* An overview of ICT and applications in B2B. * Touching on the most common ICT applications, and trends on telecom platform. * Touching on the basic infrastructure that supports the use of ICT tools and services within organizations. * Application Interface. * Data representation and Processing

1. ICT in B2B
Tunde Omitogun
Hisplus Systems Limited.
info@hisplus.net
www.hisplus.net
+234-809-505-2922
+234-803-888-8701

2. Fundamentals of ICT in B2B on Telecom‟s
Platform
An overview of ICT and applications in B2B.
Touching on the most common ICT
applications, and trends.
Touching on the basic infrastructure that
supports the use of ICT tools and services
within organizations.
Application Interface
Data representation and Processing

3. • B2B stands for business to business. Some businesses only provide products or
services to other businesses.
• B2B is frequently used as to describe different types of transactions and services
between two businesses.
• Selling B2B selling applications allow a business to sell to other businesses through
an electronic transaction. Some companies choose to sell through a private website
while others may use an electronic selling service, or e-commerce site, run by
another business.
• B2B buying applications involve a business purchasing goods and services from
another company via an electronic transaction. This can also be done via an e-
commerce site.
• E-commerce is the way shopping and selling is done on Internet. Credit cards can
be used to purchase services and products in virtual stores. Marketing Businesses
can also use electronic means to market their services and goods to other
businesses.
• Email promotions and electronic newsletters are commonly used to promote B2B
services.
• "Business to Business" markets, in which sellers sale to the other businesses instead
of final consumers and Buyers purchase to resale the goods after finishing to end-
users. An example of it is wholesale business in which Wholesalers buy from
manufacturers in order to resell the products to "retailers".

4. B2B: Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions
between businesses, such as
• between a manufacturer and a wholesaler
• between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-
to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G).
• B2B branding is a term used in marketing.
• The overall volume of B2B (Business-to-Business) transactions is
much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.
• The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will
be many B2B transactions involving sub components or raw
materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the
finished product to the end customer.
• For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B
transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber
hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to
the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.

5. Applications of ICT in B2B

6. ICT
BANKING
INDUSTRY
EDUCATION
business
Oil and Gas
Real Estate
Entertainment

7. 1.EDUCATION
E-learning
To manage books
Eg: library automation
system
School mgt system

8.  E-Learning
– Student and lecturer can communicate
to each other if there is something
problem or have to make discussion no
matter how far the distance to each
other.
 Internet
– We have an internet to get more
information about our learning.

9. B2B platform
for bank
customers 2. BANKING
Assembling
ATM Machine
to dispense
naira

10.  E-Banking
- Online services such as transfer money
and pay bill online.
ATM Machine
- to withdraw and to transfer money

11. 3. INDUSTRY
Automobile manufacturing
Industry using robotic /
SCADA
Eg : factory
ERP

12. Advertising.
Eg : billboard,
magazine
4. COMMERCE
E-commerce.
Buying and
selling
something
from the
internet
Eg : online
payment
Partnership
Manufacturers – Distributors

13. Applicationscommunicating applications
newsletters
websites
multimedia presentations
music scores
cartoons
flyers / posters
interactive communication applications
blogs
wikis
social networking websites
Entertainment
Animation
Make belief
Movie
Morphing
Music
Games analysis
measurement applications
scientific experiments
electronic timing
environmental monitoring
data handling applications
surveys
address lists
tuck shop records
clubs and society records
school reports
school libraries
control applications
turtle graphics
control of lights, buzzers and motors
automatic washing machines
automatic cookers
central heating controllers
burglar alarms
video recorders / players
microwave ovens
computer controlled greenhouse
modelling applications
3D modelling
simulation (e.g. flight or driving)
spreadsheets for personal finance
spreadhseets for tuck shop finances

