The document presents several theorems that generalize the Enestrom-Kakeya theorem, which concerns the distribution of zeros of polynomials. Theorem 1 generalizes previous results by Govil and Mc-tume by allowing the coefficients of a polynomial to satisfy certain monotonicity conditions with respect to both their real and imaginary parts, as well as introducing parameters λ and ρ. Theorem 2 is obtained by applying Theorem 1 to the polynomial -iP(z), and concerns the monotonicity of the imaginary coefficients. Theorem 3 introduces an additional parameter β to allow the arguments of the coefficients to be bounded. It provides disks within which all the zeros must lie under the given conditions.

1. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
On The Enestrom –Kakeya Theorem and Its Generalisations
1,
M. H. Gulzar
1,
Department of Mathematics University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006
Abstract
Many extensions of the Enestrom –Kakeya Theorem are availab le in the literature. In this paper we prove some
results which generalize some known results .
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10,30C15
Key-Words and Phrases : Comp lex nu mber, Polynomial , Zero, Enestrom – Kakeya Theorem
1. Introduction And Statement Of Results
The Enestrom –Kakeya Theorem (see[7]) is well known in the theory of the distribution of zeros of polynomials
and is often stated as follo ws:
n
Theorem A: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n whose coefficients satisfy
j 0
an  an1  ......  a1  a0  0 .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in the closed unit disk z  1.
In the literature there exist several generalizations and extensions of this resu lt. Joyal et al [6] extended it to polynomials
with general monotonic coefficients and proved the following result:
n
Theorem B : Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n whose coefficients satisfy
j 0
an  an1  ......  a1  a0 .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
a n  a0  a0
z  .
an
Aziz and zargar [1] generalized the result of Joyal et al [6] as follows:
n
Theorem C: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n such that for some k  1
j 0
kan  an1  ......  a1  a0 .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
kan  a0  a0
z  k 1  .
an
For polynomials ,whose coefficients are not necessarily real, Govil and Rahman [2] proved the following generalization of
Theorem A :
n
Theorem C: If P( z )   a j z j is a polyno mial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n,
j 0
such that
 n   n1  ......  1   0  0 ,
where  n  0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in
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2. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
n
2
z  1 ( )(  j ) .
n j 0
Gov il and Mc-tume [3] p roved the following generalisations of Theorems B and C:
n
Theorem D: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.
j 0
If for some k  1,
k n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in
n
k n   0   0  2  j
j 0
z  k 1  .
n
n
Theorem E: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.
j 0
If for some k  1,
k n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in
n
k n   0   0  2  j
j 0
z  k 1  .
n
M. H. Gu lzar [4] proved the follo wing generalizations of Theorems D and E:
n
Theorem F: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.
j 0
If for so me real nu mber  0,
   n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
   n   0   0  2  j
 j 0 .
z 
n n
n
Theorem G: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.
j 0
If for some real nu mber   0,
   n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
   n   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
n n
In this paper we give generalization of Theorems F and G. In fact, we prove the following :
n
Theorem 1: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If
j 0
for some real numbers  ,   0 , 1  k  n, ank  0,
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3. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
   n   n1  ... nk 1   nk   nk 1  ...  1   0 ,
and  nk 1   nk , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
   n  (  1) n k    1  n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  ,
an an
and if  nk   nk 1 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
   n  (1   ) n k  1    n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z 
an an
Remark 1: Taking   1 , Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem F.
Taking k=n ,and   1 in Theorem 1, we get a result due to M.H. Gulzar [5, Theorem 1] .
If a j are real i.e.  j  0 for all j, we get the following result:
n
Corollary 1: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n. If fo r some real numbers  ,   0 ,
j 0
1  k  n, ank  0,
  an  an1  ...  ank 1  ank  ank 1  ...  a1  a0 ,
and ank 1  ank , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
   a n  (  1)a nk    1 a nk  a0  a0
z  ,,
an an
and if ank  ank 1 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
   a n  (1   )a nk  1   a nk  a0  a0
z 
an an
If we apply Theorem 1 to the polynomial –iP(z) , we easily get the follo wing result:
n
Theorem 2: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1, 2,……,n.
j 0
If for some real nu mbers  ,   0 , 1  k  n, ank  0,
   n   n1  ....   nk 1   nk   nk 1  ..  1   0 ,
and  nk 1   nk , then P(z) has all its zeros in the dis k
n
   n  (  1)  n k    1  n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  ,
an an
and if  nk   nk 1 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n
   n  (1   )  n k  1    n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z 
an an
Remark 2: Taking   1 , Theorem 2 reduces to Theorem G.
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4. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
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Theorem 3: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n such that for some real numbers  ,   0 ,
j 0
1  k  n, ank  0, and ,
  an  an1  ...  ank 1   ank  ank 1  ...  a1  a0
and

