Breakthrough Stem Cell Research - Millie Ray - H+ Summit @ Harvard

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Millie Ray Harvard Medical School, Mass General Hospital Breakthrough Stem Cell Research Have you ever wondered just what a stem cell really is? Or why your tax dollars fund stem cell research? Can stem cells cure a disease? Do we have the technology to clone ourselves? The rapidly growing field of stem cell biology holds the promise of enormous benefits for medicine and science, and is a platform for capital gains as well as many legal and ethical issues. This talk will address these questions and offer a viewpoint on how recent advents in stem cell biology will affect the future of stem cell research and medicine. Millie (Mridula) is currently a 3rd year graduate student in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences program at Harvard Medical School. She is also an associate producer at an online media company, BioBusiness.tv. Recently (Summer 2009) she helped produce a 10-part series on stem cells, interviewing key opinion leaders in academia, finance, biotech and Pharma/medicine about the basics of stem cell biology and the future of the field. In her undergraduate research, she worked for two years in a leading stem cell lab at MIT. Her current research involves characterizing the interactions of a group of proteins which are essential to development.

Health & Medicine Technology

iPS
cells:

A
BREAKTHROUGH
IN
STEM
CELL
RESEARCH

Presented
by
Mridula
Ray
H+
2010

Outline
• Embryonic
Stem
Cells
• iPS
cells
–
turning
Adult
Cells
into
Embryonic-‐
like
cells

• ImplicaCons
in
research
&
drug
design
• ImplicaCons
in
medicine

Embryonic
Stem
Cells
• Self-‐renewal

Can
divide
indeﬁnitely
into
two
iden/cal
“daughter
cells”
that
have
the
same

proper/es
as
the
original
cell

• Pluripotency

Can
turn
into
ANY
cell
in
the
body

Where
do
ES
cells
come
from?

Modiﬁed
from
h@p://www.biology-‐online.com

diﬀerenCaCon What
can
ES
cells
do?

reprogramming
Courtesy
Biobusiness.tv

Induced
Pluripotent
Stem
(iPS)
Cells
• RevoluConary
technique
to
turn
cells
from

adult
Cssue
into
an
ES
cell-‐like
state

Shinya
Yamanaka
2006

• RelaCvely
easy
to
do,
phenomenon
reproduced

by
many
labs
around
the
world

How
are
iPS
cells
made?
THE
TECHNIQUE

DNA
human
DNA

Replace
most
of
a
virus’s
DNA
with

human
DNA. Infect
a
human
cell The
the
human
DNA
(and
the
virus’s
DNA)

The
part
of
the
virus
DNA
that
makes
it
get
integrated
into
the
cell’s
DNA
dangerous
is
removed

THE
EXPERIMENT

• Put
in
4*
genes
involved
in
development
and

cancer
• Conferred
ES
cell
like
properCes

Embryonic
Stem
Cells lls!!
S
Ce
And
iP
• Self-‐renewal

Can
divide
indeﬁnitely
into
two
iden/cal
“daughter
cells”
that
have
the
same

proper/es
as
the
original
cell

• Pluripotency

Can
turn
into
ANY
cell
in
the
body

The
near-‐future
of
scienPﬁc
discovery
THE
PROBLEM
• Cannot
always
obtain,
idenCfy
or
purify
stem
cells
from
a

diseased
paCent
• Cannot
always
study
diseased
cells
in
a
lab
(limited
lifespan

even
if
you
can)
• May
take
years
to
see
eﬀect

iPS
SOLUTION

• Disease
model
is
improved
• Drug
targets
found
 discovery
improved
• Toxicity
studies
are
improved

iPS
cells
are
a
LONG
way
oﬀ
from

• Mice
grown
from
iPS
cells
are
more
likely
to
get
cancer
than

natural
babies
• Is
an
iPS
cell
completely
reprogrammed
on
the
molecular

level?

• Quality
standards?
• Making
iPS
cells
takes
a
long
Cme!

