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ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010




  Preemptive Job Scheduling with Priorities and
Starvation Avoidance CUM Throughput Increasing
                Tool in Clusters
                                                         Balajee Maram1
                                     1
                                     Asst. Prof., Dept of IT, GMR Institute of Technology,
                                Rajam – 532 127. balajee.m@gmrit.org , Cell No:08099557515.


Abstract: This paper proposes a new scheduler to schedule               agreed Time Slot). In this paper, we propose a new policy
parallel jobs on Clusters that may be part of a Computational           that is Preemptive job scheduling with Aging by using
Grid. This proposed policy proposes 3 Job Queues. In each               Multiple-Job-Queues. And we can increase the throughput
Cluster, the first Queue has some jobs which are from                   in clusters by allocating more resources (processors) to the
Computational Grids. It means, it may be either bigger job or
                                                                        waiting jobs.
part of the bigger job from the Computational Grids. The
second Queue has jobs which has low required execution time.
The third Queue has jobs which has high required execution                               II. EXISTING SYSTEMS
time. In first and second Queues, there is no chance of
                                                                             Previously so many schedulers are proposed for
starvation. But in third Queue, there is a chance of starvation.
So this proposed policy applied AGING technique to preempt              managing resources (processors) and scheduling different
the jobs which has low priority. And the first Queue is fully           types of jobs. In FCFS, it doesn’t create starvation but it
dedicated to execute a part of bigger jobs (Meta-Jobs) only. So         will give more waiting time. In SJF, it will give less
here we maintain three job Queues which are effectively                 waiting time but it will create starvation. In PRIORITY
separate jobs according to their required execution time for            SCHEDULING, it will create starvation.
local Jobs, bigger job/part of bigger job(Meta-Job) from                     In previous work, a multiple-queue aggressive
Computational Grids. Here we preempt jobs by applying                   backfilling scheduling policy that continuously monitors
AGING Technique. Initially 20% of total available resources             system performance and changes its own parameters
(processors) will be allocated to first Queue only. And 40% of
                                                                        according to changes in the workload. But in previous
total available resources (processors) will be allocated to
second and third queues respectively. Whenever the third                work, there may occur starvation for bigger jobs which has
queue is Empty then the proposed scheduler simply selects the           low priority.
job which has least required execution time and executes it
immediately. In this way, the proposed scheduler increases the                          III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
throughput in clusters.
                                                                         A. Scheduling Policies
Keywords: Computational Grid, Parallel Systems, Preemption,
Aging, Job Queues, required execution time.                                       A non-FCFS scheduling policy that reduces
                                                                        fragmentation of system resources (processors) by
                    I. INTRODUCTION                                     permitting jobs to execute in an order different than their
                                                                        arrival. The goal of this multiple-queue policy is to reduce
          In a single system, it is very easy to manage                 the likelihood of delaying a short job behind a long job.
different types of resources (processors) and scheduling the            Within the context of scheduling resources (processors) in
resources (processors). But in the case of Grid, Resource               a computational grid, we supplement our multiple-queue
management and job scheduling still is one of the                       preemption policy by considering static job priority levels
challenging problems. Because there is a need of human                  and job reservations as follows. We consider jobs
communication on all levels is necessary to partition the               submitted by local users to have low priority and those jobs
application, locate resources (processors), and observe the             submitted from an external source (i.e., from elsewhere in
behavior of distributed modules. One of the major                       the computational grid) to have high priority. Our goal is to
challenges includes co-scheduling distributed applications              serve these external jobs as quickly as possible without
across multiple independent systems, each of which may                  indicting delays on local jobs. We also assume that the
itself be parallel with its own scheduler. Using the required           system serves jobs that require execution at a specific time.
execution time, the scheduler rearranges the waiting queue.             Our goal is to accommodate these reservations as quickly
          In Clusters, scheduling jobs imposes additional               as possible regardless of the consequences on remaining
challenges. The main objective of the proposed policy must              jobs. We now describe in detail the multiple-queue
serve to two classes of jobs: local jobs (sequential or                 preemption policy with the necessary job prioritization and
parallel) that should be executed in a timely manner, jobs              reservation schemes.
external to Cluster (jobs that can be executed according to

