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WHEN THE PLACE WHERE WE AGE
    CHANGES: OLDER PEOPLE’S
EXPERIENCES OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN
 TWO MONTRÉAL NEIGHBOURHOODS
       UNDERGOING CHANGE
Jean-Pierre Lavoie1,2,3, Damaris Rose4, Victoria
Burns1,2,
1. Centre de Recherche et d’Expertise en Gérontologie Sociale (CREGÉS)
2. McGill University, School of Social Work
3. Université du Québec à Montréal, École de Travail social
4. Université INRS, Centre Urbanisation Culture Société
Montréal, Canada                                                         1

                                  IFA Conference, Prague, May 2012
Aging in a neighbourhood undergoing
change
• “Aging in Place” literature (social gerontology,
  geographies of aging) postulates that neighbourhood
  scale of daily life grows more important as people age
  • Instrumental attachment
     • Spatial proximity of services as personal mobility declines
  • Affective attachment to place
     • familiarity: sense of security, sense of continuity
     • locally-based strong and/or weak social ties


• But these presumed qualities of neighbourhood for older
  adults are based on assumption of a stable environment
• Research is scarce on impacts of changes in                        2
  neighbourhood—especially those linked to gentrification
Research questions
•       What place does the neighbourhood have in
        the everyday lives of older residents?
    •    What places do they frequent?
    •    Where are their social networks situated?
    •    What neighbourhood resources and services do
         they use?
•       What neighbourhood changes do older
        residents notice?
•       How do neighbourhood changes affect older
        residents’ experiences of social
                                                        3
        exclusion/inclusion?
Our study
                                     Montréal study areas
• Older adults’ perspectives
  on gentrification in four
  neighbourhoods (2 in
  Montreal, 2 in Toulouse):
   Montreal: La Petite-Patrie and
    Lower NDG (St-Raymond)
   Toulouse: Les Minimes and
    Marengo
 Target population:
   Current and former residents
    aged 70 and over who are
    mobile
   Key informants
 Semi-structured interviews
   fully transcribed and coded
    (inductive & deductive)
                                                            4
Participants
• Petite-Patrie: N = 18
  •   Age : 68 to 89
  •   13 women; 5 men
  •   13 current residents; 5 former residents
  •   12 French speaking; 6 Italian speaking
  •   13 renters (4 LCH); 5 home owners (all Italian speaking)
• Lower NDG: N = 12
  •   Age: 70 to 95
  •   7 women; 5 men
  •   11 current residents; 1 former resident
  •   7 English speaking; 5 Italian speaking
  •   3 renters; 9 home owners
• 10 key informants
  • 6 in La Petite-Patrie and 4 in Lower NDG
    municipal councillor, priest, community workers, etc.)       5
The Petite-Patrie neighbourhood
• Early C20; 5 km from downtown, 2 subway lines
• Working-class French-Canadian, Italian minority –
  founding neighbourhood of Italian immigration to Mtl
• Major attractions: Jean-Talon Market, Little Italy
• Re-branding - Little Italy (shopping destination, fine
  foods…) by local state and business actors including
  Italian community
• Recent gentrification
  • overspill from adjacent areas, sharp increase in property values
    and rents, arrival of a younger, highly educated population
• Slight decrease in visible minority population 1996-2006             6
La Petite-Patrie: transformation of
significant local spaces