• Stem
cells
 increases
risk
of
cancer
• Delivery
of
a
stem
cell
to
the
right
place
may
be
a
challenge!
• Ge^ngthe
right
signals
to
the
stem
cells
is
hard
to
control

Autologous
versus
Allogenic
• Autologous
–
from
your
own
body
• Allogenic
–
from
a
donor

Your
immune
system
can
recognize
“self”
from
“non-‐self”

If
the
donor
does
not
have
similar
enough
geneCc
properCes
as

you,
your
immune
system
will
reject
the
transplanted
organ,

blood,
cells
etc

PaCents
who
have
had
organ
transplants
oden
have
to
take

immuno-‐suppressive
medicines
for
the
rest
of
their
lives

Current
and
PotenPal
Uses
of
Stem
Cells

Current
Use PotenCal
use
with
iPS
• IVF • N/A
• Bone
marrow
transplants • Autologous
• Cord
blood
banking • Not
necessary
• Drug
Screening
&
toxicity
• Personalized
medicine
• Disease
models
• Diabetes • From
actual
diseased
cells
• Cornea
repair
(Australia,
India) • Autologous
• Skin
grads • Autologous
(no
diﬀerence)
• Spinal
Cord
injury
(1st
ES
C
FDA
• Autologous
approved

clinical
trial
in
the
US)

• Cardiac
and
bone/carClage
regen. • Autologous
• Full
organ
regeneraCon
challenges

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Ed Boyden Assistant Professor, MIT Media Lab, MIT Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and MIT Biological Engineering Controlling Brain Circuits with Light The brain is three-dimensional and densely-wired with billions of heterogeneous computational primitives. Understanding how these elements work in real time to mediate behavior and consciousness, and how they are compromised in neural pathology, is a top priority. We have recently revealed methods for real-time optical activation and silencing of specific cell types in the brain, using naturally-occurring molecular sensitizers such as channelrhodopsin-2, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin. Building off of these molecular tools, we also have created optical hardware and algorithms for systematically testing the contribution of brain regions, cell types, and circuit connections to behavioral functions. We are also working on noninvasive methods of information delivery to the brain. We discuss the application of these technologies to the analysis of neural dynamics, as well as to translation for new treatments for human disease, and eventually towards augmentation of the human condition. Ed Boyden is the Benesse Career Development Professor at the MIT Media Lab, assistant professor of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT, and leader of the Synthetic Neurobiology Group. His group aims to discover principles for controlling neural circuits in order to understand how cognition and emotion arise, and also to enable systematic repair of intractable brain disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic pain. In order to accomplish this, his group invents new tools for controlling and observing the computations performed by brain circuits. He has launched an award-winning series of classes at MIT that teach principles of neuroengineering, starting with basic principles of how to control and observe neural functions, and culminating with launching companies in the nascent neurotechnology space. He was named to the "Top 35 Innovators Under the Age of 35" by Technology Review in 2006, his lab's work was selected to the Discovery Science Channel's "Top 5 Best Science Moments" in 2007, and he was selected for the "Top 20 Brains Under Age 40" by Discover Magazine in 2008, as well as awarded the NIH Director's New Innovator Award and the Society for Neuroscience Research Award for Innovation in Neuroscience. Ed received his PhD in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before, he received three degrees in electrical engineering and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 200 papers, current or pending patents, and articles, has given over 80 invited talks, and writes a column for Technology Review magazine.

Controlling Brain Circuits With Light - Ed Boyden - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Humanity Plus

There are some not well known risks associated with the program of SETI—the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. One of them is the scenario of possible vulnerability from downloading hostile AI with “virus-style” behavior. The proportion of dangerous ET-signals to harmless ones can be dangerously high because of selection effects and evolutionary pressure. Alexey Turchin was born in Moscow, Russia in 1973. Alexey studied Physics and Art History at Moscow State University and actively participated in the Russian Transhumanist Movement. He has translated many foreign Transhumanist works into Russian, including N. Bostrom and E.Yudkowsky. He is an expert in Global Risks and wrote the book “Structure of the Global Catastrophe: Risks of Human Extinction in the XXI Century,” as well as several articles on the topic. Since 2010, he has worked at Science Longer Life where he is writing a book on futurology.

SETI Risks - Alexey Turchin - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Humanity Plus

Some transhumanists speculate about a future of post-biological superintelligence, and even "uploading" ourselves to a less perishable medium. This involves some fairly radical metaphysical assumptions. Viable or otherwise, universal "destructive" uploading is sociologically implausible to say the least. So what will be the fate of old-fashioned organic robots in the primordial biosphere? This talk explores a more bioconservative scenario - a future of superintelligent, supersentient and superhappy organic life in a cruelty-free global ecosystem. What are the pitfalls and opportunities of using biotechnology to abolish suffering throughout the living world? David is an independent researcher based in Brighton UK. In 1995, he wrote "The Hedonistic Imperative", a plea for the use of biotechnology to abolish suffering in all sentient life. In 1998, David and Nick Bostrom founded the World Transhumanist Association - now Humanity Plus - to promote the use of technology to overcome our biological limitations. A selection of David's latest work can be found on abolitionist.com

The fate of the meat world - David Pearce - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Humanity Plus

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