                                                                   21
© 2010 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521
ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010



B.Multi-Queue preemptive Job Scheduling with Priorities
          Multiple-queue Preemptive Job Scheduling with
AGING allows the scheduler to automatically change
system parameters in response to workload fluctuations,                    or a job with low priority. Sometimes the scheduler may
thereby reducing the average job slowdown. Initially the                   change the workload of the nodes, and then sizes of Job-
scheduler collects the information about the available                     Queues may change into like in Fig1.
resources (processors) which includes in cluster. As shown
in Fig:1, the proposed scheduler allocates 20% of total                    C. Algorithm for selecting a job with low required
available resources(processors) to first queue of jobs. And                execution time and high priority
in remaining 80% of resources (processors), 40% of
available resources (processors) will be allocated to second               Step 1: if any processor is not idle which allocated to first
queue and 40% of available resources (processors) will be                  queue then go to step 6?
allocated to third queue.                                                  Step 2: the proposed scheduler will check which job has
          As time evolves, the partitions may exchange                     least required execution time and high priority in third
control of processors so that processors idle in one partition             queue only.
can be used for another job in another partition. But this                 Step 3: If job available, then the proposed scheduler
method is applicable to second and third queues only.                      discards that job from third queue and that job will be
Therefore, partition boundaries become dynamic, allowing                   added to first queue.
the system to adapt itself to changing workload conditions.                Step 4: Now that job will be executed immediately.
          Because of AGING, the policy does not starve                     Step 5: go to step 1
either a job that requires the entire machine for execution                Step 6: continue with normal execution




                             Fig 1: Initial partition boundaries and partition after load balancing in each Cluster




                                                                                    Where          is the required job execution time in
                    IV. EXPLANATION                                        seconds. If the arriving job cannot begin executing
                                                                           immediately, it is placed into the queue in partition p after
   When the user submits a bigger job to the Grid, then it                 all jobs of the same priority that arrived earlier. More
divides the job into smaller pieces and allocates each piece               specifically, if the job has high priority, it is placed into the
(partition) of the Meta-Job to each Cluster. After agreed by               queue after any high priority jobs that arrived before it. If
                                                                           the job has low priority, it is placed into the queue after all
the Clusters, that job will wait in first queue only.
          When the job is from the cluster itself, then the                high priority jobs and after any low priority jobs that
classification of jobs in the following way. When a job is                 arrived before it.
submitted, it is classified and assigned to the queue in                            When a big job is placed in the third queue then
partition p according to                                                   we are applying AGING technique to avoid starvation as
                                                                           well as to finish old big jobs early. In AGING, we can add
                                                                           some number ‘-n’ to the existing priority. When that
                                                                           priority number reaches 1 then that job will be executed
                                                                           immediately.

                                                                      22
© 2010 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521
ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010



         When a job, which is a part of bigger job (Meta-            Example5
Job) comes, then it is placed in the first queue only. The           Job      P1        P2    P3   P4    P5    P6    P7   P8
newly coming job is placed in first queue according to their         Name
execution time slot. When the current time is equal to the           RET      8         2     6    9     5     7     4    1
previously agreed time for executing the part of the Meta-           Priori   1         5     4    3     1     2     4    5
Job, then immediately it will be executed. If there is no            ty
sufficient nodes are available then immediately it stops
some of the local jobs and allocate to the part of the Meta-         Overall Performance comparison of all examples (Ex1 to
Job. Otherwise it will take sufficient number of nodes and           Ex5)
allocated to the part of Meta-Job. Then it will be executed
immediately. So in this way it balances the low priority
jobs, high priority jobs as well as part of Meta-Jobs.
         Generally the first queue has meta-jobs or part-of
meta-jobs. Now they are waiting for execution according to
the previously agreed time slot. When any processor which
allocated to first queue is idle, then the proposed scheduler
find the job which has highest priority and least required
execution time. If the proposed scheduler finds that type of
job successfully, it simply discards that job from third
queue. And that job will be added to the first queue. Then
the proposed scheduler will execute that job immediately.
It will continue this process when it finds the idle
processors which allocated to the first queue only.

