Open science / Open research to the refresher course of the Carnegie UP conference in March 2019

1. D R H E I L A P I E N A A R
OPEN SCIENCE /
OPEN RESEARCH

3. CONTENT
• What is Open Science / Research?
• Initiative by die European Union (EU)
• Elements of Open Science:
• Open Research Process / Cycle
• Open Access (open repositories)
• Open Data (open & closed repositories)
• Open Source software (open repositories e.g. Github)
• Open Notebook (Virtual Research Environments – VRE’s)
• Open Workflows (VRE’s)
• Open reputation systems (scientific social media)
• Citizen Science
• Relationship between Open Research and e-Research
• Open Science in Africa & South Africa

4. I was recently asked to define what Open Science
means. It would have been relatively easy to fall back on
a litany of “Open Source, Open Data, Open Access,
Open Notebook”, but these are just shorthand for four
fundamental goals:
• Transparency in experimental methodology,
observation, and collection of data.
• Public availability and reusability of scientific data.
• Public accessibility and transparency of scientific
communication.
• Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific
collaboration. http://www.openscience.org/blog/?p=269
WHAT, EXACTLY, IS OPEN SCIENCE?

5. In June 2015, the EU Commissioner for Research, Science and
Innovation Carlos Moedas defined three strategic priorities: Open
Innovation, Open Science and Openness to the World.
• Open Science describes the on-going transitions in the way
research is performed, researchers collaborate, knowledge is
shared, and science is organised.
• And the way in which scientific results are disseminated and
assessed is changing.
• In the short term, Open Science is expected to lead to more
transparency, research integrity, openness, inclusiveness and
networked collaboration. In the long term, it should increase the
impact and quality of science, making science more efficient,
reliable and responsive to the grand challenges of our times as
well as foster co-creation and Open Innovation.
http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm

6. https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/resources
Semantic tree (FOSTER)

7. Project management
Proposal writingReal time
communication
Open
communication
Training / mentoringOpen eLearning
system for
researchers e.g.
MOOCs
Identification of
funding sources
Identification of
research area
Literature review &
indexing
Identification of
collaborators
Dissemination &
artifacts
Open Access:
journal articles,
data sets,
presentations /
papers, social
media
Scientific workflow
Open Electronic Lab /
Note book
Open source software
Web-based tools
for collaboration
Transparency in methodology,
observation, collection of data
and results
Open Research: Research Cycle
Citizen science
Open workflows e.g.
MyExperiment
Open reputation
systems

8. OPEN ACCESS

10. Lack of significant progress in the OA movement
10
• Open Access is (exceptionally) strong as a
principle
─ cf. the many resolutions, policies, guidelines etc.
…but still fairly weak as a practice
─ very low deposit rate in IRs
─ only 15% of research is immediately OA
─ subscription system as prosperous as ever
• University of Pretoria, 10 May 2018
• Dr Ralf Schimmer
• Deputy Librarian & Head of Information, Max Planck Digital Library

11. OA2020
• It is an international effort to convert the existing corpus of scholarly
journals from subscription-based access to open access
• In 2015, delegates assembled6 to identify concrete actions that
research organizations could take to affect an “incisive, feasible and
rapid path toward an open information environment.”7 The result
was the OA2020 initiative,
• Shortly thereafter, in April 2015, Max Planck Digital Library issued a
white paper8 explaining that money currently locked into paying
journal subscriptions should be “withdrawn and repurposed for OA
publishing services,” and that current library acquisition budgets can
provide the necessary payment streams. The white paper
demonstrates that there is already enough money in the publishing
system through global subscription investments to finance a flip to
an “author-pays” OA system for the same content.
• https://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/16881/18521

12. AI TO THE RESCUE
OF OPEN RESEARCH ARTICLES?
• Researchers who are busy with specialised research
sometimes query the open access movement as they
are of the opinion that few people will understand their
work
• Impactstory to the rescue: Get The Research.
Impactstory announces a new science-finding tool for the
general public (https://gettherearch.org )
• It will be built on the 20 million open access articles in
the Unpaywall index (https://unpaywall.org ) harvested
from IR’s
• AI tools will make the content & context more clear to
users (https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2018/11/12/get-the-research-
impactstory-announces-a-new-science-finding-tool-for-the-general-public/ )

13. OPEN DATA
• Open data is the idea that some data should be
freely available to everyone to use and republish
as they wish, without restrictions from copyright,
patents or other mechanisms of control.[1] The
goals of the open data movement are similar to
those of other "open" movements such as open
source, open hardware, open content, and open
access. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data

14. OPEN SOURCE
Open source software is software whose source
code is available for modification or enhancement by
anyone. "Source code" is the part of software that
most computer users don't ever see; it's the code
computer programmers can manipulate to change
how a piece of software—a "program" or
"application"—works.