 Saint-Jean de la Croix Church   One of several trendy cafés
 transformed into luxurious      adjoining the Jean-Talon market   7
 condos (photo: Paula Negron-    (photo: Damaris Rose, 2009)
 Poblete, 2011)
Perceived changes in P-P (1)
• Perception of influx of new immigrants (Latin-American,
  Haitian), leading to strong sense of strangeness:
     • “You have to go to McDonald’s to see that! We don’t feel at
       home!” (F, 79, renter)
• Although some older residents perceive changes that we as
  researchers (and our key informants) would see as signs of
  gentrification…
     •   Increase in housing costs
     •   New condos
     •   Revamping of a commercial street and public market
     •   New stores and trendy boutiques
 •     …few of the study participants note the arrival of a
      younger, wealthier population
                                                                     8
Perceived changes in P-P(2)
• The disappearance of most Golden Age clubs and
  bingo halls is an unfortunate change for some :
  • “It made me mad, because it was the only pleasure we
    had. You know, seniors don’t go to bars. I don’t drink.
    Since it’s closed: “Stay home!” And we stay home […]
    It’s like for seniors… you’re too old, so wait to die and
    that’s it!” (F, 77, French-Canadian, renter)
  • These closures due to decline of the French-Canadian
    Catholic church plus changing demographics—lack of
    new volunteers
• The Italian Golden Age club has survived…
                                                                9
Perceived changes in P-P (3)
• Changes more appreciated by Italian
  participants
  • Community preserved its institutions, social and
    cultural spaces
  • Business interests met by “rebranding” Little Italy
• Lower comfort level among many French-
  Canadian participants
  • Lost institutions, stores & places to socialize
• According to two key informants
  • Increased invisibility of older French-Canadians      10
  • Loss of local political influence
Lower NDG neighbourhood
• Mid C20; 5 km west of downtown Montreal
• Low- to lower-middle income, majority English-speaking;
  Italian minority
• Enclave, poorly deserved by services
• Income trends stable over last 10 years but % of
  university degree holders higher than CMA
• Older population stable in absolute but not relative
  terms
• Marked increase in visible minority population
• Major university hospital project under construction,
  expected to ignite gentrification                         11
Lower NDG: St-Raymond sector




                                      Église St-Raymond
                                      (Photo: Victoria Burns,
                                      2009)
                                                                12
 St-Raymond Community Centre
 (Photos: Jean-Pierre Lavoie, 2011)
Lower NDG: Perceived changes (1)
• Mixed perceptions of new immigrants and
  minorities
• Feeling less secure:
  • “Put it this way, you ask me, if I feel at home on my
    street, yes. Ask me if I could go down to Saint-James,
    after 9 o’clock, no!” (74, F, owner).
• No reports of wealthier population, rather
  reports of decline
• Yet some do forecast changes related to
  gentrification with arrival of new mega-hospital
                                                             13
Lower NDG: Perceived changes (2)
• Loss of institutions:
  • “I like my new church but I mean I loved my old
    church. That was a surprise, but I can worship
    anywhere.” (F, 74, English, owner)
  • Used to seeking out services and activities outside of
    neighbourhood.
• Conversely, establishment of a new community
  centre catering, in part, to older people:
  • “At least now we have a place to go in the winter,
   where we can go for 2-3 hours during the
                                                             14
   evening.”[translation] (F, 70, Italian, owner)
Conclusion (1)
• Participants more inclined to note clearly
  visible changes than socioeconomic changes
• Impacts vary by ethno-cultural community
 • Italians preserved social & cultural institutions in
   both neighbourhoods
 • Loss of Golden Age Clubs, churches & abandonment
   of certain businesses had greatest impact among
   French and English speaking populations, leading to
    • Feelings of strangeness (‘territorial exclusion’)
    • Invisibility (‘symbolic exclusion’)
    • Loss of influence on neighbourhood planning (‘socio-   15
      political exclusion’)
Conclusion (2)
• No reports of economic exclusion
  • Incomplete gentrification
  • Tenant protection legislation
• Critical role of places in the neighbourhood for connecting
  with peers
• Study underscores relevance of interrogating potentially
  exclusionary consequences of gentrification among low-income
  older adults




                                                                 16
Recommendations
• Housing
  • Implement low cost adapted housing for seniors.
  • Reinforce existing tenant-protection measures, notably protecting
    people aged 75 years and over from eviction.
  • Increase support services to older tenants.
• Spaces for seniors
  • Create and maintain spaces dedicated to seniors (community
    centers with recreational and cultural activities)
• Political participation
  • Implement mechanisms for providing information to and
    consulting with the older population (in local neighbourhood
    spaces accessible and dedicated to seniors)
• Urban planning                                                        17

  • Maintaining a social and demographic mix in neighbourhoods.
Acknowledgments
• Funding: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of
  Canada (Standard Research Grant no. 410-2008-0224)
• We wish to thank all our study participants
  • the older adults
  • the key informants
• The following community organizations lent their
  encouragement and support to this research:
  • Comité logement de La Petite-Patrie
  • Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Senior Citizens’ Council
  • Table de concertation des aînés de l’Île de Montréal
• Additional assistance: Amy Twigge-Molecey, doctoral student,
  Université INRS & Véronique Covanti, research assistant
• Cartography: Nathalie Vachon, Université INRS                  18
Contact info
jean-pierre.lavoie@mcgill.ca       damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca
McGill University/CSSS Cavendish   Université INRS
http://www.creges.ca/              http:// www.ucs.inrs.ca