          V. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
                                                                                             VI. CONCLUSION
          The Proposed Scheduler performance can be done
by using different examples. Here the comparisons between                      Each job is assigned to a queue according to its
SJF, MQBS (Multiple-Queue Backfilling Scheduling) and                required execution time. Each queue is assigned a non-
Proposed Scheduler. Each Example has 8 jobs, RET and                 overlapping partition of system resources(processors) on
Priorities of those 8 jobs.                                          which jobs from the queue can execute. Partition
Example1                                                             boundaries change dynamically, adjusting to fluctuations in
Job         P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8                                  arrival intensities and workload mix. The multiple-queue
Name                                                                 policy significantly reduces the likelihood that a short job
RET         4     9     3   8   2     7   1    6                     is overly delayed in the queue behind a very long job. And
Priori      4     3     1   2   3     4   2    4                     it is very useful for big jobs with low priority which
ty                                                                   entered into the queue early. By using this method, we can
                                                                     avoid starvation for bigger jobs. And we can increase the
Example2                                                             throughput by selecting and executing a job which has least
Job      P1      P2   P3   P4    P5   P6    P7   P8                  required execution time and high priority.
Name
RET      4       3    2    3     6    1     2    4                                           VII. REFERENCES
Priori   1       4    3    2     1    3     4    2                       1.     Gred Quecke, Wolfgang Ziegler : MeSch – An
ty                                                                              Approach to Resource Management in a Distributed
                                                                                Environment.
Example3                                                                 2.     Barry G. Lawson, Evgenia Smirni : Multiple-Queue
Job      P1      P2   P3   P4    P5   P6    P7   P8                             Backfilling Scheduling with Priorities and Reservations
                                                                                for Parallel Systems.
Name
                                                                         3.     Feitelson, D.G.: A Survey of Scheduling in
RET      4       8    9    2     4    3     2    9                              Multiprogrammed Parallel Systems.Technical Report
Priori   4       1    2    4     3    2     1    4                              RC 19790, IBM Research Division.
ty                                                                       4.   IBM LoadLeveler: http://www.ibm.com/.
                                                                         5.    Keleher, P., Zotkin, D., and Perkovic, D.: Attacking the
Example4                                                                        Bottlenecks in Backfilling Schedulers. Cluster
Job      P1      P2   P3   P4    P5   P6    P7   P8                             Computing: The Journal of Networks, Software Tools
                                                                                and Applications. 3(4) (2000) 245{254.
Name
                                                                         6.    Lawson, B.G., Smirni, E., and Puiu D.: Self-Adapting
RET      10           28   4     6    1     5    7                              Backfilling Scheduling for Parallel Systems.
Priori   4       3    4    1     2    3     1    4                              Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on
ty
                                                                23
© 2010 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521
ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010



       Parallel Processing (ICPP 2002). August 2002,                     11. Grund, H., Link, P., Quecke, G., Ziegler, W. EASY Job
       583{592.                                                               Scheduler for Cenju-3. Proc. Of the First Cenju
   7. Maui       Scheduler       Open      Cluster     Software:              Workshop, HPC Asia '97, Seoul, Korea (1997) 20–34
       http://mauischeduler.sourceforge.net/.                            12. Foster, I., Kesselman, C., (eds): The Grid: Blueprint for a
   8. MÄualem, A. and Feitelson, D.G.: Utilization,                           Future Computing Infrastructure. Morgan-Kaufmann
       Predictability, Workloads, and User Runtime Estimates                  Publishers (1999)
       in Scheduling the IBM SP2 with Backfilling. IEEE                  13. Balajee Maram, B.Suresh, M.Suneetha, V.Vasudha Rani,
       Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 12(6)                G. Veerraju- “Preemptive job scheduling with priorities
       (2001) 529{543.                                                        and starvation cum congetion avoidance in clusters”
   9. ParallelWorkloadArchive:                                                presented in IEEE conference on 9th-10th Feb, 2010.
       http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/labs/parallel/workload/.
   10.Lifka, D.: The ANL/IBM SP scheduling system. Job                                VIII. VOTE OF THANKS
       Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing, Lect.
       Notes Comput. Sci. 949 (1995) 295–303                                  I am very thankful to the authors where I mentioned in
                                                                              Ref1&2.




