SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 6
Descargar para leer sin conexión
International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org ǁ Volume 3 ǁ Issue 4 ǁ April 2014 ǁ PP.59-64
www.ijbmi.org 59 | Page
Relationship Between Knowledge Workers and Teaching
Effectiveness Among Malaysian University Lecturers
Siti Asiah Md. Shahid1
, Syahrina Hayati Md. Jani1
, Mary Thomas T.O.
Thomas2
, F. Peter G. Francis2
, Anas Tajudin3
1
Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak) Kampus Seri Iskandar, 32610 Bandar
Seri Iskandar, Perak, MALAYSIA.
2
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak) Kampus Seri Iskandar, 32610 Bandar Seri
Iskandar, Perak, MALAYSIA.
3
Faculty of Management & Information Technology, Sultan Azlan Shah University College, Kuala Kangsar,
Perak, MALAYSIA.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine whether lecturers in Perak, Malaysia who are considered as
knowledge workers possess the necessary knowledge and emotional intelligence to teach effectively in the
classroom. The conceptual framework of this study is based on the model of emotional intelligence named
Emotional Skills Assessment Process (ESAP) developed by Nelson and Low (1998) and the model of teaching
effectiveness developed by Aregbeye (2010). This study involves lecturers from public and private universities
in Perak, Malaysia. For the purpose of this study, only permanent lecturers from the selected universities are
chosen as respondents. Part time and contract lecturers are not included as they are not usually required to
carry out both teaching and research activities. This study will also provide recommendations and suggestions
for future research.
KEYWORDS: Emotional intelligence, Higher education, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Knowledge workers,
Leadership skills, Self-management, Teaching effectiveness
I. INTRODUCTION
In Malaysia, the primary goal of universities is to produce graduates who fulfill the needs of the
industry. In short, universities are entrusted with the task to ensure that their graduates are equipped with the
necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to be successful in both their professional and personal lives (Syahrina
Hayati, 2011). In recent years, there have been increasing calls for quality and accountability in universities. In
light of this development, it is inevitable that universities focus on the teaching and learning process as the
outcomes attained by their learners manifest the standard of that educational institution within the industry.
Furthermore, it is this sort of accountability that accrediting bodies are seeking for when ranking a
university as world-class. Towards achieving this aim, most universities within Malaysia have begun to place
emphasis on the quality of the lecturers not only in terms of their academic qualification but also in terms of
their teaching effectiveness to produce graduates who are globally competitive. Thus, to perform effectively,
lecturers need to possess knowledge in a subject matter (Efimova, 2003) as well as emotional intelligence skills
(Goleman, 1998).
Knowledge workers should have the capability to understand their jobs, understand their emotions, and
possess excellent interpersonal skills (Niblick, 2007). University lecturers are also categorized as knowledge
workers because their abilities include producing ideas, interacting with students and peers, and conveying
information rather than goods or services (Serrat, 2008). Moreover, lecturers are considered as important assets
to the university as they are entrusted with the task of producing human capital with first class mentality that can
fulfil the demands of the increasingly competitive and challenging environment (Syahrina Hayati, 2011).
In the academic setting in Malaysia, environment and workload are the factors that contribute to stress
among lecturers, thus giving a negative impact on their physical and mental health (Iskandar, Rohaty & Zuria,
2009). For instance, lecturers are expected to take on multiple roles and tasks such as conducting researches,
publishing materials, presenting papers, and engaging with students and community service activities (Iskandar
et al., 2009). Furthermore, they have to struggle to achieve the highest level of performance that could possibly
lead to job burnout. These increasing demands at the workplace can create an unhealthy work environment and
this can affect the management of the core business of lecturers which is teaching. This is because a study by
Relationship Between Knowledge Workers...
www.ijbmi.org 60 | Page
Nelson and Low (2003) reveal that lecturers who experienced emotional instability were not able to perform
successfully in the teaching process. In addition, Petrides and Furnham (2000) emphasise that individuals who
have a high level of emotional intelligence are better able to regulate their emotional reactions over time,
manage stress, and be assertive. Therefore, it is important for the lecturers to be emotionally stable (Nelson &
Low, 2003) and use their mental ability to generate value by using appropriate knowledge to deliver results
(Niblick, 2007).
Corcoran and Tormey (2013) state that teachers can have varying scores on the different sub-skills
within the emotional intelligence framework and thus it is important to determine to what extent each sub-skill
affects teaching effectiveness. Identifying the significant predictor of teaching effectiveness through this study
will be useful information for educators to develop aspects of emotional intelligence that can contribute towards
improved teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to:
1) Identify the level of agreement on the four components of emotional intelligence skills among
lecturers in public and private universities.
2) Identify the level of agreement on the five components of teaching effectiveness among lecturers in
public and private universities.
3) Examine the relationship between each component of emotional intelligence skills and teaching
effectiveness.
4) Identify the significant predictor for teaching effectiveness.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
With the aim of achieving the vision to be an industrialised nation by the year 2020, organisations in
Malaysia especially universities need to have a pool of knowledge workers to ensure the vision is successfully
accomplished. The idea of knowledge workers is gaining more significance in the workplace as it has the
potential to increase efficiency. Similarly, knowledge workers are important assets in an organisation as they
contribute to the success of the establishment. Companies today are investing more money into hiring
knowledge workers as they for see that they can reap a lot of benefits from doing so. Professionals, educators,
scientists, and information system designers fall into this category of workers as they perform work that using
their cognitive abilities rather than their physical strengths. Knowledge workers are required to complete “non-
routine” problem solving that requires a combination of convergent, divergent, and creative thinking (Reinhardt,
Schmidt, Sloep & Drachsler, 2011).
The term “knowledge worker” was coined by Peter Drucker, a management expert who defined these
workers as high level employees who use their expertise gained from formal education to develop new products
or services. Knowledge workers want to be recognised for their professionalism and intellectuality and demand
that knowledge becomes the basis for achievement and performance. Furthermore, knowledge workers who are
equipped with emotional intelligence skills are able to understand the emotions of others and in doing so, they
empower themselves and others.
In educational institutions, the terms knowledge and knowledge workers are crucial because these
institutions are focused on imparting education and knowledge which in turn builds up and shapes the economic
stability and the development of society. The educational system and the programmes offered at tertiary level
are all based on the necessity of the present scenario and in accordance to the present trends. As higher
educational institutions at the national level have begun to emphasise on the quality and accountability of the
educational process, it is expected that universities produce graduates who are prepared to face with future
challenges and contribute significantly to societal development (Siti Asiah, 2011). In short, there is a need to
investigate what is required and what is essential to make knowledge workers more efficient in their work.
In an article by Mazharul and Eaw (2008) on the readiness of higher education institutions in Malaysia
towards a knowledge based economy, it was reported that the nation was still deficient in many of the pre-
requisites for the k-economy as indicated by the knowledge–based Economy Development Index (KDI). They
recommended that higher educational institutions should have a suitable mix in the level of qualification and
area of specialisation and ensure that quality education and training is delivered. In addition, higher education
institutions have to be prepared for changes to fulfil the new requirements and challenges from both the industry
and society.
One crucial aspect that needs to be given emphasis in ensuring the quality of education and training is
the teaching effectiveness in these intuitions. Teaching effectiveness is of primary importance as it entails the
Relationship Between Knowledge Workers...
www.ijbmi.org 61 | Page
transfer of knowledge from lecturers to students. California State University’s working conceptualization of
effective teaching consists of the following four categories: 1) belief system and dispositions; 2) knowledge