14. Applicationscommunication applications
the Internet
electronic mail
fax
electronic conferencing
mobile telephones
Internet telephony (VOIP) services
publicity and corporate image publications
business cards
letterheads
flyers
brochures
applications in manufacturing industries
robotics in manufacture
production line control
applications for finance departments
billing systems
stock control
payroll
school management systems
registration
records
Reports
applications in the retail industry
stock control
POS
EFTPOS
internet shopping
automatic re- ordering
booking systems
travel industry
theatre
cinemas
applications in banking
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
ATMs for cash withdrawals and bill paying
credit/debit cards
cheque clearing
phone banking
Internet banking
applications in medicine
doctors' information systems
hospital and pharmacy records
patient monitoring
expert systems for diagnosis
applications in libraries
records of books and borrowers
issue of books
the use of expert systems
mineral prospecting
car engine fault diagnosis
medical diagnosis
chess games

15. Few ICT data from developing countries
E-commerce (B2B, B2C, B2G sales and purchases)
Use of ICT by SMEs (e-business)
Use of ICT within economic sectors (wholesale & retail trade,
services, manufacturing)
Emerging data collection
For promoting competitiveness in enterprises in SMEs
For measuring ICT impact on enterprise development
For policy advice on development strategies incorporating ICTs
ICT data and B2B

16. E-tourism as case study
 E-tourism is the digitisation of all the
processes and value chains in the
tourism, travel, hospitality and catering
industries that enable organisations to
maximise their efficiency and
effectiveness

17. Tourisma. Hotel Reservation Systems
i. Reservation Systems (CRS)
ii. Profiles
iii. Groups and blocks
iv. Rate and inventory control
v. Administration
vi. Reporting
vii. Global distribution interface
viii. PMS interface
ix. Tracking of inventory in real time.
x. CVB access to real time inventory at
participating hotels.
xi. Notification for reservation.
xii. Confirmation of reservation.
b. Events Management System
i. Event organizers for routing
ii. Customizable Events Management
c. Advertisement Management
i. Advertising Presentation Banners
ii. Branding
iii. Marketing through the Global
Distribution System (GDS) and Computer
d. Technical support
i. Help-Desk Support
ii. Knowledge Management
iii. Online Ticket Support
Management
f. Tourism
i. Tour Operators Management
ii. Tourist product suppliers and
iii. Pre-travel arrangements
1. general information
2. availability/prices inquiries
3. negotiations and bargaining
4. reservations & confirmations
iv. ancillary services
1. Travel related documentation
2. lists of groups/visitors
3. receipts/documents
4. vouchers & tickets production
v. Post travel arrangements
1. payments & commissions
2. feedback & suggestions
3. complaint handling
vi. Consolidation of distribution structure of organized
tours
vii. Business travel
viii. Vacation packages
ix. Location strategy targeting major world capitals
x. Location strategy in sun, sea and sand destinations with
suitable access
xi. Tour Operators Marketing and promotion strategic
management
xii. Elite tourism
xiii. Mass tourism
xiv. Segmented tourism
xv. Restaurants Management
xvi. Excursions with registered private guides
xvii. Low-price standardized tour
xviii. Tourist class hotels

18. ICT Today
 Cell phone applications (SMS)
 Digital cameras
 Internet
 Wireless (WiFi and WiMAN)
 GPS & GIS
 Digital radio
 Applications on demand

19. Characteristics (Cont)
 Dominated by small enterprise
 History of lengthy supply chains based
on commissions
– Product suppliers
– Consolidators
– Wholesalers
– Retailers
– Consumers

20. ICT, b2b and Tourism
 e-tourism is the leading B2B with B2C applications - 40% of all
B2C e-commerce
 50% of German tourists use Internet to get information on
destinations.
 "Internet will account for 25% of travel purchases within the next
five years."
 “…Predicted to be the next revolution in travel technology. …
Waiting for the customer to come to you is no longer enough."
 Brand: 80 percent of on-line customers prefer buying from
companies they already know.