                                                                   24
© 2010 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521

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Preemptive Job Scheduling with Priorities and Starvation Avoidance CUM Throughput Increasing Tool in Clusters

  • 1. ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010 Preemptive Job Scheduling with Priorities and Starvation Avoidance CUM Throughput Increasing Tool in Clusters Balajee Maram1 1 Asst. Prof., Dept of IT, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam – 532 127. balajee.m@gmrit.org , Cell No:08099557515. Abstract: This paper proposes a new scheduler to schedule agreed Time Slot). In this paper, we propose a new policy parallel jobs on Clusters that may be part of a Computational that is Preemptive job scheduling with Aging by using Grid. This proposed policy proposes 3 Job Queues. In each Multiple-Job-Queues. And we can increase the throughput Cluster, the first Queue has some jobs which are from in clusters by allocating more resources (processors) to the Computational Grids. It means, it may be either bigger job or waiting jobs. part of the bigger job from the Computational Grids. The second Queue has jobs which has low required execution time. The third Queue has jobs which has high required execution II. EXISTING SYSTEMS time. In first and second Queues, there is no chance of Previously so many schedulers are proposed for starvation. But in third Queue, there is a chance of starvation. So this proposed policy applied AGING technique to preempt managing resources (processors) and scheduling different the jobs which has low priority. And the first Queue is fully types of jobs. In FCFS, it doesn’t create starvation but it dedicated to execute a part of bigger jobs (Meta-Jobs) only. So will give more waiting time. In SJF, it will give less here we maintain three job Queues which are effectively waiting time but it will create starvation. In PRIORITY separate jobs according to their required execution time for SCHEDULING, it will create starvation. local Jobs, bigger job/part of bigger job(Meta-Job) from In previous work, a multiple-queue aggressive Computational Grids. Here we preempt jobs by applying backfilling scheduling policy that continuously monitors AGING Technique. Initially 20% of total available resources system performance and changes its own parameters (processors) will be allocated to first Queue only. And 40% of according to changes in the workload. But in previous total available resources (processors) will be allocated to second and third queues respectively. Whenever the third work, there may occur starvation for bigger jobs which has queue is Empty then the proposed scheduler simply selects the low priority. job which has least required execution time and executes it immediately. In this way, the proposed scheduler increases the III. PROPOSED SYSTEM throughput in clusters. A. Scheduling Policies Keywords: Computational Grid, Parallel Systems, Preemption, Aging, Job Queues, required execution time. A non-FCFS scheduling policy that reduces fragmentation of system resources (processors) by I. INTRODUCTION permitting jobs to execute in an order different than their arrival. The goal of this multiple-queue policy is to reduce In a single system, it is very easy to manage the likelihood of delaying a short job behind a long job. different types of resources (processors) and scheduling the Within the context of scheduling resources (processors) in resources (processors). But in the case of Grid, Resource a computational grid, we supplement our multiple-queue management and job scheduling still is one of the preemption policy by considering static job priority levels challenging problems. Because there is a need of human and job reservations as follows. We consider jobs communication on all levels is necessary to partition the submitted by local users to have low priority and those jobs application, locate resources (processors), and observe the submitted from an external source (i.e., from elsewhere in behavior of distributed modules. One of the major the computational grid) to have high priority. Our goal is to challenges includes co-scheduling distributed applications serve these external jobs as quickly as possible without across multiple independent systems, each of which may indicting delays on local jobs. We also assume that the itself be parallel with its own scheduler. Using the required system serves jobs that require execution at a specific time. execution time, the scheduler rearranges the waiting queue. Our goal is to accommodate these reservations as quickly In Clusters, scheduling jobs imposes additional as possible regardless of the consequences on remaining challenges. The main objective of the proposed policy must jobs. We now describe in detail the multiple-queue serve to two classes of jobs: local jobs (sequential or preemption policy with the necessary job prioritization and parallel) that should be executed in a timely manner, jobs reservation schemes. external to Cluster (jobs that can be executed according to 21 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521