arg a j      , j  0,1,......, n.
2
If ank 1  ank (i.e.   1 ) , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a n  k (cos   sin    cos    sin     1)
n 1

 a 0 (cos   sin   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z 
an an
If ank  ank 1 (i.e.   1), then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a n  k (cos   sin    cos    sin   1   )
n 1

 a 0 (sin   cos   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z 
an an
Remark 3: Taking   1 in Theorem 3 , we get the follo wing result:
n
Corollary 2: Let P( z )   a j z j be a polynomial of degree n. If fo r some real number   0 ,
j 0
  an  an1  ......  a1  a0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
n 1
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a0 (cos   sin   1)  2 sin   a j ]
 j 1,
z  .
an an
Remark 4: Taking   (k  1)an , k  1, we get a result of Shah and Liman [8,Theorem 1].
2. Lemmas
For the proofs of the above results , we need the following results:
n
Lemma 1: . Let P(z)= a z
j 0
j
j
be a polynomial of degree n with complex coefficients such that

arg a j      , j  0,1,...n, for some real  . Then for some t >0,
2
ta j  a j 1   
 t a j  a j 1 cos   t a j  a j1 sin  . 
The proof of lemma 1 follows fro m a lemma due to Govil and Rah man [2]. Lemma 2.If p(z) is regular ,p(0)  0 and
p( z )  M in z  1, then the number of zeros of p(z)in z   ,0    1, does not exceed
1 M
log (see[9],p 171).
1 p(0)
log

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5. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
3. Proofs Of Theorems
Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
F ( z)  (1  z) P( z)
 (1  z )(a n z n  a n1 z n1  ......  a1 z  a0 )
 a n z n1  (a n  a n1 ) z n  ......  (a nk 1  a nk ) z nk 1  (a nk  a nk 1 ) z nk
 (ank 1  ank 2 ) z nk 1  ......  (a1  a0 ) z  a0
 ( n  i n ) z n 1  ( n   n 1 ) z n  ......  ( n  k 1   n  k ) z n  k 1
 ( n  k   n  k 1 ) z n  k  ( n  k 1   n  k  2 ) z n  k 1  ......  ( 1   0 ) z   0
n
 i  (  j   j 1 ) z j  i 0
j 1
If  nk 1   nk , then  nk 1   nk , and we have
F ( z)  ( n  i n ) z n1  z n  (    n   n1 ) z n  ......  ( nk 1   nk ) z nk 1
 ( nk   nk 1 ) z nk  (  1)ank z nk  ( nk 1   nk 2 ) z nk 1  ......
n
 (1   0 ) z   0  i  (  j   j 1 ) z j  i 0 .
j 1
For z  1,
F ( z )  an z n1  z n  (    n   n1 ) z n  ( n1   n2 ) z n1  ......  ( nk 1   nk ) z nk 1
 ( n k   n k 1 ) z n k  (  1)a n k z n k  ( n k 1   n k 2 ) z n k 1  ......
n
 ( 1   0 ) z   0  i  (  j   j 1 ) z j  i 0
j 1
n 1 1
 z  a n z    (    n   n 1 )  ( n1   n2 )  ......  ( nk 1   n k ) k 1
 z z
1 1 1
 ( n k   n k 1 ) k  (  1) n k k  ( n k 1   n  k  2 )  ....
z z k 1
0 n
0
 ( 1   0 ) n 1  n  i  (  j   j 1 ) n  j i n 
1 1
z z j 1 z z
 z
n
a z    
n    n   n1   n1   n2  ......   nk 1   nk
  n k   n k 1    1  n k   n k 1   n k 2  ......   1   0
n
  0    j   j 1   0 
j 1
 z
n
a z      
n n   n1   n1   n2  ......  nk 1   nk   nn  k   nk 1
n
   1  nk   nk 1   nk 2  ......  1   0   0  2  j 
j 0
n  n
 z  a n z       n  (  1) n k    1  nk   0   0  2  j 

