4. Stem Changers There are no
stem changes in
the nosotros or
vosotros form
o ue e i e ie u ue
Poder: To Pedir:To Pensar: Jugar: To
can ask for To think play
Puedo Podemo Pido Pedimo Pienso Pensamo Juego Jugamo
s s s s
Piense Penscáis Juege Jugáis
Puedes Podéis Pide Pedís
s s
s
Puede Pueden Piense Piensen Juege Juegan
Pide Piden
5. Para
Para is used as “to”, “for”, and “in order to”.
It is used to imply purpose, indications, directions,
and recipients of items.
-Ex: Vamos al restaurante para comer.
-Ex: El regalo para mi mamá.
-Ex: Tengo dinero para comprar algo.
-Ex: Eres para tú
6. Object Pronoun Placement
1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4)Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb
7. Indirect Object Pronouns
These pronouns tell „to whom‟ or „for whom‟ the
action of a verb is presented for.
Singular Plural
Me Me Nos Us
Te You Os You-all
(Familiar)
Le He, she, Les You-all,
it, you them
(formal)
8. Gustar
• Gustar = To like
Gustar Singular Gustar Plural
Me gusta Nos Me gustan Nos
gusta gustan
Te gusta Os gusta Te gustan Os gustan
Le gusta Les gusta Le gustan Les
Ex: Me gusta una mapa gustan
Ex: Te gustan nachos
10. Superlatives
• Superlatives are added to adjectives and adverbs to express
extremes.
Take off the last vowel and add –ísimo and change the adj. or
adv. To agree with gender and numbers.
-Ex: Mucho Muchísimo
-Ex: Muchas Muchísimas
If an adj. or an adv. end in c, g, z, these consonants must be
changed into c > qu, g > gu, z > c.
-Ex: Rica Riquísima
-Ex: Largo Larguísima
-Ex: Feliz Felicísimo
11. Reflexives
Reflexives verbs are used to
show people doing things for
themselves. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexives Pronouns are used
to show that the subject Me Nos
receives the action of the
reflexive verb.
Te Os
Reflexive
Ex: Lola se lava la cabeza Se Se
Ex: Me despierto en la cama
Non-Reflexive
Ex: Me hablo con Roberto
Ex: Ellos se lavan el perro
12. Affirmative tú
commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement
When informally commanding a younger person, friend, or child you
drop the “s” of a conjugated tú form.
If there is a object pronoun then you can attach it to the end.
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
• Di
• Haz
• Ve Examples of affirmative tú commands:
• Pon •¡Cómelo! = Eat it!
• Sal •¡Ven aquí! = Come here!
• Sé •¡Hazlo! = Do it!
• Ten
• Ven
13. Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun
placement
To informally command someone to NOT to do
something, you would put a verb in the “yo” form, change
the ending vowel to an opposite vowel, and add an “s”.
If there is an object pronoun then you must place the
pronoun before the conjugated verb.
Opposite vowels: Irregular negative tú commands:
• Digas
• Ar endings change into e • Hagas
• Er/Ir endings changes into a •Vengas
•Tengas
•Pongas
Examples of negative tú commands:
•Salgas
•No me digas
•Vayas
•No seas estúpido
•Seas
•No vayas a la escuela
14. Sequencing events
Antes de Después de
Transitions or time references.
Before… After …
Primero Entonces Luego Después Por Fin
First Then Later After Finally
Por la mañana Por la tarde Por la noche
In/during the In/during the In/during the
morning afternoon evening/night
Los lunes Los martes Los Los Los Los Los
miércoles jueves viernes sábados domingos
On On On On On fridays On On
mondays tuesdays wednesdays thursdays saturdays sundays
15. Preterite=Past Tense
Ar and Er/Ir endings for preterite verbs.
Perfected action in the past.
-é -amos -í -imos
-aste -iste
-ó -aron -ió -ieron
16. Preterite Changes
-car for a preterite • Sacar la basura
changes into –qué -Saqué la basura.
in the yo form. • Jugar el tenis
-gar for a preterite -Jugué el tenis
changes into –gué
• Comenzar la tarea
in yo form.
-Comencé la
-zar for a preterite
tarea.
changes into –cé in
yo form.
17. Trigger words
Un dia It is set up for a
Una vez preterite.
Ayer
A noche
-car for a preterite
Hace un año changes into –que in the
Ya yo form.
El mes pasado -gar for a preterite
Anteyear changes into –gué in yo
Por una hora form.
Por fin -zar for a preterite
changes into –cé in yo
Do Veces
form.
18. Deber
It means to should or to ought to.
Debo Debemos
Examples:
Debo sacar la
Debes
basura.
Debe Deben
I should take out
the trash.
19. Modal verbs
Deber-Should, out to. The 2nd verbs is
Desear-To desire not conjugated, but
Necesitar-To need rather left in the
Poder-To can, could , be able infinitive form.
to.
Querer-To want, would like to
Saber-To know info, to know
how.
Soler-Usually, used to.
20. Present Progressive
It a verb stating -ando -ando
-ando
that a person is -ando -ando
doing something
currently in the -iendo -iendo
-iendo
present. It is like
-iendo -iendo
the english version
of –ing.
Example: Estoy estudiando.
-I am studying.
21. Present Progressive Irregulars
When an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, it
changes from –iendo to –yendo.
Leer Leyendo
Oír Oyendo
Traer Trayendo
E>I stem-changing vowels and other vowel
stem-changers change in the present
progressive. Decir Diciendo
Pedir Pidiendo Dormir Durmiendo
Servir Sirviendo Venir Viniendo
22. -Mente
Using adjectives or Reciente Recientemente
adverbs, change Frecuente Frecuentemente
them into adverbs
and add -mente. Fácil Fácilmente
If an adjective Normal Normalmente
ends with an e, l,
or z, just add – Especial Especialmente
mente.
23. End adjectives with an a when
adding -mente
Adjectives that end
in –o or –a When using two
changes to the adverbs, drop the –
feminine form. ment from the first
Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente one.
Rápido Rápidamente Example: Lenta y
cuidadosamente.
Lento Lentamente
Tranquilo Tranquilamente
24. Trigger Words are words that
might emphasis a preterite
verb coming up. Examples:
Ayer, el mes pasado.
Preterite
-car,-gar,-zar
Andar>Anduv_ -car for a preterite changes into –qué in
-e
Estar>Estuv_ the yo form.
-iste -gar for a preterite changes into –gué in
Poder>Pud_ -o yo form.
Poner>Pus_ -isteis -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo
Querer>Quis_ -ieron form.
Saber>Sup_
Tener>Tuv_
Spock
Venir>Vin_ “j” Hacer Dar Ver Ir/Ser
Conducir>Conduj_ verbs • Hice • Di • Vi • Fui
Producir>Produj_ drop • Hiciste • Diste • Viste • Fuiste
• Hizo • Dio • Vio • Fue
Traducir>Traduj_ “i” in -
• Hicimos • Dimos • Vimos • Fuimos
eron • Hicieron • Dieron • Vieron • Fueron
Decir>Dij_
Traer>Traj_ Snakey Verbs
Preterite verbs with a y spelling change
Ex: Creer- Creí, creíste,creyó,creímos,creyeron
25. El Futuro
Los Irregulares:
Decir Dir
-é Hacer Har
-ás Poner Pondr
Infinitive+ -á Salir Saldr
Tener Tendr
-emos Valer Vendr
-án Poder Podr
Querer Querr
Saber Sabr