  • 2. ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010 B.Multi-Queue preemptive Job Scheduling with Priorities Multiple-queue Preemptive Job Scheduling with AGING allows the scheduler to automatically change system parameters in response to workload fluctuations, or a job with low priority. Sometimes the scheduler may thereby reducing the average job slowdown. Initially the change the workload of the nodes, and then sizes of Job- scheduler collects the information about the available Queues may change into like in Fig1. resources (processors) which includes in cluster. As shown in Fig:1, the proposed scheduler allocates 20% of total C. Algorithm for selecting a job with low required available resources(processors) to first queue of jobs. And execution time and high priority in remaining 80% of resources (processors), 40% of available resources (processors) will be allocated to second Step 1: if any processor is not idle which allocated to first queue and 40% of available resources (processors) will be queue then go to step 6? allocated to third queue. Step 2: the proposed scheduler will check which job has As time evolves, the partitions may exchange least required execution time and high priority in third control of processors so that processors idle in one partition queue only. can be used for another job in another partition. But this Step 3: If job available, then the proposed scheduler method is applicable to second and third queues only. discards that job from third queue and that job will be Therefore, partition boundaries become dynamic, allowing added to first queue. the system to adapt itself to changing workload conditions. Step 4: Now that job will be executed immediately. Because of AGING, the policy does not starve Step 5: go to step 1 either a job that requires the entire machine for execution Step 6: continue with normal execution Fig 1: Initial partition boundaries and partition after load balancing in each Cluster Where is the required job execution time in IV. EXPLANATION seconds. If the arriving job cannot begin executing immediately, it is placed into the queue in partition p after When the user submits a bigger job to the Grid, then it all jobs of the same priority that arrived earlier. More divides the job into smaller pieces and allocates each piece specifically, if the job has high priority, it is placed into the (partition) of the Meta-Job to each Cluster. After agreed by queue after any high priority jobs that arrived before it. If the job has low priority, it is placed into the queue after all the Clusters, that job will wait in first queue only. When the job is from the cluster itself, then the high priority jobs and after any low priority jobs that classification of jobs in the following way. When a job is arrived before it. submitted, it is classified and assigned to the queue in When a big job is placed in the third queue then partition p according to we are applying AGING technique to avoid starvation as well as to finish old big jobs early. In AGING, we can add some number ‘-n’ to the existing priority. When that priority number reaches 1 then that job will be executed immediately. 22 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521
  • 3. ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010 When a job, which is a part of bigger job (Meta- Example5 Job) comes, then it is placed in the first queue only. The Job P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 newly coming job is placed in first queue according to their Name execution time slot. When the current time is equal to the RET 8 2 6 9 5 7 4 1 previously agreed time for executing the part of the Meta- Priori 1 5 4 3 1 2 4 5 Job, then immediately it will be executed. If there is no ty sufficient nodes are available then immediately it stops some of the local jobs and allocate to the part of the Meta- Overall Performance comparison of all examples (Ex1 