1. INTERNATIONALComputer EngineeringCOMPUTER (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
International Journal of JOURNAL OF and Technology ENGINEERING
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
& TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)
ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) IJCET
Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), pp. 213-220
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A SURVEY OF ENERGY EFFICIENT AODV ROUTING
ALGORITHMS IN MANET
Prerna Malhotra
Student
PDM College of Engineering for Women, B’Garh
ABSTRACT
MANET became the focus of researchers as a promising technology for a broad
range of applications due to their self- organizing, self-configuring capability in different
mobile network scenarios. One significant area of research within ad hoc networks is energy
consumption issue. The primary goal of ad hoc networks is to call for the energy-
constrained protocols. Energy consumption evaluation methodology is introduced for the
protocol consideration in different mobile network. AODV routing protocol performs well
on assessment of energy consumption for the mobile ad hoc network with high node
mobility. Nodes in MANET networks are basically battery operated, and thus have access to
a limited amount of energy. This process proposes an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand
Routing algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is
maintained among nodes and the lifetime of network is increased. In this paper we survey
about different Energy efficient AODV routing algorithms designed so far.
Keywords: AODV, Energy, MANET, Mobility, Self-configure
1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) represent the decentralized paradigms
where clients themselves sustain the network in the absence of a central infrastructure.
MANET does not operate under fixed topology means they are self-organising, self-
administrating, self-healing type of network. In MANET, each mobile node operate as both
a router and a terminal nodes which is a source or destination, thus the failure of some nodes
operation can greatly hinder the performance of the network and also affect the basic
accessibility of the network, i.e., energy exhaustion of nodes has been one of the main harm
to the connectivity of MANET. Since the mobile nodes in MANET have limited battery
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2. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
power, so it is required to efficiently use energy of every node in MANET. MANET is a
multi-hop, in which node can freely move in any direction and have limited battery power.
In this type of networks, energy parameter plays an important role in the research. A reliable
routing protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) keeps the energy consumption as
low as possible. To estimate the energy consumption the numerous MANET routing
protocols have been developed for network. The performance of DSDV [1] introduces large
amounts of overhead to the network due to the requirement of the periodic update messages,
and the overhead grows at the quantity of O(N2).DSR [2] is that it uses broadcast for route
discovery while broadcast causes too much message forwarding traffic and energy
consumption, especially when the network is large. AODV [3] AODV is based on both
DSDV and DSR algorithm. It uses the route discovery and route maintenance practice of
DSR. DSR packet carries the complete route information, while the packet of AODV only
carries the destination address, it has less routing overhead than DSR. At the same time,
AODV makes use of routing messages and sequence numbering. Here AODV is evaluated
and analyzed from the aspect the energy utilization metric. AODV protocol is a reactive
routing protocol which finds route to destination when required. AODV consists of routing
table which helps to differentiate between expiry and fresh routes. The routing table at node
contains the sequence number and next hop information. The working of protocol is consists
of two phases:
1. Route discovery and
2. Route maintenance.
In route discovery process, the source node generate RREQ packet, if the path to
destination is not stored in the routing table, and pass it to the neighboring nodes. The
neighboring nodes will pass it to their neighbor and so on. When the packet reached to the
destination node, then destination node generates RREP (Route Reply) packet and send it
back to the source node. Thus the path is established between source and destination node.
In route maintenance process, the source node is being informed by RERR (Route Error)
message in case of link breakage. Also the connectivity between the nodes is maintaining
using Hello messages. There are two main factors that cause link failures are:
I. Battery life time
II. Mobility
2. CATEGORIES OF ROUTING
Routing is the process of finding a path from a source to destination among
randomly distributed routers. The broadcasting [4] is inevitable and a common operation in
ad-hoc network. It consists of diffusing a message from a source node to all the nodes in the
network.
Broadcast can be used to diffuse information to the whole network. It is also used
for route discovery protocols in ad-hoc networks. The routing protocols are classified as
follows on the basis of the way the network information is obtained in these routing
protocols.