15. OPEN SCIENCE SOFTWARE

16. OPEN NOTEBOOK
Open notebook science is the practice
of making the entire primary record of a
research project publicly available online
as it is recorded. This involves placing the
personal, or laboratory, notebook of the
researcher online along with all raw and
processed data, and any associated
material, as this material is generated
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_notebook_science

17. FROM PAPER TO ELECTRONIC LAB
NOTEBOOKS (ELN)

18. OPEN COLLABORATION
Open collaboration is the principle underlying peer
production, mass collaboration, and wikinomics.[1] It was
observed initially in open source software, but can also be
found in many other instances, such as in Internet
forums,[2] mailing lists,[3] Internet communities,[4] and many
instances of open content, such as creative commons. It
also explains some instances of crowdsourcing,
collaborative consumption, and open innovation.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_collaboration

19. 19
Analysis
Publication
ReviewConceptualisation
Data
gathering
Open
access
Scientific
blogs Collaborative
bibliographies
Alternative
Reputation
systems
Citizens
science
Open
code
Open
workflows
Open
annotation
Open
data
Pre-
print
Data-
intensive
Sci-starter.com
Runmycode.o
rg
ArXiv
Roar.eprints.
org
Impact Story
Altmetric.com
Mendeley.com
Academia.edu
Researchgate.com
Openannotation.org
Datadryad.org
Myexperiment.org
Figshare.com
An emerging
ecosystem of
services and
standards
It's real!

20. OPEN REPUTATION SYSTEMS (AND
OTHER INTERNET RESEARCH TOOLS)
http://101innovations.wordpress.com

22. CITIZEN SCIENCE
Citizen science (also known as crowd science,
crowd-sourced science, civic science, volunteer
monitoring or networked science) is scientific
research conducted, in whole or in part, by
amateur or nonprofessional scientists.
Citizen science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science

23. Zooniverse is a citizen science web portal owned and
operated by the Citizen Science Alliance. It is home to the
internet's largest, most popular and most successful citizen
science projects.[3] The organization grew from the original
Galaxy Zoo project and now hosts dozens of projects
which allow volunteers to participate in crowdsourced
scientific research. It has headquarters at Oxford University
and the Adler Planetarium.[4] Unlike many early internet-
based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home)
which used spare computer processing power to analyse
data, known as volunteer computing, Zooniverse projects
require the active participation of human volunteers to
complete research tasks. Projects have been drawn
from disciplines including astronomy, ecology, cell
biology, humanities, and climate science.[5]
. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project

25. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPEN
RESEARCH AND E-RESEARCH
Open Research
eResearch

26. African Open Science Platform
Initiative: ICSU-CODATA
• Proposals for Open Science Platform initiatives,
Africa and Latin America and Caribbean.
• Holistic ‘science systems’ approach: policies,
procedures, incentives, data infrastructure, scholarly
communications, skills and training.
• Keystone is to establish an Open Science
Platform with a coordinating role.
• Pilot initiative funded by Department of Science and
Technology in South Africa: nearly 500K euros over
three years.
• Will pilot approach in a number of African
countries.
• Implemented by staff from South African Academy of
Sciences, under direction from ICSU-CODATA.
• Currently undertaking preparatory study to chart
the data landscape and build partnerships
simon@codata.org

27. OPEN SCIENCE / RESEARCH IN SA
Feedback: SA-EU Open Science Workshop Programme held 30 November - 1
December 2017
The most important feedback is that the DST plans to finalise an Open Science Policy for South Africa
in September 2018. This workshop will be followed by several other workshops / dialogue sessions in
2018 in order to create the Open Science Policy. These follow-up workshops will be smaller and more
exclusive in order to get the work done. The EU is playing a huge role in the policy formulation.
The first morning's presentations are available on
dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/pldwte3y56b2i20/AADRVhHlWgF8lQcEhyTfUCu6a?dl=0
The rest of the two days were used for eleven different workshops on the following themes: Open Data;
Open Science and Open Innovation; Open Science Governance and Regulation; Skills and Training;
Infrastructure; Funding; Metrics and Incentives; Citizen Science; Intellectual Property Rights, and Africa
and SADC Region.
An EC report on 'Providing researchers with the skills and competencies they need to practise Open
Science' (https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/os_skills_wgreport_final.pdf) could be very useful
for SA researchers.

28. SA OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK
• SA-EU Open Science Dialogue Report shared in
December 2018 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2559469

29. Source: Expert Task Group. 2018. SA-EU Open science dialogue report. P16.
Available from:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B6w8fGuczhXqMFpLbHVEQ2JPV1U

30. URGENT POLICY ACTIONS REQUIRED

31. URGENT POLICY ACTIONS REQUIRED
CONT.

32. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Crouzier, Thomas. 2015. Science Ecosystem 2.0: how will
change occur?. http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/expert-groups/rise/science_ecosystem_2.0-
how_will_change_occur_crouzier_072015.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none
Pienaar, H. 2018. The world of research data - when should data
be closed, shared or open.
CHPC Conference, DIRISA track, 5 December 2018. Cape
Town.
https://www.slideshare.net/heila1/the-world-of-research-data-when-should-data-be-closed-shared-or-open
Pienaar, H., van Deventer, M., Gcukumana, S., Olivier, E.,
Msweli, Z. 2016. Changing research workflows at the University
of Pretoria (UP) and the CSIR: results of an international study.
2016. 13th International Southern African Online Meeting. 7-10
Junie 2016, CSIR International Conference Centre, Pretoria,
South Africa.
https://custom.cvent.com/98DB067D696243BD8FE5F6496A4DFC5F/files/78861cfc60654227977dc6c14530023f.pdf