to Job. Otherwise it will take sufficient number of nodes and Ex5) allocated to the part of Meta-Job. Then it will be executed immediately. So in this way it balances the low priority jobs, high priority jobs as well as part of Meta-Jobs. Generally the first queue has meta-jobs or part-of meta-jobs. Now they are waiting for execution according to the previously agreed time slot. When any processor which allocated to first queue is idle, then the proposed scheduler find the job which has highest priority and least required execution time. If the proposed scheduler finds that type of job successfully, it simply discards that job from third queue. And that job will be added to the first queue. Then the proposed scheduler will execute that job immediately. It will continue this process when it finds the idle processors which allocated to the first queue only. V. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON VI. CONCLUSION The Proposed Scheduler performance can be done by using different examples. Here the comparisons between Each job is assigned to a queue according to its SJF, MQBS (Multiple-Queue Backfilling Scheduling) and required execution time. Each queue is assigned a non- Proposed Scheduler. Each Example has 8 jobs, RET and overlapping partition of system resources(processors) on Priorities of those 8 jobs. which jobs from the queue can execute. Partition Example1 boundaries change dynamically, adjusting to fluctuations in Job P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 arrival intensities and workload mix. The multiple-queue Name policy significantly reduces the likelihood that a short job RET 4 9 3 8 2 7 1 6 is overly delayed in the queue behind a very long job. And Priori 4 3 1 2 3 4 2 4 it is very useful for big jobs with low priority which ty entered into the queue early. By using this method, we can avoid starvation for bigger jobs. And we can increase the Example2 throughput by selecting and executing a job which has least Job P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 required execution time and high priority. Name RET 4 3 2 3 6 1 2 4 VII. REFERENCES Priori 1 4 3 2 1 3 4 2 1. Gred Quecke, Wolfgang Ziegler : MeSch – An ty Approach to Resource Management in a Distributed Environment. Example3 2. Barry G. Lawson, Evgenia Smirni : Multiple-Queue Job P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Backfilling Scheduling with Priorities and Reservations for Parallel Systems. Name 3. Feitelson, D.G.: A Survey of Scheduling in RET 4 8 9 2 4 3 2 9 Multiprogrammed Parallel Systems.Technical Report Priori 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 4 RC 19790, IBM Research Division. ty 4. IBM LoadLeveler: http://www.ibm.com/. 5. Keleher, P., Zotkin, D., and Perkovic, D.: Attacking the Example4 Bottlenecks in Backfilling Schedulers. Cluster Job P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Computing: The Journal of Networks, Software Tools and Applications. 3(4) (2000) 245{254. Name 6. Lawson, B.G., Smirni, E., and Puiu D.: Self-Adapting RET 10 28 4 6 1 5 7 Backfilling Scheduling for Parallel Systems. Priori 4 3 4 1 2 3 1 4 Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on ty 23 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521
  • 4. ACEEE Int. J. on Communication, Vol. 01, No. 03, Dec 2010 Parallel Processing (ICPP 2002). August 2002, 11. Grund, H., Link, P., Quecke, G., Ziegler, W. EASY Job 583{592. Scheduler for Cenju-3. Proc. Of the First Cenju 7. Maui Scheduler Open Cluster Software: Workshop, HPC Asia '97, Seoul, Korea (1997) 20–34 http://mauischeduler.sourceforge.net/. 12. Foster, I., Kesselman, C., (eds): The Grid: Blueprint for a 8. MÄualem, A. and Feitelson, D.G.: Utilization, Future Computing Infrastructure. Morgan-Kaufmann Predictability, Workloads, and User Runtime Estimates Publishers (1999) in Scheduling the IBM SP2 with Backfilling. IEEE 13. Balajee Maram, B.Suresh, M.Suneetha, V.Vasudha Rani, Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 12(6) G. Veerraju- “Preemptive job scheduling with priorities (2001) 529{543. and starvation cum congetion avoidance in clusters” 9. ParallelWorkloadArchive: presented in IEEE conference on 9th-10th Feb, 2010. http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/labs/parallel/workload/. 10.Lifka, D.: The ANL/IBM SP scheduling system. Job VIII. VOTE OF THANKS Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 949 (1995) 295–303 I am very thankful to the authors where I mentioned in Ref1&2. 24 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJCOM.01.03.521