2. GROUP 2
MEMBERS
 Fitri S Dewi
 Riska Rachma D
 XII-IPA 2
 Tresi Nuraeni
 Yeli Yulianti
 XII-IPA 2

3.  The respiratory system (or ventilator system)
is the biological system that introduces
respiratory gases to the interior and performs
gas exchange. In humans and other
mammals, the anatomical features of the
respiratory system include airways, lungs,
and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of
oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively
exchanged, by diffusion, between the
gaseous external environment and the
blood.
Human Respiratory SystemHuman Respiratory System

4. Human Respiratory SystemHuman Respiratory System

5. Components of the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Components of the Upper
Respiratory Tract

6.  Passageway for respiration
 Receptors for smell
 Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
 Moistens and warms incoming air
 Resonating chambers for voice
Upper Respiratory
Tract Functions
Upper Respiratory
Tract Functions

7. Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract

8.  Functions:
 Larynx: maintains an open
airway, routes food and air
appropriately, assists in
sound production
 Trachea: transports air to
and from lungs
 Bronchi: branch into lungs
 Lungs: transport air to
alveoli for gas exchange
Lower Respiratory TractLower Respiratory Tract

9. Gas Exchange Between the Blood
and Alveoli
Gas Exchange Between the Blood
and Alveoli

10. Respiratory CycleRespiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9

11.  Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out
 Cycle:
 Relaxed state: diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relaxed
 Inspiration: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down,
intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and
expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs,
pulling in air
 Expiration: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome
shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower
resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion
of air
Process of Breathing:
Pressure Gradient
Process of Breathing:
Pressure Gradient

12.  Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema,
bronchitis
 Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism
 Lung cancer
 Congestive heart failure
 Cystic fibrosis
Disorders of Respiratory SystemDisorders of Respiratory System

13.  One breathing
disorder:
 Asthma or
 Bronchitis
 One possible cause
 Prevention
 Treatment
Breathing disordersBreathing disorders

14.  Gases diffuse according to their partial
pressures
 External respiration: gases exchanged between
air and blood
 Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue
fluids
 Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red
blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma
 Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood
plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of
plasma bicarbonate
Gas Exchange & Transport:
A Passive Process
Gas Exchange & Transport:
A Passive Process

15.  Breathing (ventilation): air in
to and out of lungs
 External respiration: gas
exchange between air and
blood
 Internal respiration: gas
exchange between blood
and tissues
 Cellular respiration: oxygen
use to produce ATP, carbon
dioxide as waste
Four Respiration ProcessesFour Respiration Processes

16. 1. Appropriately
2. Botulism
3. Chambers
4. Cystic
5. Epithelial
6. Failure
7. Pulmonary
8. Sacs
9. Skeletal
10. Swallowing