1. Network Essentials
Hossein Zahed
Elec. Eng. – MBA – MCP – MCTS – MCPD – MCDBA – IEEE – ACM - IET
SoftwareTrainer at Sharif University ofTech & Amir Kabir University
http://www.hzahed.com
hossein.aspx@gmail.com

2. Sections
• Network Classifications
• Internet DataTransfer Models
• Network Request/Response
• DNS
• IPv4 & IPv6
• TCP
• UDP
• Web Servers

3. Network Classifications
Network
Range &
Coverage
Topology

4. Network Range & Coverage
0 ~ 1m – PAN (Personal Area Network): Personal
1m ~ 1km – LAN (Local Area Network): Room, Building, Campus
1km ~ 10km – MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): City
10km ~ 1000km – WAN (Wide Area Network): Country, Continent
1000km ~ 10000km – The Internet (International Network)

5. NetworkTopology

6. Internet DataTransfer Models
TCP/IP
TransmissionControl Protocol / Internet Protocol
From 1989 up to now
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
Almost absolute

7. OSI vs.TCP-IP Model

8. DataTransmission overTCP-IP

9. Network Request Overview

10. Network Request Overview

11. Network Request Overview

12. DNS (Domain Name System)
Popular DNS Records
A: Address (IPv4)
AAAA:Address (IPv6)
NS: Name Server
CNAME: Canonical Name
MX: Mail Exchange
SOA: State Of Authority

13. IPv4
• Address Space = 2^32 = 4,294,967,296
• We are running out of IPv4 right now!
• Internal IP Addresses: 192.168.1.1

14. IPv6
• Address Space = 2^128 (2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334)
• 100 IP Addresses for every atom on earth
• World IPv6 Day June 8, 2011
• World IPv6 Launch June 6, 2012

15. NAT (Network AddressTranslation)

16. NAT (Network AddressTranslation)

17. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

18. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

19. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

20. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

21. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

22. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

23. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

24. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

25. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

26. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

27. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

28. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

29. TCP & UDP Applications
TCP
WWW
E-Mail
FTP
SSH
UDP
DNS
DHCP
Video /
VoiceConf.
RIP

30. NetworkTracing Softwares
Microsoft Network Monitor WireShark

31. Web Servers in Data Centers

32. Server Operating Systems
Operating System Company Hardware Platform No. of Processors Appropriate for
Windows Server
2003/2008/2012
Standard/Enterprise/Data
centre/Web Server/Small
Business
Microsoft
Intel/AMD & IA-64, Opteron
for 64-bit versions
4 (Standard)
Up to 8 (Enterprise)
Minimum 8, Maximum 64
(Datacentre)
Small, medium and large
servers
Linux (Red Hat, Mandrake,
Debian, SuSE, etc.)
Open Source Many (esp. Intel/AMD)
32 (Linux is readily used on
more than 4 CPUs)
Small to large servers
FreeBSD 9.0 Open Source
x86, Alpha, IA-64, PC-98 and
UltraSPARC
4 Small to large servers
Mac OSX Server v10.8 Apple
PowerPC with a G3, G4, or G5
processor (Apple)
2 (4 available later) Small to medium servers
NetWare Novell Intel/AMD 32 Medium to large servers
Solaris 11.1 Sun Microsystems Sparc, Intel x64 or x86 128 Medium to enterprise servers
HP-UX 11i v1.6 & HP-UX
11i v2
Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC, Intel Itanium 64 Enterprise servers
IRIX 6.5 SGI MIPS 64 Enterprise servers
AIX 5L 5.2 IBM PowerPC (RS/6000) 32 Enterprise servers

33. Web Server Applications
Web Server Vendor
Web Sites
Hosted
Percent
Apache Apache 359,441,468 53.42%
IIS Microsoft 112,303,412 16.69%
nginx NGINX Inc. 104,411,087 15.52%
GWS Google 23,029,260 3.42%

34. IIS (Internet Information Services)