                                                              19

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1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose

  • 1. WHEN THE PLACE WHERE WE AGE CHANGES: OLDER PEOPLE’S EXPERIENCES OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN TWO MONTRÉAL NEIGHBOURHOODS UNDERGOING CHANGE Jean-Pierre Lavoie1,2,3, Damaris Rose4, Victoria Burns1,2, 1. Centre de Recherche et d’Expertise en Gérontologie Sociale (CREGÉS) 2. McGill University, School of Social Work 3. Université du Québec à Montréal, École de Travail social 4. Université INRS, Centre Urbanisation Culture Société Montréal, Canada 1 IFA Conference, Prague, May 2012
  • 2. Aging in a neighbourhood undergoing change • “Aging in Place” literature (social gerontology, geographies of aging) postulates that neighbourhood scale of daily life grows more important as people age • Instrumental attachment • Spatial proximity of services as personal mobility declines • Affective attachment to place • familiarity: sense of security, sense of continuity • locally-based strong and/or weak social ties • But these presumed qualities of neighbourhood for older adults are based on assumption of a stable environment • Research is scarce on impacts of changes in 2 neighbourhood—especially those linked to gentrification
  • 3. Research questions • What place does the neighbourhood have in the everyday lives of older residents? • What places do they frequent? • Where are their social networks situated? • What neighbourhood resources and services do they use? • What neighbourhood changes do older residents notice? • How do neighbourhood changes affect older residents’ experiences of social 3 exclusion/inclusion?
  • 4. Our study Montréal study areas • Older adults’ perspectives on gentrification in four neighbourhoods (2 in Montreal, 2 in Toulouse):  Montreal: La Petite-Patrie and Lower NDG (St-Raymond)  Toulouse: Les Minimes and Marengo  Target population:  Current and former residents aged 70 and over who are mobile  Key informants  Semi-structured interviews  fully transcribed and coded (inductive & deductive) 4
  • 5. Participants • Petite-Patrie: N = 18 • Age : 68 to 89 • 13 women; 5 men • 13 current residents; 5 former residents • 12 French speaking; 6 Italian speaking • 13 renters (4 LCH); 5 home owners (all Italian speaking) • Lower NDG: N = 12 • Age: 70 to 95 • 7 women; 5 men • 11 current residents; 1 former resident • 7 English speaking; 5 Italian speaking • 3 renters; 9 home owners • 10 key informants • 6 in La Petite-Patrie and 4 in Lower NDG municipal councillor, priest, community workers, etc.) 5
  • 6. The Petite-Patrie neighbourhood • Early C20; 5 km from downtown, 2 subway lines • Working-class French-Canadian, Italian minority – founding neighbourhood of Italian immigration to Mtl • Major attractions: Jean-Talon Market, Little Italy • Re-branding - Little Italy (shopping destination, fine foods…) by local state and business actors including Italian community • Recent gentrification • overspill from adjacent areas, sharp increase in property values and rents, arrival of a younger, highly educated population • Slight decrease in visible minority population 1996-2006 6
  • 7. La Petite-Patrie: transformation of significant local spaces Saint-Jean de la Croix Church One of several trendy cafés transformed into luxurious adjoining the Jean-Talon market 7 condos (photo: Paula Negron- (photo: Damaris Rose, 2009) Poblete, 2011)
  • 8. Perceived changes in P-P (1) • Perception of influx of new immigrants (Latin-American, Haitian), leading to strong sense of strangeness: • “You have to go to McDonald’s to see that! We don’t feel at home!” (F, 79, renter) • Although some older residents perceive changes that we as researchers (and our key informants) would see as signs of gentrification… • Increase in housing costs • New condos • Revamping of a commercial street and public market • New stores and trendy boutiques • …few of the study participants note the arrival of a younger, wealthier population 8
  • 9. Perceived changes in P-P(2) • The disappearance of most Golden Age clubs and bingo halls is an unfortunate change for some : • “It made me mad, because it was the only pleasure we had. You know, seniors don’t go to bars. I don’t drink. Since it’s closed: “Stay home!” And we stay home […] It’s like for seniors… you’re too old, so wait to die and that’s it!” (F, 77, French-Canadian, renter) • These closures due to decline of the French-Canadian Catholic church plus changing demographics—lack of new volunteers • The Italian Golden Age club has survived… 9
