智慧實驗室
G. Tolerance evaluation
• Gaging
– Yes or No
• Measuring
– Statistical data
• 精密量測（實習）
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 24

25. 人工智慧實驗室
H. Quality engineering
• Quality System
• Quality Control
• Quality Indices
• Loss Function
• Loss and Inspection
• Loss and Types of Tolerance
• Quality Evaluation
• Tolerance Design
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 25

26. 人工智慧實驗室
H. Quality engineering
• Overall quality system covers whole
product’s life cycle.
• Deviation in a product’s functional
characteristics from their nominal values
causes losses.
• Undesired and uncontrollable factors can
cause deviation from targets.
• Robust design may deal with all noise
factors.
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 26

27. 人工智慧實驗室
H. Quality engineering
Example : Design a system which converts
220V AC input into 115V AC output
PRODUCT DESIGN
• System design
– System variable：feed-forward or feed-back
– Control variable：adjustable resistance or PID controller.
• Parameter design
– Best working range of the transistor gain.
• Tolerance design
– Specify tolerance of the transistor gain.
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 27

28. 人工智慧實驗室
H. Quality engineering
Example : Design a system which converts
220V AC input into 115V AC output
PROCESS DESIGN
• System design
– Selection manufacturing method and machine tools
• Parameter design
– Determine the best working range for each process
variable
• Tolerance design
– Specify tolerance for each process variable.
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 28

29. 人工智慧實驗室
I. Computer aided design
Tolerance modeling and
representation
Tolerance analysis
Tolerance transfer
Software Packages
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 29

30. 人工智慧實驗室
Simulation
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 30

31. 人工智慧實驗室
Simulation
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 31

32. 人工智慧實驗室
J. Other applications
• Optical system
• Fault tolerance
– 保護資料免於遭受各式意外造成損失
的能力即稱作失誤容忍
• Social Tolerance
• International Day for Tolerance11月16日
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 32

33. 人工智慧實驗室
Course
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 33

34. 人工智慧實驗室
End
ITD-01 General
NTUST ME
ITD-01 容差設計概論 ME NTUST 34