Solid waste disposal methods and excreta disposal methods.

1. Just pay attention to the lecture. The slides can be downloaded from http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

2. SOLID WASTE http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

3. Some terms we need to know REFUSE: Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course of human activities. Generated from street sweepings, markets, stable litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc. RUBBISH: Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial establishments, industries, excluding garbage and ash. GARBAGE: Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food. ASH: Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other combustible materials used for cooking and heating purposes in houses, industries etc. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

4. Sources of solid wastes Street refuse Market refuse Stable litter Industrial refuse Domestic refuse In most of the countries the per capita daily solid waste produced is between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

5. Galvanized steel dust bin with cover (for households) – 0.05 to 0.1 cubic feet per capita per day. A bin with capacity of 1.5 cubic feet for a family of 5 members if collection is done every 3 days. Public bins. Storage of solid wastes http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

6. House-to-house collection Mechanical transport Dustless refuse collector Collection of solid wastes http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

7. Methods of solid waste disposal INSANITARY METHODS Hog feeding Dumping SANITARY METHODS http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

8. Methods of solid waste disposal SANITARY METHODS Sanitary landfill/ Controlled tipping Composting Incineration Manure pits Burial Biogas plant http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

9. INSANITARY METHODS Hog feeding Dumping Refuse dumped in low lying areas Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of refuse which is gradually converted into humus Disadvantages Smell Unsightly appearance Free access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc. Dispersal by wind Pollution of surface and ground water http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

10. Dumping http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

11. SANITARY METHODS 1. Sanitary landfill / Controlled tipping Laying of dry and condensed refuse in a trench or other prepared area with intervening earth coverings. Anaerobic digestion of the refuse takes place. The process takes 4-6 months to complete. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

12. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

13. 4-12 meter 2-3 meter http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

14. Trench method Level ground Trenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deep Refuse is compacted and then covered with excavated earth Ramp method Sloping terrain Area method Land depressions, disused quarries, pits May need soil from outside sources to cover the compacted refuse http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

15. SANITARY METHODS 2. Composting Method of combined disposal of refuse and nightsoil or sludge. Organic matter breaks down under bacterial action, producing “compost” – used as manure. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

16. Three methods of composting BANGALORE METHOD MECHANICAL COMPOSTING VERMI-COMPOSTING http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

18. IISc, Bangalore – Indian Council of Agriculture Researchhttp://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

19. 800 metre http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

20. 4.5 – 10 m 1.5 – 2.5 m 90 cm A Trench excavated for composting http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

21. Earth 25 cm REFUSE 5 cm NIGHTSOIL 15 cm REFUSE NIGHTSOIL 5 cm NIGHTSOIL 15 cm REFUSE 4-6 months Humus Anaerobic decomposition http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

22. Mechanical composting Refuse Screening Pulverizing equipment Pulverized refuse + Sewage/Sludge/Nightsoil Incubation (Temperature, pH, Aeration, Moisture controlled) 4-6 weeks Complete composting http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

24. SANITARY METHODS 3. Incineration Suitable for areas where land is not available for sanitary landfill Example: Hospitals Disadvantages: Expensive No useful by-product Air pollution http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

25. SANITARY METHODS 4. Manure pits Used in rural households Covered with earth after each days dumping Two pits Within 5-6 months decomposed refuse which is used as fertilizer http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

26. SANITARY METHODS 5. Burial Suitable for small settlements/camps Decomposed matter may be ready for use as manure within 4-6 months 1.5 m 40 cm 1 m 200 persons 1 week 2 m 20-30 cm http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

27. SANITARY METHODS 6. Biogas plant Biogas is produced by the anaerobic breakdown of solid waste /excreta. Biogas (Methane, CO2, Hydrogen) can be used as a fuel for any heating purpose, such as cooking. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

28. EXCRETA http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

29. Spread of disease from excreta http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

30. Sanitation barrier http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

31. Methods of excreta disposal INSANITARY METHODS Open defecation Conservancy system/Cartage SANITARY METHODS WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

