1. Chapter 46:
Reproduction

2. Key Term
• sexual reproduction
• the reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete
• egg
• animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes
• sperm
• male reproductive cell
• asexual reproduction
• reproduction without the fusion of gametes
• budding
• reproduction of some unicellular organisms by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent

3. • Ovulation
• expulsion of an ovum from the ovary
• hermaphroditism
• showing characteristic of both sex
• fertilization
• process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
• External fertilization
• process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female body
• Internal fertilization
• process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside the female
• gonads
• reproductive gland-male, testes; female-ovaries
• spermathecae
• sacs in which sperm may be stored for expanded periods
• cloaca

4. • Ovulation
• expulsion of an ovum from the ovary
• hermaphroditism
• showing characteristic of both sex
• fertilization
• process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
• External fertilization
• process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female body
• Internal fertilization
• process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside the female
• gonads
• reproductive gland-male, testes; female-ovaries
• spermathecae
• sacs in which sperm may be stored for expanded periods
• cloaca
• common opening for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems in non-mammilian vertebrates
• follicles
• clusters of cells surrounding a single egg

5. • hymen
• thin piece of tissue partially covering the vaginal opening
• clitoris
• organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal
• prepuce
• fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris and penics
• mammary glands
• Exocrine glands that secrete milk to nourish the young. theses glands are characteristic of mammals

6. • seminiferons tubules
• highly coiled tubes in the testes in which sperm are produced
• leydig cells
• located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes, these cells produce testosterone and other androgens
• scrotum
• pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses a testis; functions in cooling sperm, thereby keeping them viable
• epididymis
• coiled tubule located adjacent to the testes where sperm are stored
• ejaculation
• propelling of sperm from each epidermis through the an deferens

7. • vas deferens
• tube is the male reproductive system in which sperm travel from the spididymis to the urethra
• ejaculators duct
• short section of the ejaculatory route in mammals formed by the convergence of the cas deferens and a duct from the seminal vesicle.
• transports sperm from the vas deferens to the urethra
• semen
• fluid that is ejaculated by the male during organs; contains sperm and secretions from several gland of the male reproductive tract
• seminal vesicles
• gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm
• prostate gland
• gland in human males that secretes an acid neutralizing component of semen
• Penis
• copulatory structure of male mammals

8. • gametpgemesis
• production of gametes
• spermatogenesis
• formation and development of sperm
• menstrual cycle
• type of reproductive cycle in higher female primates, in which the non-pregnant endometrium is shed as a bloody
discharge through the cervix into the vagina

9. • Oogenesis
• process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.
• ovarian cycle
• cyclic recurrence of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in the mammalian ovary, regulated by hormones
• follicular phase
• portion of the ovarian cycle during which several follicles in the ovary begin to grow
• luteal phase
• portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones
• proliferative phase
• portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens
• secretory phase
• portion og the menstrual cycle when the endometrium continues to thickens, becomes more vascularized, and develops glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen
• menstrual flow phase
• portion of the menstrual cycle when menstrual bleeding occurs
• vasocongestion
• filling of a tissue with blood caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue

10. • Orgasm
• characterized by thythmic, involuntary contractions of the reproductive structure in both sex
• conception
• fertilization of a penis into a vagina, also called sexual intercourse
• human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• thin membrane that partly covers the vaginal opening in the human female’ raptured by sexual intercourse or other vigorous activity
• Pregnancy( gestation)
• condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus
• trimester
• human development. one of three 3- month long period of pregnancy
• placenta
• structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother’s blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes

11. • fetus
• developing human from the ninth week of gestation until birth; has all the major structures of an atult
• labor
• series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus and vagina during child birth
• lactation
• continued production of milk
• contraception
• prevention of pregnancy
• rhythm method
• refraining from intercourse when conceptions is most likely in the few days before and after ovulstion
• natural family planning
• form of contraception that relies upon refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called the rhythm method

12. • Tubal ligation
• sterilization in which a woman’s two oviducts are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus; a segment if each oviduct is removed
• Vasectomy
• cutting of each vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the urethra
• assisted reproductive technologies
• methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means. It is reproductive technology used primarily for infertility
treatments, and is also known as fertility treatment.
• in vitro fertilization (IVF)
• fertilixation of ova in laboratory containers followed by artificial implantation of the early embryo in the mother’s uterus
• intrpcyoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
• test-tube fertilization procedure in which a sperm is injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization. ICSI is done for male infertility

13. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
• Animal reproductive takes many forms
• Aspects of animal form and function can be viewed broadly used as adapations contributing
to reproductive success
• Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspring by fussion of a male gamete and female
gamete to form a zygote
• Asexual Reproduction
• Needs one individual
• Is creation of offspring without the fusion of the egg and sperm

14. Budding
• New individual arise from outgrowths of existing one

15. External and internal fertilization
• External Fertilization
• Eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment
• Internal Fertilization
• Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs
within the tract takes place within the female reproductive system. Provides protection
and parental care.

16. Trimesters
• First trimester
• Is the time of most radical changes for both mother and the embryo
• All major organs are form
• All the major structure are present by week 8 and the embryo is now call a fetus
• Second trimester
• Fetus grows and is very active
• Mother may feel the fetus
• Uterus grows enough for the pregnancy to become obvious
• Third trimester
• The fetus grows and fills the space within the embryonic membranes
• Complex interplay of local regulation and hormones induces, and regulates labor, the process in which birth occurs

17. Contraception
• Delibrate prevention of pregnancy can be achieved in a number of ways
• Contraception methods falls into 3 categories
• Preventing the release of egg and sperm
• Keep egg and sperm apart
• Preventing the implantation of the embryo