base: subject matter knowledge, subject specific pedagogy; 3) professional/political knowledge and 4) practices
and skills (CSUN, 2006).
The first aspect of effective teaching in this working definition is the belief system that emphasises
equality in imparting knowledge to learners irregardless of their diverse backgrounds. Secondly, effective
teaching requires not only subject matter knowledge but this should also be integrated with pedagogic
knowledge and the ethical responsibility to improve professionally in their work places. Finally, effective
teaching requires educators to equip learners with the skills required to survive and succeed in the real world.
The ability to integrate all these aspects in their teaching and to develop professionally in their career as
lecturers requires educators to possess emotional intelligence skills.
Goleman (1998) highlighted that emotional quotient or emotional intelligence is the determiner which
distinguishes a successful individual from a less successful one. He states that, “(We) are being judged by a
new yardstick: not just how smart we are, or by our training and expertise, but also by how well we handle
ourselves and each other” (p.3). Effectiveness of instructors refers to the quality and quantity of task
accomplishments by an instructor or group of instructors at work. It is a cornerstone of productivity and has
great contribution to achievements of university. Viswesvaran and Ones (2000) generated a relatively general
view of profession performance as “scalable actions, behaviour and outcomes that employees engage in or bring
about that are linked with and contribute to organisation goals.”
There is a wide body of research on emotional intelligence. Psychologists have used different
approaches to define emotional intelligence. The theory of emotional intelligence can be synthesised into the
ability model and mixed model.
Ability model defines emotional intelligence as a set of mental abilities and makes claims about the
importance of emotional information and the potential uses of reasoning well with that information.
Representatives of this model are Mayer and Salovey with their four-branch model of emotional intelligence
which include the “ability to accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotions; the ability to access and/or
generate feelings that facilitate thinking; the ability to understand emotions and to utilise emotional knowledge,
and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth” (Mayer & Salovey, 1997 as
cited in P. Salovey & D. Sluyter, 1997).
Mixed model is more popularly oriented and mixes mental abilities with personality attributes such as
persistence, zeal, and optimism. Goleman (2000), Bar-on (1997) and Nelson and Low (2003) are representatives
for this model. They expanded the meaning of emotional intelligence by explicitly mixing the ability to
understand and process emotion with other diverse parts of personality or skills, hence creating mixed
approaches to emotional intelligence.
Classifications of these emotional intelligence models create a basis to develop an instrument to
measure emotional intelligence. Mixed models use self-reports and multi-rater assessment to measure
individuals’ emotional quotient while ability models require task-based assessment procedures.
In the academic profession, emotional intelligence is viewed as a personality trait that is essential for
lecturers to succeed in their career. Therefore, lecturers who lack emotional competence would indirectly affect
the overall performance of the universities especially in terms of producing high quality graduates who can fulfil
the demands of the industry. Furthermore, lecturers who possess a high level of emotional intelligence skills are
more likely to achieve higher teaching effectiveness levels (Hwang, 2007). Aregbeyen (2010) adds that effective
lecturers are those who not only touch the minds but also the hearts and souls of the students. In other words,
lecturers who are considered as knowledge workers must commit not only in the areas of intellectual growth but
also in the areas of emotional intelligence. Emotionally intelligent lecturers would be able to create effective
learning environments by connecting their students with the emotional experiences of pleasure, challenge, joy,
and creativity (Hargreaves, 1998, as cited in Robitaille, 2008).
In addition, effective lecturers must be able to develop emotional and cognitive minds through
teaching, modeling, and informal interaction with students (Haskett, 2002). Through such informal interactions,
lecturers would have a better understanding of students’ preferences and learning styles and could work towards
ensuring that these factors are catered for in their teaching performance. If lecturers lack emotional competence,
Relationship Between Knowledge Workers...
www.ijbmi.org 62 | Page
they would misunderstand a stressed student’s behavior as assertiveness and hostility and react by suppressing
the student’s behavior which in turn would lead to negative effects on students’ development (Ogrenir, 2008).
According to Mayer, Salovey and Caruso (2008), an emotionally intelligent individual is able to
understand the relationship of emotions and work affairs as well as understand how the individual could manage
one’s own and others’ emotions in the organisation. In addition, lecturers of the present era have to deal with
multiple work pressures in their daily tasks but they can still manage their work effectively if they possess skills
such as time management, stress management, emotional management, patience, empathy, leadership ability,
and positive thinking which are all sub-skills that encompass personal emotional intelligence (Hwang, 2007).
A study conducted by Gohm, Corser and Dalsky (2005), propose that emotional intelligence is useful in
reducing stress for some individuals, but unnecessary or irrelevant for others. However, through learning,
mastering, and practicing emotional intelligence skills the lecturers would be able to motivate themselves
(Meek, 2000), identify individual strengths and weaknesses, deal successfully with the demands and pressures
of daily living (Nelson, Low & Vela, 2003), communicate and lead effectively (Rohana, Kamaruzaman &
Zanariah, 2009) and recognise the emotions of others (Serrat, 2009). To summarise, it is expected that lecturers
who possess high emotional intelligence skills would be able to administer their work more effectively than
those who lack these skills.
III. METHODOLOGY
The methodology to be utilised in this study is survey research design and the sampling method that
will be used is simple random sampling. The justification of using this method is every element in the
population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). The sample
in the study will comprise of permanent lecturers in selected public and private universities in Perak. Therefore,
the total population comprised of 1,619 university lecturers in Perak.
The sampling method used in this study is simple random sampling. The justification of using this
method is because every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject
(Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). Additionally, the simple random sampling technique was applied because it is
simple and fast (Barrero & Albandoz, 2001).
With reference to sample size, Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black (1998) state that the sample size
should not be less than 50 and that the preferable sample size should be 100 or more. According to them, the
selection of the most number of items in the research variables which is eight in this study should be multiplied
by five or ten. With reference to that, the most number of items in this study is eight hence the appropriate
sample size for each university should be 40 or 80 (8 X 5 = 40; 8 X 10 = 80). Therefore, for this study the
sample size is more than 50 which is considered appropriate for this study.
(Table 1) Total Sample Size
University Total Sample Size Selected for Study
University A (Public) 71
University B (Public) 99
University C (Private) 55
University D (Private) 50
TOTAL 275
The survey instrument for this study is a set of questionnaire which is an adapted version of the items
in the Emotional Skills Assessment Process (ESAP) combined with the elements of the knowledge workers and
self-evaluation of teaching effectiveness (SETE). Overall, the survey questionnaire consists of 54 questions
(including demographic items in this study). There are three sections, namely Section A, B, and C such as
respondents’ demographic background, four components of emotional intelligence based on Nelson and Low
(1998), and five components of teaching effectiveness based on Aregbeyen (2010) respectively.
The validity of the instrument was conducted to make sure that the questionnaire measures what it is
supposed to measure and is relevant to the respondents before the researchers distributed it to them. The
questionnaire was tested for content validity by experts to measure whether the instrument truly measures each
component of EI and teaching effectiveness. Furthermore, the instruments used in this study are considered
valid as they were particularly designed to measure the lecturers’ EI and teaching effectiveness. In addition,
these two instruments were used widely in the study of EI and teaching effectiveness.
Relationship Between Knowledge Workers...
www.ijbmi.org 63 | Page
The pilot study helped the researchers to identify any unnecessary questions in the questionnaire as
well as to estimate the time needed from the respondents to answer the questionnaires (Salkind, 2006). The pilot
study was conducted at one of the public universities in Perak. These respondents were excluded from being
chosen as the actual respondents for this research.