21. Tourism Site Selection, Management,
Monitoring
 Geospatial Information Technologies help
delineate:
– Boundaries of the proposed tourism attractions
– Location of surrounding communities
– Who has rights to which pieces of land
– Proximity of roads and lodging to proposed sites
– Areas in need of protection
– Location of utilities – water, power
– How land use is changing over time
V. Managing, monitoring site and
destination
IV. Operations
III. Customer Relationship
Management
II. Marketing
I. Selecting, designing, developing
destination

22. Sites that Leverage Well-Known Brands & Niche
Channels

23. Prevalence of PCs and access to Internet
Presence of website, intranet and extranet
Use of ICTs for business processes:
Customer relationship management
Finance, budget and account management
Human resource management
Product design & development
Logistics (inbound & outbound) and inventory
control
Product service and support
Knowledge management
ICT usage in b2b

24. Few official ICT data in developing countries despite increasing
demand
Indicators and data are rarely comparable between countries
Insights
Businesses with PCs ..   ..      
Employees using PCs .. ..  .. .. ..   .. ..
Businesses with an intranet  ..     ..   ..
Businesses with an extranet  ..  ..   ..   ..
Businesses with Internet access          
Employees using the Internet ..   ..  ..   .. ..
Businesses with a website      ..   .. 
Businesses receiving orders over
the Internet (Internet sales)
 ..  .. ..    .. 
Businesses placing orders over
the Internet (Internet purchases)
.. .. ..  ..    .. ..
Indicator Argentina Chile Colombia
Russian
Federation
Singapore ThailandMorocco Peru Philippines Romania
23 developing countries surveyed
20 replies, of which 10 provided comparable results
Source: UNCTAD (2004)
Household data is more prevalent than business data
Readiness (access) data is more prevalent than intensity (usage)
data
Limited capacity for ICT data collection

25. Exercise
 How have you been using
Information communication
Technology in you’re your business
as a provider of products and
services for other businesses?

26. Some examples of IT
 Image Morphing
– changing (or morphing) one image into another through a
seamless transition

27.  Video Conferencing
Some examples of IT

28.  GPS Tracking
– Track your vehicles, wherever they go,
using GPS.
 Geo Spatial for O&G
Some examples of IT

29. Exercise
 List some other uses in enterprises
b2b
– Computer Technology
– Communication Technology

30. Related IT terms
 The E-word ; E Stands for Electronic
–E-mail
–E-learning
–E-business
–E-commerce
–E-government

31. Exercise
 Generate a list of ways the computer/IT
has impacted the world.
– Include both positive changes and negative
changes.
– think creatively.

32. Exercise
 How difficult would it be to live without
computers?

33. ICT b2b In Society
 Computers / mobile at home
• Business
• Entertainment
• Communication
• Education
1A-33

34. Computers / mobile In Society
 Computers in education
– Computer literacy required at all levels
 Computers in small business
– Makes businesses more profitable
– Allows owners to manage
 Computers in industry
– Computers are used to design products
– Assembly lines are automated
1A-34

35. Computers / mobile In Society
 Computers in government
– Necessary to track data for population
• Police officers
• Tax calculation and collection
– Governments should be the first computer
users. Is it in Nigeria?
1A-35

36. Computers / mobile In Society
 Computers in health care
– Revolutionized health care
– New treatments possible
– Scheduling of patients has improved
– Delivery of medicine is safer
1A-36

37. Connectivity
Interactivity
Multimedia
Auto PC
Where Is Information Technology Headed?
Three Directions of Communication Development

38. When Computers & Communications Combine:
Convergence, Portability, & Personalization
Convergence
Portability
Personalization

39.  What should be the next Technology?
– What can be the applications of that technology?
– Your own ideas/thoughts

40. Infrastructures Support for ICT Tools

41. Infrastructure
Backbone e.g.
MTN
Information and Communication Infrastructure for Grenada
ICT Industry
Development
Modernizing
Government
Human
Resource
Development
Regulation &
Legal
Infrastructure
ICT Infrastructure

42. ICT
Dynamic
Industry
Knowledge-
Based Society
MTN
Physical Infrastructure
Human Resource
Development
Regulatory & Legal
Infrastructure
LAN
Development
Access &
Connectivity
Pre-Literacy
Internet Access
Facilities
IT
Competence
E-CommerceE-Government E-Business
Infrastructure
Backbone
LAN/WAN
Strategy & Action Plan
E-Transaction

43. ICT for Grenada-Physical Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Backbone
Integrated
Voice, Data,
Video
Ease Of Access
Connectivity
WAN
Tele-Density of
1:1

