I and my friends make it.

1. Discourse Analysis
Hari Subagyo
Muhammad Nizar
Ichwanul Yaqin
M. Zaki Amrullah

2. Introduction: Linguistic Forms
and Functions
• Functions of Language
- Transactional & Interactional
• Spoken & Written Language
- Manner of Production
- Written & spoken texts
• Sentence and Utterance

3. Functions of Language
• The discourse analyst is committed to an
investigation of what that language is used. They
adopt only two terms to describe the major
functions of language and emphasize that this
division is an analytic convinience.
• That function which language serves in the
exppression of “content” will be descibe as
Transactional, and that function involved in
expressing social relations and personal attitudes will
describe as Interactional

4. Transactional View
• In primarily transactional language we assume
that what the speaker or writer has primarily
in mind is the efficient transference of
information.
• Message-Oriented (the important is the
recipient gets the informative detail correct.)
• Example :
Policeman gives direction to a travellers
Scientist describes an experiment

5. Interactional View
• Involving in expressing social relations
and personal attitudes.
• Appear more to be intended as
contributions to a conversation than to
be taken as instances of information-
giving.
• Example:
My goodness, it’s cold. (it seems much
more reasonable to suggest that the
speaker is indicating a readiness to be
friendly and to talk)

6. SPOKEN & WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
Manner of production
From the point of view of production, it is
clear that spoken and written language make
somewhat different demands on language –
producers.
The speaker=available to him the full range of
voice quality effects (facial
expression, postural, and gestural systems)
The writer=may look over what he has already
written, pause between each word with no fear of
his interlocutor interrupting him.

7. Advantage of Spoken Language
• Advantages
The speaker has available to him the full range of
“voice quality” effect (as well as facial
expression, postural dan gestures system)
He is also processing that production under
circumstances which are considerably more
demanding.
He can observe his interlocutor and modify what he
is saying to make accesible or acceptance to his
hearer.

8. Disadvantages of Spoken Language
• Disadvantage
The speaker is under consider able pressure to
keep on talking during the period alloted to
him.

9. Advantages of Written
Language
• The writer is not under considerable
pressure in making his writing, since he
can pause between each word with no
fear of interlocutor interrupting him.
• He can take his time in choosing a
particular words, even looking it up in
the dictionary if necessary, check his
progress with his note, reorder what he
has written, and even change his mind
about what he wants to say.

10. Disadvantage of Written
language
• The writer cannot observe his
interlocutor.
• The writer has no access to
immediate feedback and simply
has to imagine the readers’
reaction.

11. The representation of
discourse:texts
 Written texts
‘text’ as a printed record is familiar in
the study of literature.
 Spoken texts
‘text’ as a verbal record of a
communicative act will preserve the ‘text’. It
may also preserve a good deal that may be
extraneous to the text.

12. In general, the discourse analyst works
with a tape recording of an event, from
which he then makes a written
transcription, annotated according to his
interests on a particular occasion.

13. Sentence and Utterance
• In a fairly non-technical way, we
can say that Utterances are spoken
and Sentences are written.

14. On “Data”
• The grammarians data is in evitably the
single sentence, or set of single sentences
illustrating a particular feature of the
language being studied. It is also typically the
case that the grammarians will have
constructed the sentence or sentences he uses
as example.
• In contrast the analysis of discourse, as
undertaken and exemplified, is typically
based on the linguistic output of someone
other than the analyst.

15. Product Vs Process
• The regularities which the discourse analyst
describe will normally be expressed in
dynamic, not static, terms. Since the data
investigate is the result of ordinary language
behaviour. They focus on the process of how
language is produced.
• The sentence grammarians does not in general
take account of this, since his data is not
connected to behaviour. They Focus on
product analysis.

16. Rules Vs Regularities
• In the sense, the rules of grammar appear to be treated in
the same way as “laws” in the psysical sciences. This
restricts the applicability of such rules since it renders
them unavailable to any linguist interested synchronic
varation in a language.
• The discourse analyst, with his “ordinary” language
“data”, is commited to quite a different view of the rule-
governed aspect of language. Indeed, the analyst may
wish to discuss, not rules bu regularities. Simply his data
constanly exemplifies non-categorial phenomena.

17. On Context
• We have constanly referred to the
environment, circumstances or context
in which language is used.
• Any analytic approach in linguistics
which involves contextual
considerations, necessarily belongs to
that area of language study called
pragmatics.
• In Discourse analysis, as in
pragmatics, we are concern with what
people using language are doing, and
accounting for the linguistic features as
the means employed in what they are

18. Summary
• The discourse analyst creates his data as the
record (text) of a dynamic process in which
language was used as an instrument of
communication in a context by a speaker or
writer to express meanings and achieve
intentions.
• The analyst seeks to describe regularities in
the linguistics realisation used by people to
communicate those meaning and intentions.

19. Thank You
Thank You
Thank You
Thank You
Thank You