32. Methods of excreta disposal SANITARY METHODS 1. Pit latrine 2. Pour flush/Water seal latrine a. Simple pit latrine b. VIP latrine c. ROEC 3. Composting latrine Direct (Shelter over pit) & Indirect (Offset pit) Single pit & Double pit PRAI & RCA latrine 4. Aquaprivy 5. Septic Tank 6. SulabhShauchalya 7. Chemical closet 8. Biogas plant Trench latrine Shallow trench latrines Deep trench latrine Bore hole latrine 9. Latrines suitable for camps and temporary use http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

33. INSANITARY METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

35. Disadvantages:

36. Smell

37. Flies

38. Health risk to people handling the excreta

39. Health risk from food crops fertilized with raw excretaBucket latrine http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

40. SANITARY METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

41. 1a. Simple pit latrine http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

42. Location of a pit latrine http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

43. Advantages: Easy and cheap to construct Slab and shelter can be reused Excreta are isolated Disadvantages: Unpleasant odors Flies Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

44. 1b. VIP latrine & 1c. ROEC Ventilated Improved pit latrine Reed Odorless Earth Closet http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

45. 0.5 m Semi dark Shelter Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

46. Windshear effect drawing air up the vent pipe http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

47. 2. Pour Flush/Water-seal Latrine Pour flush latrines use a pit for excreta disposal and have a special pan provided with a “water-seal” of 20-30 mm. They need 1-3 liters of water for flushing each time they are used. Advantages: No fly or smell problems Easy maintenance Disadvantages: Water is needed for their operation More expensive than pit latrines http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

48. Water seal latrine http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

49. The Water Seal http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

50. 2a. Direct & Indirect WS Latrine Direct Indirect http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

51. Double pit WS Latrine 2b. Single & Double pit WSL http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

52. 2c. PRAI & RCA Latrine PRAI Latrine was developed by the Planning, Research & Action Institute, Lucknow RCA latrine was developed by the Research Cum Action project of the Ministry of Health http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

53. The RCA Latrine Location Squatting plate Pan Trap Connecting pipe The pit Superstructure Maintenance Modifications http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

56. 3’x3’x2”

58. Holds water and serves as a water seal (2 cm depth)http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

60. Not needed in Direct type RCA Latrine

61. 3.5” diameter with a bend at the end

62. Covered, rectangular/circular

63. 75 cm diameter, 3-3.5 m deep

64. Underneath squatting plate(Direct) or offset (Indirect)

65. Regular cleaning of the squatting plate

66. Flushing with 1-2 lts of water after every useSuperstructure http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

68. Using a septic tank instead of the pithttp://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

69. 3. Composting Latrine Composting latrines are shallow vaults, into which excreta, kitchen waste and similar wastes are added. The waste & excreta breakdown together to produce compost – fertilizer. Two shallow vaults are usually provided - when one is full it is covered with soil and left for at least two years – compost. The vaults must not receive water http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

70. Advantages: Does not need to be moved and new vaults do not have to be dug. Produces compost used as a fertilizer Disposes kitchen waste as well Disadvantages: More expensive and more difficult to build than VIP or WS latrine Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

71. 4. Aquaprivy The aquaprivy is a water tight tank filled with water into which excreta fall via a drop pipe, connected to a seepage pit (soakaway) to dispose of sullage and effluent. Drop pipe must reach below surface of the water. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

72. The AQUAPRIVY http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

73. Advantages: Cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning material Nil problem with odor or flies Can be connected to a sewerage system at a later date Disadvantages: Expensive to build Need large volumes of water to work Water seal may be hard to maintain Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

74. 5. Septic Tank Septic tanks are watertight chambers (single, double or multi chambered) which receive excreta and wastewater. They are connected to a soakaway which receives liquid overflowing from the tank. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

75. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

76. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

77. Solids (“sludge”) settle down and are purified by anaerobic digestion. The liquids (“effluent”) undergoes aerobic oxidation in the upper layers of the soil, outside the septic tank proper. Working of Septic Tank http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

78. Advantages: Isolation and treatment of excreta No odor or fly problems May be connected to sewerage system at a later date Disadvantages: High cost of construction Need for periodic mechanical emptying Need for large volumes of flushing water Only suitable where flush toilets are used Advantages & Disadvantages http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

79. 6. SulabhShauchalaya A low cost, water seal type of latrine connected to a 3’x3’x3’ pit. It is a modified handflush latrine with a specially designed pan and trap – needs very little water for flushing. Sulabh International, an NGO, maintains Sulabh Community Latrines – ‘pay-and-use system – in many parts of India. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

80. 7. Chemical closet It consists of a metal tank containing a disinfectant fluid (Formaldehyde). A seat with cover is placed directly over the tank. Water should not be thrown into the tank. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

81. 8. Biogas Plant http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

82. 9ai. Shallow Trench latrine Poles to attach screening Security screening Trench depth approx. 1.5 m Access path Handwashing facility Dug soil (for back filling) Superstructure http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

83. 5 m 4 m Approx. 300mm 1.5 m Plan View http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

84. 9aii. Deep Trench latrine Superstructure http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

85. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

86. 9b. Bore Hole Latrine Introduced in India by Rockefeller Foundation in 1930’s as a component of hookworm control programme. Consists of a circular hole dug by an equipment called “auger”. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

87. 20 feet 16 inches http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

88. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

89. Just pay attention to the lecture. The slides can be downloaded from http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

90. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

91. The Water Carriage System or Sewerage System implies collecting and transporting of human excreta and wastewater from residential, commercial and industrial areas, by a network of underground pipes called “SEWERS” to the place of ultimate disposal. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

93. Western Commode typehttp://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

94. SEWAGE http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

95. “SEWAGE” is wastewater from a community containing solid and liquid excreta “SULLAGE” is wastewater which does not contain human excreta “DRY WEATHER FLOW” is the average amount of sewage that flows through the sewerage system in 24 hours http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

96. Strength of Sewage BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Suspended Solids http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

97. BOD Amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage during a period of 5 days at 20°C. BOD≥ 300 mg/L – Strong Sewage BOD< 100 mg/L – Weak Sewage http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

98. COD The amount of oxygen (in mg) required for the complete chemical oxidation of organic and inorganic material in 1 litre of an effluent The result of a chemical oxygen demand test indicates the amount of water-dissolved oxygen consumed by the contaminants, during two hours of decomposition from a solution of boiling potassium dichromate. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

99. SUSPENDED SOLIDS <100 mg/L – Weak Sewage >500 mg/L – Strong Sewage http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

100. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

101. SLUDGE DIGESTER Or Compost etc. SLUDGE GRIT REMOVAL SCREENING PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION REMOVAL OF BULKY SOLIDS REMOVAL OF DENSE SOLIDS SEDIMENTATION OF SUSPENDED MATTER Basic Treatment … Primary stage http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

102. AEROBIC OXIDATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS TRICKLING FILTERS http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

103. SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK AEROBIC OXIDATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

105. To Land for IrrigationSLUDGE http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

106. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

107. OTHER METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

108. Sea outfall River outfall Sewage Farming/Broad Irrigation Waste Stabilization Pond/Oxidation Pond Oxidation ditches Aerated Lagoons http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

109. Sewage farming/Broad Irrigation Sewage is applied to land after screening, grit removal and a short period of settlement. http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

110. Waste Stabilization Pond / Oxidation Pond Other names: Redox pond, Sewage lagoon Open shallow pond, 1-1.5m deep, with an inlet and an outlet http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

111. Oxygen Algae CO2 O2 Aerobic Bacteria Bacteria Solids Settled Anaerobic http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal

112. Thank You http://www.slideshare.net/haqinaam/waste-disposal