44. ICT for Grenada -Education & TrainingInfrastructural Support ( Business / Oil and Gas / SME)
Infrastructure
Backbone
SME
O and G
Vocational
Training
Tertiary
Education
Skill TargetsReal Estate
Entertainment
Financial
Institution

45. Companies
Infrastructure
Backbone
ICT for Grenada - Regulation & Legal Infrastructure
Recognition of
electronic
records
Original
Form
Writing
Formation &
Validity
Signatures
Certification
Service Providers
Standards
& Code Of
conduct
Virtual
Companies
Encryption
Liability Of
Intermediaries
Personal
Data

46. ICT for Grenada - Regulation & Legal Infrastructure
Companies
Infrastructure
Backbone
Recognition
of electronic
records
Original
Form
Writing
Formation &
Validity
Signatures
Certification
Service
Providers
Standards
& Code Of
conduct
Virtual
Companies
Encryption
Liability Of
Intermediaries
Personal
Data
• Judicial admissibility
for e-documents
• “ In Writing”
requirements satisfied by
e-documents
• e-records used
in place of
originals
• e-signatures
authorize usage
for evidentiary
purposes
• Authentication of e-
signature through issue
of accredited certification
• e- contractual
acceptance for all
contractual negotiations
•Electronic business
boundaries definition
• Lawful use of
encryption programs,
and authority to
decode encrypted
information
• Clear definition of
the liabilities of ISP’s
and protection against
content
• Standards
established
to guide
quality of
transaction
behavior
• Standards
and
protection
criteria
established
for personal
data

47. E- Government Local Area Network
Ministry
Agriculture, Lands
Ministry Social
Services
Ministry Finance
DEPARTMENTS
E-Government
Server/Storage /
Resources
Ministry Health
State Govt
Ministry Foreign
Affairs
Ministry Office
Ministry
Implementation
Ministry
Tourism,Civil
Aviation
Ministry
Carriacou &
Petite
Martinique
Ministry
Education
Ministry
Works, Com.
Ministry Legal
Affairs
Youth,Sports &
Community Dev
Infrastructure
Backbone
Customs

48. E- Business Local Area Network
ON-LINE
SHOPPING
TELE-BANKING
E-Business
Server/Storage
ATM
Help Desk
Services
Professional
Services
Financial
Transactions
ON-LINE
PURCHASING
Infrastructure
Backbone
Global
Advertising

49. E- Commerce Local Area Network
Manufacturing Placing Orders
E-Commerce
Server/Storage/
Resources
Real Estate
Investment
Services
Professional
Services
Financial
Transactions
On-Line
Marketing
Infrastructure
Backbone
Global
Transaction

50. Application Interface
An application interface specifies how some ICT tools
should interact with B2B.

51. Application Interface
 Characteristics of different types of user
interfaces.
 Types of user interfaces which make
them appropriate for use by different
types of users or B2B.

52. Human Computer Interface (HCI) /
User Interface (UI)
 The means by which the human and the
computer communicate.

53. Human Computer
/ User Interfaces
Graphical
User
Interface
(GUI)
Command
Line
Interface
(CLI)
Natural
Language
Windows
Icons
Mouse
Pointer
(WIMP)
Windows,
Apple Mac,
Linux
DOS
Menu-
Based
Form -
Based
e.g.
Key:

54. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Most popular today is WIMP (windows,
icons, menus, pointer).
–View different applications or files in windows.
–Use some sort of pointing device to select
options in menus and small pictures (icons).

55. Uses of GUI
Non-experienced user
Justifications
Largely intuitive and only requires a little
knowledge of how a computer actually
works.
It is possible to restrict access to certain
parts of the system.

56. Command Line Interface (CLI)
User types a series of commands at the
keyboard which tell the computer what their
intentions are.
The user needs to:
–Know what commands are available.
–Understand the commands.
–Understand the way that material is stored in
the computer system.