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3. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
2.1 Proactive (or Table-driven) routing protocol
The proactive protocols maintain routing information about each node in the
network. The information is updated throughout the network periodically or when topology
changes. Each node requires to store their routing information.
For example
1. Destination sequenced Distance vector routing (DSDV)
2. Source Tree Adaptive Routing (STAR)
2.2 Reactive or On-demand routing protocol
The reactive routing protocols look for the routes and are created as and when
required. When a source wants to send to a destination, it invokes the route discovery
mechanisms to find the path to the destination.
For example
1. Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
2. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
3. Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO)
2.3 Hybrid Protocols
These protocols are using the best features of both the on-demand and table
driven routing protocols.
For example
1. Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA)
2. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
These classes of routing protocols are reported but choosing best out of them is very
difficult as one may be performing well in one type of scenario the other may work in other
type of scenario.
Fig 1: Types of routing protocol in Manet
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4. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
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3. TYPE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN MANET
Energy Management is defined as the process of managing the sources and
consumers of energy in a node or in a network as a whole for enhancing the lifetime of the
network [5].
Energy Management can be classified into the following categories:
1. Transmission Power Management: The power consumed by the radio frequency (RF)
module of a mobile node is determined by several factors such as the state of operation. The
transmission power, and the technology used for the RF circuitry. The state of operation
refers to the transmit, receive, and sleep modes of operation. The transmission power is
determined by the reachability requirement of the network, the routing protocol and the
MAC protocol employed. The RF hardware design must ensure minimum power
consumption in all the three stages of operation.
2. Battery Energy Management: The battery management is aimed at extending the battery
life of a node by taking advantage of its chemical properties, discharge patterns, and by the
selection of a battery from a set of batteries that is available for redundancy.
3. Processor Power Management: The clock speed and the number of instructions executed
per unit time are some of the processor parameters that affect power consumption. The CPU
can be put into different power saving modes during low processing load conditions. The
CPU power can be completely turned off if the machine is idle for a long time. In such
cases, interrupts can be used to turn on the CPU upon detection of user interaction or other
events.
4. Devices Power Management: Intelligent device management can reduce power
consumption of a mobile node significantly. This can be done by the operating system (OS)
by selectively powering down interface devices that are not used or by putting devices into
different power-saving modes depending on their usage[2].
Fig 2: Different metric classifications
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5. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
4. RELATED WORKS
A lot of research has been done on energy efficient AODV routing algorithms in
MANET. Below shows few algorithms based on Energy efficiency mechanism.
4.1 Energy Efficient Adaptive Routing Algorithm in MANET with Sleep Mode
T r i p t i N e m a e t a l , proposed an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing
algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is maintained
among nodes and the life of network is increased. We focused on increasing the extensive
existence of node in the network. In our proposed work we set the minimum energy
threshold limit of a mobile node, when a node reached up to the threshold limit the node
goes to sleep mode, save energy and join in the event as long as possible[6]
No. of Network End to End Packet delivery
Nodes lifetime delay fraction
10 Increased Increased Increased
4.2 OAODV Routing Algorithm for Improving Energy Efficiency in MANET
Suvarna P. Bhatsangave et al., In this, the node does not forward RREQ unless
there is sufficient energy (battery lifetime), and until the node density in its surrounding
exceeds a particular threshold. These two parameters are defined taking into consideration
various statistics. Optimized AODV analyzes these two parameters, when implementing
routing discovery, and avoiding the unnecessary information sending efficiently.[7]
No. of Simulation Energy consumed Average
Nodes time throughput
10 to 50 120s Reduced Good
4.3 An Efficient Secure AODV Routing Protocol in MANET
Durgesh Wadbude et al., Some of the attacks such as modification, fabrication,
impersonation and denial of service attacks are due to misbehavior of malicious nodes,
which disrupts the transmission. In this paper we proposed an efficient secure AODV
routing protocol.[8]
No. of Route discovery packets End to end delay
Nodes
10 to 60 More efficient More efficient
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6. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
4.4 Energy based AODV Routing Algorithm with Sleep Mode in MANETs
Tripti nema et al, focused on increasing the prolonged existence of node in the network.