The instrument used in this study is considered reliable because the researchers had performed a pilot
study before conducting the actual study. Furthermore, internal consistency measures were used to ensure the
internal consistency of the items in the instrument. As shown in Table 2, the Cronbach Alpha values ranged
from .859 to .861. Hence, it can be concluded that the instruments in this study were reliable and good as its
Cronbach’s coefficient alpha exceeds .80 (Sekaran, 2006).
(Table 2) Scale Reliability
Scales No. of Scale Items Reliability Coefficient (Alpha)
EI Skills (Overall) 28 0.859
Interpersonal 4 0.658
Personal Leadership 8 0.727
Self-Management 8 0.815
Intrapersonal 8 0.719
Teaching Effectiveness
(Overall)
20 0.861
The questionnaires will be distributed personally by the researchers through the respective
representatives from each university. Data will be gathered over a period of three months. After collection of
the survey data, descriptive, co-relational and multiple regression statistical analysis will be conducted to
analyze the data. All collected data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
software version 20.0.
IV. DISCUSSION
There are a lot of contributions of knowledge workers towards both individual achievement and
organizational success. The researchers foresee that the results from this study will create an awareness of the
importance of knowledge workers competencies in improving teaching effectiveness among lecturers success.
As a whole, this study will be able to facilitate and improve the teaching and learning environment which can
contribute towards a better standard and quality of education at the tertiary level in Malaysia. The success of
educators at work is evaluated through their professional performance. Testimonies of educators have
highlighted that emotional intelligence has a great impact on job performance. As university tasks run on brain
power, it is important that every aspect of their intelligence is utilised by educators to enhance their work
quality.
In addition, this study will help to establish the criteria for lecturer evaluation specifically in terms of
teaching effectiveness. The feedback obtained through this study could help lecturers to reflect upon their
strengths and weaknesses to further enhance their teaching in achieving personal and career excellence. This
awareness in lecturers would also indirectly benefit the students as improvement in teaching approaches would
enhance learner’s grasp of the subject matter and contribute towards a better understanding of the importance of
knowledge of a subject matter.
Apart from being beneficial to both lecturers and students, this study will also be useful for the
universities especially in the recruitment and selection of lecturers in the future. Various training programmes
can be developed for university lecturers to develop their emotional intelligence skills as well as knowledge in
their areas, thus increasing their teaching effectiveness. The positive relationship between knowledge workers
and teaching performance would become the basis to determine the approaches and methods to improve
emotional intelligence of instructors such as team building, emotional intelligence training application,
performance feedback, and motivation. Thus, it is hoped that the results of this study will be beneficial to the
Ministry of Higher Education as a means to equip prospective lecturers with the knowledge, teaching skills and
emotional intelligence. This can be done by organising specific programmes, seminars or by conducting
evaluation to ensure that the needs of the universities are met in terms of knowledge workers.
Relationship Between Knowledge Workers...
www.ijbmi.org 64 | Page
V. CONCLUSION
This study is useful especially for people who want to learn about the importance of handling their
emotions at the workplace. Many previous studies have established a positive relationship between emotionally
intelligent workers and their contribution towards work productivity and organisational performance. Thus, it is
time for the Malaysian educational system specifically at the tertiary level to focus on the emotional competence
of its lecturers as it is predicted that lecturers with high emotional intelligence would be more effective in their
teaching performance. The mission of education at the tertiary level should focus on producing first class
mentality graduates who are equipped with not only cognitive intelligence but also with high emotional
intelligence. Knowledge workers, including lecturers who have learnt how to utilise their emotions effectively
will be more likely to be successful at the workplace and in life.
REFERENCES
[1] Aregbeyen, O. (2010). Students’ perceptions of effective teaching and effective lecturer characteristics at the University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7 (2), 62-69.
[2] Bar-On, R. (1997). The emotional quotient inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
[3] California State University Northridge (2006). Effective teaching. Teachers For A New Era. Retrieved on March 10, 2012,
from http://www.csun.edu/tne/effective%20teaching% 20jan%2006%20FINAL.pdf
[4] Corcoran, R.P., & Tormey, R. (2013). Does emotional intelligence predict student teachers’ performance? Teaching and Teacher
Education. 35, 34-42.
[5] Efimova, L. (2003). Knowledge worker paradox. The Knowledge Board. Retrieved on November 30, 2011, from
http://www.knowledgeboard.com/item/119378
[6] Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant?
Personality and Individual Differences 39, 1017-1028.
[7] Goleman, D. (2000). An EI-based theory of performance. In D. Goleman, & C. Cherniss (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent
workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
[8] Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
[9] Haskett, R. A. (2002). Emotional intelligence and teaching success in higher education. Dissertation Abstracts International.
(UMI No. 3093435). Retrieved on February 4, 2010, from ProQuest Database.
[10] Hwang, F. F. (2007). The relationship between emotional intelligence and teaching effectiveness. Dissertation Abstracts
International. (UMI No. 3332690). Retrieved on February 6, 2010, from ProQuest Database.
[11] Iskandar, Rohaty Mohd. Majzub, & Zuria Mahmud. (2009). Kecerdasan emosi dan komitmen pekerjaan dalam kalangan
pensyarah university di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34 (1), 173-186.
[12] Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. (1997). Emotional development, emotional literacy, and emotional intelligence. New York: Basic
Books.
[13] Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? American
Psychologist, 63 (6), 503-517.
[14] Mazharul, I., & Eaw, H.C. (2008). The readiness of higher education institutions (HEIs) towards knowledge-based economy in
Malaysia. International Review of Business Research Papers, 4 (2), 103-115.
[15] Meek, F. (2000). Emotional intelligence: Part One. PsychScope 3 (3). Retrieved on March 4, 2010 from
http://issuu.com/publishgold/docs/nov00.
[16] Niblick, J. (2007). The knowledge worker’s manifesto. Knowledge Worker Revolution, 1-9.
[17] Nelson, D., & Low, G. (2003). Emotional intelligence: Achieving academic and career excellence. Retrieved on February 7,
2010 from
http://www.tamuk.edu/edu/kwei00/research/Articles/Aarticle_files/Eemotionally_Intelligent_Teacher.pdf
[18] Nelson, D., Low, G., & Vela, R. (2003). Emotional skills assessment process: Interpretation and intervention guide. Retrieved
on February 5, 2010 from http://www.tamuk.edu/edu/
kwei000/Research/Articles/Article_files/ESA_%20Interpretation_%20Intervention_Guide.pdf
[19] Ogrenir, B. (2008). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and pre-service teachers’views of teacher
effectiveness. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3336100).
[20] Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual
Differences, 29, 313–320.
[21] Reinhardt, W., Schmidt, B., Sloep, P., & Drachsler, H. (2011). Knowledge worker roles and actions – results of two empirical
studies. Knowledge and Process Management, 18 (3), 150-174.
[22] Robitaille, C. A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and teachers: An exploratory study of differences between general and special
education teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3300400).
[23] ohana, N., Kamaruzaman, Y., & Zanariah, A. R. (2009). Emotional intelligence of Malaysian academia towards work
performance. International Education Studies. Retrieved on February 4, 2010, from ProQuest Database.
[24] Serrat, O. (2009). Understanding and developing emotional intelligence. Knowledge Solutions. Retrieved on March 12, 2010,
from http://www.adb.org/documents/information/knowledge-solutions/understanding-developing-emotional-intelligence.pdf
[25] Serrat, O. (2008). Managing knowledge workers. Knowledge Solutions. Retrieved on November 30, 2011, from
http://www.adb.org/knowledgesolutions
[26] Siti Asiah Md. Shahid. (2011). A study on perceived leadership soft skills, trustworthiness, and structural empowerment of
deans in three Malaysian Public Universities. PhD. Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
[27] Syafriman (2010). Quality teachers beget quality students. Retrieved on October 13, 2011, from
http://syafrimen.blogspot.com/2010/04/quality-teachers-beget-quality-students.html
[28] Syahrina Hayati Md. Jani. (2011). The relationship between emotional intelligence and teaching effectiveness among lecturers at
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor. Master Thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor.
[29] Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and
Assessment, 8 (4), 216-226.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...iosrjce
 