57. Uses of CLI
technician looking after a network
Justifications
Allows access to whole system.
Does not use large amount of memory

58. Menu Based Interface
Restricted number of choices offered to the
user which may lead to further sub-menus.
Uses of Menu Based Interface
Typically with touch screen e.g.
information bureaus

59.  Easy to use and very intuitive (even for non-computer
users), requires almost no knowledge of how a
computer actually works.
 Limits user to choices required by the data structure
 Easy to test, administer and change
 Restricts access to computer system
 Helps customers to determine what they want
because choices are given at each stage.
Justifications

60. Form Based Interface
 Replicates a hard copy paper form.
 Specified areas for the data which may have helpful
instructions (usually by clicking a ? mark by the text box).
–E.g. boxes for input of coded material like the date or the sex
of the customer, and areas to be filled in with textual
information.
 Can contain radio buttons and/or drop down lists.
 A cursor moves to the next box to be filled in.
 Highlighted boxes make it clear where the data is to
be inserted
 User can be forced to enter data before being allowed
to continue.
 Checks can be made to make sure input is sensible
for that box before moving on to the next.

61. Uses of Form Based Interface
telephone sales, order forms
Justifications
User can be forced to enter data in a
predetermined order
Does not allow information to be missed
out
Simple to use and easy to validate data

62. Plenary
 What is a or human computer
interface or user interface?
– The means by which the human and
the computer communicate.

63. Plenary
 Describe the following types of user
interface. For each type of interface
give a suitable use, justifying your
answer in each case.

64. Plenary
 Form-based
– Prompts operator for inputs / Specified areas for
the data / Data entered in order / in format
– Operator taking information over phone
– Does not allow information to be missed out /
simple to use
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
– Icons used to stand for options/when selected,
command code is run/normally accessed by use
of mouse or other pointing device / WIMP
– Non-experienced user / child in school
– Restricts access to certain parts of the system

65. Plenary
 Command line
– Set of commands recognised by the OS / typed in
at prompt/need to be learned by user
– Technician
– Allows access to whole system / does not use
large amount of memory
 Menu based
– Restricted number of choices offered to the user
which may lead to further sub-menus.
– Typically with touch screen e.g. information
bureaus
– Helps customers to determine what they want
because choices are given at each stage.

66. Plenary
 Wired
 Wireless
 VPN

67. Define e-business and discuss
how it can help achieve business
success.
Distinguish between a corporate
and a marketing Web site.
List the major forms of B2B
e-business.
Explain B2C e-business and
identify the products most often
sold online.
Describe some of the challenges
associated with e-business.
Discuss how organizations use
Internet communications to
advance their objectives.
Discuss Web sites and identify
methods for measuring
Web site effectiveness.
Explain the global scope
of e-business.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Exercises

68. Guess what Nigeria stats would be?

69. It is easier to create a bad website than a good one.
Organizations must think about:
Planning and Preparation
Content and Connections
Costs and Maintenance

70. Cloud Computing: Software-as-a-Service for b2b
The Changing Face
of Infrastructure
Expressed Interest
Public Impact
LOW HIGH
HIGH
TechnologyComplexity
Cost
FOIA Manager
Situational
Landscape
Health
Terminology
Management
Grants Mgmt
Data
Visualization
Call Center
Management
Broad solution targeted at a specific function
Specialized solution targeted at specific activity or problem
Low Complexity, Low Cost,
High Interest, High Impact
Low Complexity, Low Cost,
Low Interest, Low Impact
High Complexity, High Cost,
High Interest, High Impact
High Complexity, High Cost,
Low Interest, Low Impact
Asset
Management
Security-As-A-
Service
Compute-As-
A-Service
IT Service Mgmt
Storage-As-A-
Service
Social
Collaboration
E-Mail
ERP
Logistics

71. Innovations to Address Mobile Workforce in b2b
On Travel
Disaster Response
In the Office
Home
PC On-A-Stick
• Mobility: Desktop Travels with You
on a Flash Drive
• Tiered Security: Application White
Listing and Wrappers, Hardware
Encryption
• Enterprise Management: Complete
Centralized Control

72. Mobile Solutions
 Incident Management – Aids Field
Tech Investigation, Diagnosis,
Resolution, Problem ID
• Expert Help
• Knowledge Base Access
• Rich Capture
 Asset Management – Integration
with scanner technology
• By year-end 2015, 2.0 billion people will carry handsets capable
of rich, mobile commerce providing a rich environment for the
convergence of mobility and the Web (Gartner)
• By 2012, 70% of all workers will be mobile and 90% of all
enterprises will develop at least one mobile application
(Forrester & IDC)