  j 0
>0
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6. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
if
n
a n z       n  (  1) nk    1  nk   0   0  2  j
j 0
This shows that the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in
n
   n  (  1) n k    1  n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
an an
But the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence all the zeros of
F(z) lie in
n
   n  (  1) n k    1  n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
an an
Since the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z), it fo llo ws that all the zeros of P(z) lie in
n
   n  (  1) n k    1  n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
an an
If  nk   nk 1 , then  nk   nk 1 , and we have
F ( z)  ( n  i n ) z n1  z n  (    n   n1 ) z n  ......  ( nk 1   nk ) z nk 1
 ( n k   n k 1 ) z n k  (1   ) n k z n k 1  ( n k 1   n k 2 ) z n k 1  ......
n
 (1   0 ) z   0  i  (  j   j 1 ) z j  i 0 .
j 1
For z  1,
F ( z )  an z n1  z n  (    n   n1 ) z n  ( n1   n2 ) z n1  ......  ( nk 1   nk ) z nk 1
 ( n k   n k 1 ) z n k  (1   ) n k z n k 1  ( n k 1   n k 2 ) z n k 1  ......
n
 ( 1   0 ) z   0  i  (  j   j 1 ) z j  i 0
j 1
n 1 1
 z  a n z    (    n   n1 )  ( n1   n2 )  ......  ( nk 1   nk ) k 1
 z z
1 1 1
 ( n  k   n  k 1 ) k  (1   ) n  k k 1  ( n  k 1   n  k  2 ) k 1  ....
z z z
0 n
0
 ( 1   0 ) n 1  n  i  (  j   j 1 ) n  j i n 
1 1
z z j 1 z z
 z
n
a z    
n    n   n1   n1   n2  ......   nk 1   nk
  n k   n k 1  1    n k   n k 1   n k 2  ......   1   0
n
  0    j   j 1   0 
j 1
 z
n
a z      
n n   n1   n1   n2  ......  nk 1   nk   nn  k   nk 1
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7. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
n
 1    nk   nk 1   nk 2  ......  1   0   0  2  j 
j 0
n  n
 z  a n z       n  (1   ) n k  1    nk   0   0  2  j 

  j 0
>0
if
n
a n z       n  (1   ) nk  1    nk   0   0  2  j
j 0
This shows that the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in
n
   n  (1   ) n k  1    n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
an an
But the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence all the zeros of
F(z) lie in
n
   n  (1   ) n k  1    n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
an an
Since the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z), it fo llo ws that all the zeros of P(z) lie in
n
   n  (1   ) n k  1    n k   0   0  2  j
 j 0
z  .
an an
That proves Theorem 1.
Proof of Theorem 3: Consider the polynomial
F ( z)  (1  z) P( z)
 (1  z )(a n z n  a n1 z n1  ......  a1 z  a0 )
 a n z n1  (a n  a n1 ) z n  ......  (a nk 1  a nk ) z nk 1  (a nk  a nk 1 ) z nk
 (ank 1  ank 2 ) z nk 1  ......  (a1  a0 ) z  a0 .
If ank 1  ank , then ank 1  ank ,   1 and we have, for z  1 , by using Lemma1,
F ( z )  an z n1  z n  (   an  an1 ) z n  (an1  an2 ) z n1  ......  (ank 1  ank ) z nk 1
 (a n k  a n k 1 ) z n k  (  1)a n k z n k  (a n k 1  a n k 2 ) z n k 1  ......
 (a1  a0 ) z  a0
n 1 1
 z  a n z    (   a n  a n 1 )  (a n1  a n2 )  ......  (a nk 1  a nk ) k 1
 z z
1 1 1
 (a n k  a n k 1 ) k  (  1)a n k k  (a n k 1  a n k 2 ) k 1  ....
z z z
 (a1  a0 ) n 1  0 
1 a
z zn
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8. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
 z
n
a z    
n   an  an1  an1  an2  ......  ank 1  ank
 a n k  a n k 1    1 a n k  a n k 1  a n k 2  ......  a1  a0
 a0 
 z
n
 a z    {(   a
n n  an1 ) cos   (   an  an1 ) sin 
 ( an1  an2 ) cos   ( an1  an2 ) sin   ......  ( ank 1  ank ) cos 
 ( ank 1  ank ) sin   ( ank  ank 1 ) cos   ( ank  ank 1 ) sin 
   1 ank  ( ank 1  ank 2 ) cos   ( ank 1  ank 2 ) sin 
 ......  ( a1  a0 ) cos   ( a1  a0 ) sin   a0 } 
 z
n
a z    {   a
n n (cos   sin  )  ank (cos   sin    cos    sin 
n 1
   1)  a0 (sin   cos   1)  2 sin  a } 
j 1, j  n  k
j
0
if
a z      a
n n (cos   sin  )  ank (cos   sin    cos    sin 
n 1
   1)  a0 (sin  cos  1)  2 sin a
j 1, j  n  k
j
This shows that the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a n k (cos   sin    cos    sin     1)
n 1