Management teaching fraternity services role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...
Management teaching fraternity services  role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...Management teaching fraternity services  role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...
Management teaching fraternity services role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...Dr. Juturu Viswanath
 
1 My Paper with Dr Saeed
1 My Paper with Dr Saeed1 My Paper with Dr Saeed
1 My Paper with Dr SaeedAnjum Kazimi
 
Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...
Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...
Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...iosrjce
 
D452428.pdf
D452428.pdfD452428.pdf
D452428.pdfaijbm
 
Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...
Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...
Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...IJAEMSJORNAL
 
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...IAEME Publication
 
A training model for the managers of community learning
A training model for the managers of community learningA training model for the managers of community learning
A training model for the managers of community learningAlexander Decker
 
ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...
ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...
ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...Prashant Mahajan
 
11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogiesAlexander Decker
 
Theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
Theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogiesTheorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
Theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogiesAlexander Decker
 
A proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenya
A proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenyaA proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenya
A proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenyaAlexander Decker
 
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...IOSR Journals
 
MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...
MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...
MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...
 
Uitm proposal
Uitm proposalUitm proposal
Uitm proposal
 
Management teaching fraternity services role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...
Management teaching fraternity services  role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...Management teaching fraternity services  role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...
Management teaching fraternity services role in sustaining entrepreneurial i...
 
10120140502014 2
10120140502014 210120140502014 2
10120140502014 2
 
1 My Paper with Dr Saeed
1 My Paper with Dr Saeed1 My Paper with Dr Saeed
1 My Paper with Dr Saeed
 
IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY OF ACADEMIA ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUD...
IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY OF ACADEMIA ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUD...IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY OF ACADEMIA ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUD...
IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY OF ACADEMIA ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUD...
 
Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...
Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...
Development of Dacum as Identification Technique on Job Competence Based-Curr...
 
Kz3518871893
Kz3518871893Kz3518871893
Kz3518871893
 
D452428.pdf
D452428.pdfD452428.pdf
D452428.pdf
 
AIMS- 2016 paper
AIMS- 2016 paper AIMS- 2016 paper
AIMS- 2016 paper
 
Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...
Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...
Development of Instructional Model Based on Indonesian National Qualification...
 
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUD...
 
A training model for the managers of community learning
A training model for the managers of community learningA training model for the managers of community learning
A training model for the managers of community learning
 
ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...
ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...
ONLY EDUCATION IS NOT ENOUGH: A NECESSITY OF ALL-INCLUSIVE SERVICES FOR TECHN...
 