73. Data Representation
an Processing

74. Computing Systems Data
 Usually the computing systems are
complex devices, dealing with a vast
array of information categories
 The computing systems store, present,
and help us modify:
– Text
– Audio
– Images and graphics
– Video

75. Digital vs. Analog (1)
 Computing systems are finite machines. They store a limited
amount of information, even if the limit is very big.
– The goal, is to represent enough of the world to satisfy our
computational needs and our senses of sight and sound.
 The information can be represented in one or two ways:
analog or digital.
– Analog data is a continuous representation, analogous to the actual
information it represents.
• In example, a mercury thermometer is an analog device. The mercury rises in a
continuous flow in the tube in direct proportion to the temperature.
– Digital data is a discrete representation, breaking the information up
into separate (discrete) elements.
• Computers can’t work with analog information, so a need do digitize the analog
information arise.
• This is done by breaking the analog information into pieces and representing those
pieces using binary digits

76. Digital vs. Analog (2)
 Why digital signal?
– Both electronic signals (analog and digital) degrade as
they move down a line. The voltage of the signal fluctuates
due to environmental effects.
– As soon as an analog signal degrades, information is lost.
Since any voltage level within the range is valid, it is
impossible to know that the original signal was even
changed
– Digital signals jump sharply between two extremes (high
and low state). A digital signal can degrade quite a bit until
the information is lost, because any value over a certain
threshold is considered high value and bellow the
threshold is considered low value
 Answer: Signal Integrity can be maintained!

77. Digital vs. Analog (3)
Threshold
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Digital Signal
Analog Signal
Digital Signal Degradation
Analog Signal Degradation
• You can still retrieve the information from a reasonably
degraded digital signal
• Periodically a digital signal is reclocked to regain its
original shape. As long as it is reclocked before too
much degradation, no info is lost.

78. Binary Representation (1)
 Why binary representation (as suppose to
decimal or octal, etc..)?
– Because the devices that store and manage the
digital data are far less expensive and complex
for binary representation.
– They are also far more reliable when they have
to represent one out of two possible values.
– Because the electronic signals are easier to
maintain if they carry only binary data.

79. Binary Representation (2)
 One bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, one bit can
represent only two things.
 To represent more than two things, we need
multiple bits. Two bits can represent four things
because there are four combinations of 0 and 1 that
can be made from two bits: 00, 01, 10,11.
 In general, n bits can represent 2n things because
there are 2n combinations of 0 and 1 that can be
made from n bits. Note that every time we increase
the number of bits by 1, we double the number of
things we can represent.

80. Review Question 1
 Why digital signal is better than
analogue signal in computing systems
A. Signal integrity can be maintained
relatively easy
B. Information is never lost
C. Digital signal is more precise
D. I don’t know …

81. Review Question 2
How many things can a bit represent ?
A. One
B. Two
C. Ten
D. I don’t know …

82. Review Question 3
How many things a byte can represent ?
A. One
B. Two
C. 256
D. I don’t know

83. Data Formats - How to Interpret Data
 Meaning of internal representation must be
appropriate for the type of processing to take place:
– i.e. Images & sound: have to be digitized
• Images – need detailed description of the data, how color is
represented at each data point
• Sound – need sampling rate
 Proprietary formats
– Unique to a product or company
– E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus
Notes
 Standards
– Evolve two ways:
• Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe
PostScript, Apple Quick Time)
• Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts
Group, MPEG)

84. Why Standards? They exist because they are:
– Convenient – sometimes the time to market is very
important whenever trying to finish a product, therefore
existing standards may be used to save time elaborating
own protocols and interfaces
– Efficient – most of the standards are put together by
committees with a wide experience in the specific area
– Flexible – usually the standards allow for manufacturer or
OEM specific extensions
– Appropriate – address a specific problem in a specific
domain
 Allow communication and sharing of information
 Allow computing systems and software to
interoperate (at both hardware and software levels)
 Sometimes standards are arbitrary and have some
“blast from the past” (due to historical evolution)