 a0 (cos   sin   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z  ..
an an
But the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence all the zeros of
F(z) lie in
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a n k (cos   sin    cos    sin     1)
n 1

 a0 (cos   sin   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z  .
an an
Since the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z), it fo llo ws that all the zeros of P(z) lie in
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a n k (cos   sin    cos    sin     1)
n 1

 a0 (cos   sin   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z 
an an
If ank  ank 1 , then ank  ank 1 ,   1 and we have, for z  1 , by using Lemma 1,
F ( z )  a n z n 1  z n  (   a n  a n 1 ) z n  (a n 1  a n  2 ) z n 1  ......  (a n k 1  a n  k ) z n k 1
 (a n k  a n k 1 ) z n k  (1   )a n k z n k 1  (a n k 1  a n k 2 ) z n k 1  ......
 (a1  a0 ) z  a0
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9. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
n 1 1
 z  a n z    (   a n  a n 1 )  (a n1  a n2 )  ......  (a nk 1  a n k ) k 1
 z z
1 1 1
 (a n k  a n k 1 ) k  (1   )a n k k 1  (a n k 1  a n k 2 ) k 1  ....
z z z
 (a1  a0 ) n 1  n 
1 a0
z z
 z  an z       an  an1  an1  an2  ......  ank 1  ank
n
 a n k  a n k 1  1   a n k  a n k 1  a n k 2  ......  a1  a0
 a0 
 z
n
 a z    {(   a
n n  an1 ) cos   (   an  an1 ) sin 
 ( an1  an2 ) cos   ( an1  an2 ) sin   ......  ( ank 1  ank ) cos 
 ( ank 1  ank ) sin   ( ank  ank 1 ) cos   ( ank  ank 1 ) sin 
 1   ank  ( ank 1  ank 2 ) cos   ( ank 1  ank 2 ) sin 
 ......  ( a1  a0 ) cos   ( a1  a0 ) sin   a0 } 
 z
n
a z    {   a
n n (cos   sin  )  ank (cos   sin    cos    sin 
n 1
 1   )  a0 (sin   cos   1)  2 sin  a } 
j 1, j  n  k
j
0
if
a z      a
n n (cos   sin  )  ank (cos   sin    cos    sin 
n 1
 1   )  a0 (sin   cos   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j
This shows that the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a n k (cos   sin    cos    sin   1   )
n 1

 a0 (sin   cos   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z  .
an an
But the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence all the zeros of
F(z) and therefore P(z) lie in
[   a n (cos   sin  )  a nk (cos   sin    cos    sin   1   )
n 1

 a0 (sin   cos   1)  2 sin  a
j 1, j  n  k
j ]
z 
an an
That proves Theorem 3.
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10. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.1
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