In this proposed work, one set the minimum energy threshold limit of a mobile node, when a node
reach the minimum threshold limit the node goes to sleep mode, save energy and participate in the
event as long as possible. The research papers are published to improve the network lifetime on the
network layer.[9]
No. of Network lifetime End to End delay Packet delivery fraction
Nodes
10 Increased Increased Increased
4.5 Design of an Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs based on AODV
Annapurna P Patil et al, concentrate on emergency search and rescue operations which
rely heavily on the availability of the network. The availability is a direct cost of the overall network
lifetime, i.e., energy of the nodes.
The first objective of our work is to select two existing energy efficient routing
protocols based on AODV, each of which is based on a different energy cost metric. We then
propose the design of a protocol that is a combination of two energy cost metrics in a single
protocol. The second objective is to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol against the
two protocols chosen for combination and against the traditional AODV.[5]
4.6 Cross-Layer design of energy-saving AODV routing protocol
Bing li et al, routing protocol which adopts cross-layer mechanism and energy-aware
metric to improve AODV routing protocol to reduce the energy consumption and then prolong the
life of the whole network. In CEAODV, the link layer and the routing layer work together to choose
the optimized transmission power for nodes and the route for packets. The link layer provides the
energy consumption information for the routing layer and the routing layer chooses route
accordingly and conversely controls the link layer to adjust the transmission power.[10]
No. of Simulation time Energy consumed Performance
Nodes
10 to 50 120s Reduced by 8% Better
4.7 Energy Efficient AODV Routing in CDMA Ad Hoc Networks Using Beamforming
Nie Nie and Cristina Comaniciu, propose an energy aware on demand routing protocol
for CDMA mobile ad hoc networks, for which improvements in the energy consumption are realized
by both introducing an energy based routing measure and by enhancing the physical layer
performance using beamforming.
Exploiting the cross-layer interactions between the network and the physical layer leads
to a significant improvement in the energy efficiency compared with the traditional AODV protocol
and ensures a faster response to system changes, and reduced overhead. [11]
No. of Simulation time Energy End to End latency
Nodes
50 1200s Reduced Increases
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7. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
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Table 1: Comparison of different Energy efficient AODV routing algorithms
Name of the Resource Network Energy End to End Result
paper lifetime consumed delay
Energy Efficient International Increased Reduced Increased Uses less
Adaptive RoutingJournal of energy and
Algorithm in Advanced throughput
MANET with Computer has increased
Sleep Mode Research
OAODV International Reduced Good Consumes less
Routing Journal of energy and
Algorithm for Computer has good
Improving Applications throughput
Energy
Efficiency in
MANET
An Efficient International Increased More Improvement
Secure AODV Journal of Efficient of the network
Routing Engineering and performance,
Protocol in Innovative in terms of
MANET Technology overhead, and
(IJEIT) end to end
delay to the
secure AODV
routing
protocol.
Energy based International increased Reduced Increased Overall
AODV Journal of MANET’s
Routing Computer efficiency is
Algorithm Applications enhanced.
with Sleep
Mode in
MANETs
Cross-Layer Springer Improves Reduced by Better The
design of lifetime 8% performance
energy-saving is better when
AODV the traffic load
routing is higher in
protocol the network
Energy EURASIP Reduced Increased ensures a
Efficient Journal on faster
AODV Wireless response to
Routing in Communications system
CDMA Ad and Networking changes, and
Hoc Networks reduced
Using overhead.
Beamforming
Design of an IJCSI Not simulated
Energy International as yet
Efficient Journal of
Routing Computer
Protocol for Science
MANETs
based on
AODV
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8. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March – April (2013), © IAEME
5. SUMMARY
To evaluate the energy consumption the numerous MANET routing protocols have been
built up for network. Energy exhaustion of nodes has been one of the main impairment to the
connectivity of MANET.
The significance of sleep mode for the systems finally depends on the wake-up time for
variety of nodes. The initiation of the consciousness in the power management is proposed. In order
to, recover the energy based problem and inhibit the link breakage. As a result, we know that sleep
mode and other energy efficient algorithms to AODV protocol gives noticeable result to boost the
entire network lifetime.
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