85. Standards Organizations
 ISO – International Standards
Organization
 IEEE – Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
 CSA – Canadian Standards Association
 ANSI – American National Standards
Institute
 NSAI – National Standards Authority of
Ireland

86. Examples of Standards
Type of Data Standards
Alphanumeric ASCII, Unicode
Image JPEG, GIF, PCX, TIFF, BMP,
etc
Motion picture MPEG-2, MPEG-4, etc
Sound WAV, AU, MP3, etc..
Outline graphics/fonts PostScript, TrueType, PDF

87. Alphanumeric Data
 Three standards for representing letters
(alpha) and numbers
– ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
– EBCDIC – Extended Binary-Coded Decimal
Interchange Code (not used anymore, used to be
used in IBM mainframes)
– Unicode

88. Codes and Characters
 The problem:
– Representing text strings, such as
“Hello, world”, in a computer
 Each character is coded as a byte ( = 8
bits)
 Most common coding system is ASCII
 ASCII = American National Standard
Code for Information Interchange

89. ASCII Features
 7-bit code
 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit)
 27 = 128 codes
 Two general types of codes:
– 95 are “Graphic” codes (displayable on a
console)
– 33 are “Control” codes (control features of
the console or communications channel)

90. 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
Most significant bit
Least significant bit
Replace any with naira

91. 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
i.e. „a‟ = 11000012 = 9710 = 6116

92. 95 Graphic codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

93. 33 Control codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

94. Alphabetic codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

95. “Hello, world” Example
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Binary
01001000
01100101
01101100
01101100
01101111
00101100
00100000
01110111
01101111
01110010
01101100
01100100
Hexadecimal
48
65
6C
6C
6F
2C
20
77
6F
72
6C
64
Decimal
72
101
108
108
111
44
32
119
111
114
108
100
H
e
l
l
o
,
w
o
r
l
d
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Note: 12 characters – requires 12 bytes
Each character requires 1 byte

96. Numeric codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

97. Audio Information Representation (1)
 Sound is perceived when a series of air
compressions vibrate a membrane in our ear,
which sends signals to our brain
 A stereo sends an electrical signal to a speaker to
produce sound. This signal is an analog
representation of the sound wave. The voltage in
the signal varies in direct proportion to the sound
wave
 To digitize the signal we periodically measure the
voltage of the signal and record the appropriate
numeric value. The process is called sampling
 In general, a sampling rate of around 40,000 times
per second is enough to create a very good high
quality sound reproduction

98. Audio Formats
 Several popular formats are: WAV, AU, AIFF, VQF,
and MP3. Currently, the dominant format for
compressing audio data is MP3.
 MP3 is short for MPEG-2, audio layer 3 file.
 Compressed formats usually employ both lossy
and lossless compression.
– Analyzes the frequency spread and compares it to
mathematical models of human psychoacoustics (the
study of the interrelation between the ear and the brain)
and it discards information that can’t be heard by humans.
– Then the bit stream is compressed using a form of
Huffman encoding to achieve additional compression.

99. Representing Images and Graphics (4)
RGB Value
ColorRed Green Blue
0 0 0 black
255 255 255 white
255 255 0 yellow
255 130 255 Pink
146 81 0 brown
157 95 82 purple
140 0 0 maroon

100. Digitized Images and Graphics
 Digitizing a picture is the act of representing
it as a collection of individual dots called
pixels.
 The number of pixels used to represent a
picture is called the resolution.
 The storage of image information on a pixel-
by-pixel basis is called a raster-graphics
format.
– Several popular raster file formats including
bitmap (BMP), GIF, and JPEG.

101. BMP Raster Image Example
 The smiley face in the
top left corner is a
bitmap image.
 When enlarged,
individual pixels appear
as squares.
 Each pixel is described
by a value for red, green
and blue.

102. Review Question 6
Given a raster image with a 16x12
resolution, what would be the number of
pixels:
A. 192 pixels
B. 256 pixels
C. 512 pixels
D. I don’t know …

103. Review Question 7
Given a raster image with a 16x12
resolution, what would be the aspect
ratio:
A. 16:9
B. 4:3
C. 3:2
D. I don’t know …

104. End