11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
11.theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
 
Theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
Theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogiesTheorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
Theorizing the untheorized the indian context of odl pedagogies
 
The Survey of Pattern of Knowledge Management in Education
The Survey of Pattern of Knowledge Management in EducationThe Survey of Pattern of Knowledge Management in Education
The Survey of Pattern of Knowledge Management in Education
 
A proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenya
A proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenyaA proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenya
A proposed approach for teaching entrepreneurship education in kenya
 
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...
 
MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...
MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...
MM BAgali...... HR academicians Research paper..... HR Education...... PhD Wo...
 

Destacado

Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...
Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...
Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...Edward F. T. Charfauros
 
Printcasting First Wednesday 2009
Printcasting First Wednesday 2009Printcasting First Wednesday 2009
Printcasting First Wednesday 2009Dan Pacheco
 
Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical Voices
Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical VoicesUndermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical Voices
Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical VoicesSimon Buckingham Shum
 
Social enterprises, management and governance
Social enterprises, management and governance Social enterprises, management and governance
Social enterprises, management and governance Giacinto Tommasini
 
Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia DiscourseKnowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia DiscourseSimon Buckingham Shum
 
DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics
DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics
DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics Simon Buckingham Shum
 
Learning analytics exemplar template
Learning analytics exemplar templateLearning analytics exemplar template
Learning analytics exemplar templateSimon Buckingham Shum
 

Destacado (9)

Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...
Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...
Charfauros bus415 wk4. Copyright 2013 Edward F. T. Charfauros. Reference, www...
 
Printcasting First Wednesday 2009
Printcasting First Wednesday 2009Printcasting First Wednesday 2009
Printcasting First Wednesday 2009
 
Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical Voices
Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical VoicesUndermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical Voices
Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as Critical Voices
 
OpenU-KMi Research for Schools
OpenU-KMi Research for SchoolsOpenU-KMi Research for Schools
OpenU-KMi Research for Schools
 
Social enterprises, management and governance
Social enterprises, management and governance Social enterprises, management and governance
Social enterprises, management and governance
 
Future of ICT in Educator-NICs
Future of ICT in Educator-NICsFuture of ICT in Educator-NICs
Future of ICT in Educator-NICs
 
Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia DiscourseKnowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
 
DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics
DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics
DCLA meet CIDA: Collective Intelligence Deliberation Analytics
 
Learning analytics exemplar template
Learning analytics exemplar templateLearning analytics exemplar template
Learning analytics exemplar template
 

Similar a H0341059064

Interpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvet
Interpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvetInterpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvet
Interpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvetAlexander Decker
 
2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia
2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia
2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysiarazalibmuda
 
Nik Hanis-Revista.pdf
Nik Hanis-Revista.pdfNik Hanis-Revista.pdf
Nik Hanis-Revista.pdfFeekaHaslan
 
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...theijes
 
Developing Staff Members
Developing Staff MembersDeveloping Staff Members
Developing Staff MembersDr. N. Asokan
 
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
 
The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...
The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...
The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...QUESTJOURNAL
 
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...SubmissionResearchpa
 
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...SubmissionResearchpa
 
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...inventionjournals
 
Training And Job Performance
Training And Job PerformanceTraining And Job Performance
Training And Job PerformanceDebra Perea
 
Teachers readiness on ict
Teachers readiness on ictTeachers readiness on ict
Teachers readiness on ictAli Yah
 
An in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippines
An in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippinesAn in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippines
An in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippinesMARJON ARIAS
 
Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers
Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers
Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers inventionjournals
 
23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation
23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation
23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculationikhwanecdc
 
Social Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career Path
Social Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career PathSocial Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career Path
Social Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career PathReynaldo Inocian
 

Similar a H0341059064 (20)

Interpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvet
Interpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvetInterpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvet
Interpersonal communication skills among the master’s students in tvet
 
2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia
2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia
2013 enhancing graduates’ employability skills-malaysia
 
Nik Hanis-Revista.pdf
Nik Hanis-Revista.pdfNik Hanis-Revista.pdf
Nik Hanis-Revista.pdf
 
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...
 
Developing Staff Members
Developing Staff MembersDeveloping Staff Members
Developing Staff Members
 
Student’s Preception Of Lecturer Achievement Index In Uhw Perbanas Surabaya W...
Student’s Preception Of Lecturer Achievement Index In Uhw Perbanas Surabaya W...Student’s Preception Of Lecturer Achievement Index In Uhw Perbanas Surabaya W...
Student’s Preception Of Lecturer Achievement Index In Uhw Perbanas Surabaya W...
 
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
 
The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...
The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...
The Influence of Competency and Organizational Culture on Performance Lecture...
 
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
 
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...
 
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...
 
SSRN-id2600695
SSRN-id2600695SSRN-id2600695
SSRN-id2600695
 
Yang_Vate-U-Lan.pdf
Yang_Vate-U-Lan.pdfYang_Vate-U-Lan.pdf
Yang_Vate-U-Lan.pdf
 
Training And Job Performance
Training And Job PerformanceTraining And Job Performance
Training And Job Performance
 
Teachers readiness on ict
Teachers readiness on ictTeachers readiness on ict
Teachers readiness on ict
 
An in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippines
An in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippinesAn in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippines
An in depth analysis of the entrepreneurship education in the philippines
 
Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers
Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers
Impact of Skill Development Training among School Teachers
 
23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation
23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation
23. analysis of soft skills on self efficacy in matriculation
 
Social Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career Path
Social Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career PathSocial Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career Path
Social Studies Teachers' Quest for a Vertically-Articulated Career Path
 
Siegfred research proposal 2final
Siegfred research proposal 2finalSiegfred research proposal 2final
Siegfred research proposal 2final
 

Último

Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfChicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfSourav Sikder
 
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxCracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023Steve Rader
 
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John MeulemansBCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John MeulemansBBPMedia1
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003believeminhh
 
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdfAMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdfJohnCarloValencia4
 
7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.ukaroemirsr
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyHanna Klim
 
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing ExamplesIntellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing Examplesamberjiles31
 
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZMihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZKanakChauhan5
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinAnton Skornyakov
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfCharles Cotter, PhD
 
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakTata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakEditores1
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.mcshagufta46
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...Khaled Al Awadi
 

Último (20)

Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfChicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
 
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxCracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
 