  • 10. Perceived changes in P-P (3) • Changes more appreciated by Italian participants • Community preserved its institutions, social and cultural spaces • Business interests met by “rebranding” Little Italy • Lower comfort level among many French- Canadian participants • Lost institutions, stores & places to socialize • According to two key informants • Increased invisibility of older French-Canadians 10 • Loss of local political influence
  • 11. Lower NDG neighbourhood • Mid C20; 5 km west of downtown Montreal • Low- to lower-middle income, majority English-speaking; Italian minority • Enclave, poorly deserved by services • Income trends stable over last 10 years but % of university degree holders higher than CMA • Older population stable in absolute but not relative terms • Marked increase in visible minority population • Major university hospital project under construction, expected to ignite gentrification 11
  • 12. Lower NDG: St-Raymond sector Église St-Raymond (Photo: Victoria Burns, 2009) 12 St-Raymond Community Centre (Photos: Jean-Pierre Lavoie, 2011)
  • 13. Lower NDG: Perceived changes (1) • Mixed perceptions of new immigrants and minorities • Feeling less secure: • “Put it this way, you ask me, if I feel at home on my street, yes. Ask me if I could go down to Saint-James, after 9 o’clock, no!” (74, F, owner). • No reports of wealthier population, rather reports of decline • Yet some do forecast changes related to gentrification with arrival of new mega-hospital 13
  • 14. Lower NDG: Perceived changes (2) • Loss of institutions: • “I like my new church but I mean I loved my old church. That was a surprise, but I can worship anywhere.” (F, 74, English, owner) • Used to seeking out services and activities outside of neighbourhood. • Conversely, establishment of a new community centre catering, in part, to older people: • “At least now we have a place to go in the winter, where we can go for 2-3 hours during the 14 evening.”[translation] (F, 70, Italian, owner)
  • 15. Conclusion (1) • Participants more inclined to note clearly visible changes than socioeconomic changes • Impacts vary by ethno-cultural community • Italians preserved social & cultural institutions in both neighbourhoods • Loss of Golden Age Clubs, churches & abandonment of certain businesses had greatest impact among French and English speaking populations, leading to • Feelings of strangeness (‘territorial exclusion’) • Invisibility (‘symbolic exclusion’) • Loss of influence on neighbourhood planning (‘socio- 15 political exclusion’)
  • 16. Conclusion (2) • No reports of economic exclusion • Incomplete gentrification • Tenant protection legislation • Critical role of places in the neighbourhood for connecting with peers • Study underscores relevance of interrogating potentially exclusionary consequences of gentrification among low-income older adults 16
  • 17. Recommendations • Housing • Implement low cost adapted housing for seniors. • Reinforce existing tenant-protection measures, notably protecting people aged 75 years and over from eviction. • Increase support services to older tenants. • Spaces for seniors • Create and maintain spaces dedicated to seniors (community centers with recreational and cultural activities) • Political participation • Implement mechanisms for providing information to and consulting with the older population (in local neighbourhood spaces accessible and dedicated to seniors) • Urban planning 17 • Maintaining a social and demographic mix in neighbourhoods.
  • 18. Acknowledgments • Funding: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Standard Research Grant no. 410-2008-0224) • We wish to thank all our study participants • the older adults • the key informants • The following community organizations lent their encouragement and support to this research: • Comité logement de La Petite-Patrie • Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Senior Citizens’ Council • Table de concertation des aînés de l’Île de Montréal • Additional assistance: Amy Twigge-Molecey, doctoral student, Université INRS & Véronique Covanti, research assistant • Cartography: Nathalie Vachon, Université INRS 18
  • 19. Contact info jean-pierre.lavoie@mcgill.ca damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca McGill University/CSSS Cavendish Université INRS http://www.creges.ca/ http:// www.ucs.inrs.ca 19