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John MeulemansBCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
BCE24 | Virtual Brand Ambassadors: Making Brands Personal - John Meulemans
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
 
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdfAMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
 
7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
 
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing ExamplesIntellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
 
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdfWAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
 
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZMihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
 
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerakTata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
Tata Kelola Bisnis perushaan yang bergerak
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
 

H0341059064

  • 1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X www.ijbmi.org ǁ Volume 3 ǁ Issue 4 ǁ April 2014 ǁ PP.59-64 www.ijbmi.org 59 | Page Relationship Between Knowledge Workers and Teaching Effectiveness Among Malaysian University Lecturers Siti Asiah Md. Shahid1 , Syahrina Hayati Md. Jani1 , Mary Thomas T.O. Thomas2 , F. Peter G. Francis2 , Anas Tajudin3 1 Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak) Kampus Seri Iskandar, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, MALAYSIA. 2 Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak) Kampus Seri Iskandar, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, MALAYSIA. 3 Faculty of Management & Information Technology, Sultan Azlan Shah University College, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, MALAYSIA. ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine whether lecturers in Perak, Malaysia who are considered as knowledge workers possess the necessary knowledge and emotional intelligence to teach effectively in the classroom. The conceptual framework of this study is based on the model of emotional intelligence named Emotional Skills Assessment Process (ESAP) developed by Nelson and Low (1998) and the model of teaching effectiveness developed by Aregbeye (2010). This study involves lecturers from public and private universities in Perak, Malaysia. For the purpose of this study, only permanent lecturers from the selected universities are chosen as respondents. Part time and contract lecturers are not included as they are not usually required to carry out both teaching and research activities. This study will also provide recommendations and suggestions for future research. KEYWORDS: Emotional intelligence, Higher education, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Knowledge workers, Leadership skills, Self-management, Teaching effectiveness I. INTRODUCTION In Malaysia, the primary goal of universities is to produce graduates who fulfill the needs of the industry. In short, universities are entrusted with the task to ensure that their graduates are equipped with the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to be successful in both their professional and personal lives (Syahrina Hayati, 2011). In recent years, there have been increasing calls for quality and accountability in universities. In light of this development, it is inevitable that universities focus on the teaching and learning process as the outcomes attained by their learners manifest the standard of that educational institution within the industry. Furthermore, it is this sort of accountability that accrediting bodies are seeking for when ranking a university as world-class. Towards achieving this aim, most universities within Malaysia have begun to place emphasis on the quality of the lecturers not only in terms of their academic qualification but also in terms of their teaching effectiveness to produce graduates who are globally competitive. Thus, to perform effectively, lecturers need to possess knowledge in a subject matter (Efimova, 2003) as well as emotional intelligence skills (Goleman, 1998). Knowledge workers should have the capability to understand their jobs, understand their emotions, and possess excellent interpersonal skills (Niblick, 2007). University lecturers are also categorized as knowledge workers because their abilities include producing ideas, interacting with students and peers, and conveying information rather than goods or services (Serrat, 2008). Moreover, lecturers are considered as important assets to the university as they are entrusted with the task of producing human capital with first class mentality that can fulfil the demands of the increasingly competitive and challenging environment (Syahrina Hayati, 2011). In the academic setting in Malaysia, environment and workload are the factors that contribute to stress among lecturers, thus giving a negative impact on their physical and mental health (Iskandar, Rohaty & Zuria, 2009). For instance, lecturers are expected to take on multiple roles and tasks such as conducting researches, publishing materials, presenting papers, and engaging with students and community service activities (Iskandar et al., 2009). Furthermore, they have to struggle to achieve the highest level of performance that could possibly lead to job burnout. These increasing demands at the workplace can create an unhealthy work environment and this can affect the management of the core business of lecturers which is teaching. This is because a study by
  • 2. Relationship Between Knowledge Workers... www.ijbmi.org 60 | Page Nelson and Low (2003) reveal that lecturers who experienced emotional instability were not able to perform successfully in the teaching process. In addition, Petrides and Furnham (2000) emphasise that individuals who have a high level of emotional intelligence are better able to regulate their emotional reactions over time, manage stress, and be assertive. Therefore, it is important for the lecturers to be emotionally stable (Nelson & Low, 2003) and use their mental ability to generate value by using appropriate knowledge to deliver results (Niblick, 2007). Corcoran and Tormey (2013) state that teachers can have varying scores on the different sub-skills within the emotional intelligence framework and thus it is important to determine to what extent each sub-skill affects teaching effectiveness. Identifying the significant predictor of teaching effectiveness through this study will be useful information for educators to develop aspects of emotional intelligence that can contribute towards improved teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to: 1) Identify the level of agreement on the four components of emotional intelligence skills among lecturers in public and private universities. 2) Identify the level of agreement on the five components of teaching effectiveness among lecturers in public and private universities. 3) Examine the relationship between each component of emotional intelligence skills and teaching effectiveness. 4) Identify the significant predictor for teaching effectiveness. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE With the aim of achieving the vision to be an industrialised nation by the year 2020, organisations in Malaysia especially universities need to have a pool of knowledge workers to ensure the vision is successfully accomplished. The idea of knowledge workers is gaining more significance in the workplace as it has the potential to increase efficiency. Similarly, knowledge workers are important assets in an organisation as they contribute to the success of the establishment. Companies today are investing more money into hiring knowledge workers as they for see that they can reap a lot of benefits from doing so. Professionals, educators, scientists, and information system designers fall into this category of workers as they perform work that using their cognitive abilities rather than their physical strengths. Knowledge workers are required to complete “non- routine” problem solving that requires a combination of convergent, divergent, and creative thinking (Reinhardt, Schmidt, Sloep & Drachsler, 2011). The term “knowledge worker” was coined by Peter Drucker, a management expert who defined these workers as high level employees who use their expertise gained from formal education to develop new products or services. Knowledge workers want to be recognised for their professionalism and intellectuality and demand that knowledge becomes the basis for achievement and performance. Furthermore, knowledge workers who are equipped with emotional intelligence skills are able to understand the emotions of others and in doing so, they empower themselves and others. In educational institutions, the terms knowledge and knowledge workers are crucial because these institutions are focused on imparting education and knowledge which in turn builds up and shapes the economic stability and the development of society. The educational system and the programmes offered at tertiary level are all based on the necessity of the present scenario and in accordance to the present trends. As higher educational institutions at the national level have begun to emphasise on the quality and accountability of the educational process, it is expected that universities produce graduates who are prepared to face with future challenges and contribute significantly to societal development (Siti Asiah, 2011). In short, there is a need to investigate what is required and what is essential to make knowledge workers more efficient in their work. In an article by Mazharul and Eaw (2008) on the readiness of higher education institutions in Malaysia towards a knowledge based economy, it was reported that the nation was still deficient in many of the pre- requisites for the k-economy as indicated by the knowledge–based Economy Development Index (KDI). They recommended that higher educational institutions should have a suitable mix in the level of qualification and area of specialisation and ensure that quality education and training is delivered. In addition, higher education institutions have to be prepared for changes to fulfil the new requirements and challenges from both the industry and society. One crucial aspect that needs to be given emphasis in ensuring the quality of education and training is the teaching effectiveness in these intuitions. Teaching effectiveness is of primary importance as it entails the
  • 3. Relationship Between Knowledge Workers... www.ijbmi.org 61 | Page transfer of knowledge from lecturers to students. California State University’s working conceptualization of effective teaching consists of the following four categories: 1) belief system and dispositions; 2) knowledge base: subject matter knowledge, subject specific pedagogy; 3) professional/political knowledge and 4) practices and skills (CSUN, 2006). The first aspect of effective teaching in this working definition is the belief system that emphasises equality in imparting knowledge to learners irregardless of their diverse backgrounds. Secondly, effective teaching requires not only subject matter knowledge but this should also be integrated with pedagogic knowledge and the ethical responsibility to improve professionally in their work places. Finally, effective teaching requires educators to equip learners with the skills required to survive and succeed in the real world. The ability to integrate all these aspects in their teaching and to develop professionally in their career as lecturers requires educators to possess emotional intelligence skills. Goleman (1998) highlighted that emotional quotient or emotional intelligence is the determiner which distinguishes a successful individual from a less successful one. He states that, “(We) are being judged by a new yardstick: not just how smart we are, or by our training and expertise, but also by how well we handle ourselves and each other” (p.3). Effectiveness of instructors refers to the quality and quantity of task accomplishments by an instructor or group of instructors at work. It is a cornerstone of productivity and has great contribution to achievements of university. Viswesvaran and Ones (2000) generated a relatively general view of profession performance as “scalable actions, behaviour and outcomes that employees engage in or bring about that are linked with and contribute to organisation goals.” There is a wide body of research on emotional intelligence. Psychologists have used different approaches to define emotional intelligence. The theory of emotional intelligence can be synthesised into the ability model and mixed model. Ability model defines emotional intelligence as a set of mental abilities and makes claims about the importance of emotional information and the potential uses of reasoning well with that information. Representatives of this model are Mayer and Salovey with their four-branch model of emotional intelligence which include the “ability to accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotions; the ability to access and/or generate feelings that facilitate thinking; the ability to understand emotions and to utilise emotional knowledge, and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth” (Mayer & Salovey, 1997 as cited in P. Salovey & D. Sluyter, 1997). Mixed model is more popularly oriented and mixes mental abilities with personality attributes such as persistence, zeal, and optimism. Goleman (2000), Bar-on (1997) and Nelson and Low (2003) are representatives for this model. They expanded the meaning of emotional intelligence by explicitly mixing the ability to understand and process emotion with other diverse parts of personality or skills, hence creating mixed approaches to emotional intelligence. Classifications of these emotional intelligence models create a basis to develop an instrument to measure emotional intelligence. Mixed models use self-reports and multi-rater assessment to measure individuals’ emotional quotient while ability models require task-based assessment procedures. In the academic profession, emotional intelligence is viewed as a personality trait that is essential for lecturers to succeed in their career. Therefore, lecturers who lack emotional competence would indirectly affect the overall performance of the universities especially in terms of producing high quality graduates who can fulfil the demands of the industry. Furthermore, lecturers who possess a high level of emotional intelligence skills are more likely to achieve higher teaching effectiveness levels (Hwang, 2007). Aregbeyen (2010) adds that effective lecturers are those who not only touch the minds but also the hearts and souls of the students. In other words, lecturers who are considered as knowledge workers must commit not only in the areas of intellectual growth but also in the areas of emotional intelligence. Emotionally intelligent lecturers would be able to create effective learning environments by connecting their students with the emotional experiences of pleasure, challenge, joy, and creativity (Hargreaves, 1998, as cited in Robitaille, 2008). In addition, effective lecturers must be able to develop emotional and cognitive minds through teaching, modeling, and informal interaction with students (Haskett, 2002). Through such informal interactions, lecturers would have a better understanding of students’ preferences and learning styles and could work towards ensuring that these factors are catered for in their teaching performance. If lecturers lack emotional competence,
  • 4. Relationship Between Knowledge Workers... www.ijbmi.org 62 | Page they would misunderstand a stressed student’s behavior as assertiveness and hostility and react by suppressing the student’s behavior which in turn would lead to negative effects on students’ development (Ogrenir, 2008). According to Mayer, Salovey and Caruso (2008), an emotionally intelligent individual is able to understand the relationship of emotions and work affairs as well as understand how the individual could manage one’s own and others’ emotions in the organisation. In addition, lecturers of the present era have to deal with multiple work pressures in their daily tasks but they can still manage their work effectively if they possess skills such as time management, stress management, emotional management, patience, empathy, leadership ability, and positive thinking which are all sub-skills that encompass personal emotional intelligence (Hwang, 2007). A study conducted by Gohm, Corser and Dalsky (2005), propose that emotional intelligence is useful in reducing stress for some individuals, but unnecessary or irrelevant for others. However, through learning, mastering, and practicing emotional intelligence skills the lecturers would be able to motivate themselves (Meek, 2000), identify individual strengths and weaknesses, deal successfully with the demands and pressures of daily living (Nelson, Low & Vela, 2003), communicate and lead effectively (Rohana, Kamaruzaman & Zanariah, 2009) and recognise the emotions of others (Serrat, 2009). To summarise, it is expected that lecturers who possess high emotional intelligence skills would be able to administer their work more effectively than those who lack these skills. III. METHODOLOGY The methodology to be utilised in this study is survey research design and the sampling method that will be used is simple random sampling. The justification of using this method is every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). The sample in the study will comprise of permanent lecturers in selected public and private universities in Perak. Therefore, the total population comprised of 1,619 university lecturers in Perak. The sampling method used in this study is simple random sampling. The justification of using this method is because every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). Additionally, the simple random sampling technique was applied because it is simple and fast (Barrero & Albandoz, 2001). With reference to sample size, Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black (1998) state that the sample size should not be less than 50 and that the preferable sample size should be 100 or more. According to them, the selection of the most number of items in the research variables which is eight in this study should be multiplied by five or ten. With reference to that, the most number of items in this study is eight hence the appropriate sample size for each university should be 40 or 80 (8 X 5 = 40; 8 X 10 = 80). Therefore, for this study the sample size is more than 50 which is considered appropriate for this study. (Table 1) Total Sample Size University Total Sample Size Selected for Study University A (Public) 71 University B (Public) 99 University C (Private) 55 University D (Private) 50 TOTAL 275 The survey instrument for this study is a set of questionnaire which is an adapted version of the items in the Emotional Skills Assessment Process (ESAP) combined with the elements of the knowledge workers and self-evaluation of teaching effectiveness (SETE). Overall, the survey questionnaire consists of 54 questions (including demographic items in this study). There are three sections, namely Section A, B, and C such as respondents’ demographic background, four components of emotional intelligence based on Nelson and Low (1998), and five components of teaching effectiveness based on Aregbeyen (2010) respectively. The validity of the instrument was conducted to make sure that the questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure and is relevant to the respondents before the researchers distributed it to them. The questionnaire was tested for content validity by experts to measure whether the instrument truly measures each component of EI and teaching effectiveness. Furthermore, the instruments used in this study are considered valid as they were particularly designed to measure the lecturers’ EI and teaching effectiveness. In addition, these two instruments were used widely in the study of EI and teaching effectiveness.
  • 5. Relationship Between Knowledge Workers... www.ijbmi.org 63 | Page The pilot study helped the researchers to identify any unnecessary questions in the questionnaire as well as to estimate the time needed from the respondents to answer the questionnaires (Salkind, 2006). The pilot study was conducted at one of the public universities in Perak. These respondents were excluded from being chosen as the actual respondents for this research. The instrument used in this study is considered reliable because the researchers had performed a pilot study before conducting the actual study. Furthermore, internal consistency measures were used to ensure the internal consistency of the items in the instrument. As shown in Table 2, the Cronbach Alpha values ranged from .859 to .861. Hence, it can be concluded that the instruments in this study were reliable and good as its Cronbach’s coefficient alpha exceeds .80 (Sekaran, 2006). (Table 2) Scale Reliability Scales No. of Scale Items Reliability Coefficient (Alpha) EI Skills (Overall) 28 0.859 Interpersonal 4 0.658 Personal Leadership 8 0.727 Self-Management 8 0.815 Intrapersonal 8 0.719 Teaching Effectiveness (Overall) 20 0.861 The questionnaires will be distributed personally by the researchers through the respective representatives from each university. Data will be gathered over a period of three months. After collection of the survey data, descriptive, co-relational and multiple regression statistical analysis will be conducted to analyze the data. All collected data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0. IV. DISCUSSION There are a lot of contributions of knowledge workers towards both individual achievement and organizational success. The researchers foresee that the results from this study will create an awareness of the importance of knowledge workers competencies in improving teaching effectiveness among lecturers success. As a whole, this study will be able to facilitate and improve the teaching and learning environment which can contribute towards a better standard and quality of education at the tertiary level in Malaysia. The success of educators at work is evaluated through their professional performance. Testimonies of educators have highlighted that emotional intelligence has a great impact on job performance. As university tasks run on brain power, it is important that every aspect of their intelligence is utilised by educators to enhance their work quality. In addition, this study will help to establish the criteria for lecturer evaluation specifically in terms of teaching effectiveness. The feedback obtained through this study could help lecturers to reflect upon their strengths and weaknesses to further enhance their teaching in achieving personal and career excellence. This awareness in lecturers would also indirectly benefit the students as improvement in teaching approaches would enhance learner’s grasp of the subject matter and contribute towards a better understanding of the importance of knowledge of a subject matter. Apart from being beneficial to both lecturers and students, this study will also be useful for the universities especially in the recruitment and selection of lecturers in the future. Various training programmes can be developed for university lecturers to develop their emotional intelligence skills as well as knowledge in their areas, thus increasing their teaching effectiveness. The positive relationship between knowledge workers and teaching performance would become the basis to determine the approaches and methods to improve emotional intelligence of instructors such as team building, emotional intelligence training application, performance feedback, and motivation. Thus, it is hoped that the results of this study will be beneficial to the Ministry of Higher Education as a means to equip prospective lecturers with the knowledge, teaching skills and emotional intelligence. This can be done by organising specific programmes, seminars or by conducting evaluation to ensure that the needs of the universities are met in terms of knowledge workers.
  • 6. Relationship Between Knowledge Workers... www.ijbmi.org 64 | Page V. CONCLUSION This study is useful especially for people who want to learn about the importance of handling their emotions at the workplace. Many previous studies have established a positive relationship between emotionally intelligent workers and their contribution towards work productivity and organisational performance. Thus, it is time for the Malaysian educational system specifically at the tertiary level to focus on the emotional competence of its lecturers as it is predicted that lecturers with high emotional intelligence would be more effective in their teaching performance. The mission of education at the tertiary level should focus on producing first class mentality graduates who are equipped with not only cognitive intelligence but also with high emotional intelligence. Knowledge workers, including lecturers who have learnt how to utilise their emotions effectively will be more likely to be successful at the workplace and in life. REFERENCES [1] Aregbeyen, O. (2010). Students’ perceptions of effective teaching and effective lecturer characteristics at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7 (2), 62-69. [2] Bar-On, R. (1997). The emotional quotient inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. [3] California State University Northridge (2006). Effective teaching. Teachers For A New Era. Retrieved on March 10, 2012, from http://www.csun.edu/tne/effective%20teaching% 20jan%2006%20FINAL.pdf [4] Corcoran, R.P., & Tormey, R. (2013). Does emotional intelligence predict student teachers’ performance? Teaching and Teacher Education. 35, 34-42. [5] Efimova, L. (2003). Knowledge worker paradox. The Knowledge Board. Retrieved on November 30, 2011, from http://www.knowledgeboard.com/item/119378 [6] Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences 39, 1017-1028. [7] Goleman, D. (2000). An EI-based theory of performance. In D. Goleman, & C. Cherniss (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. [8] Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. [9] Haskett, R. A. (2002). Emotional intelligence and teaching success in higher education. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3093435). Retrieved on February 4, 2010, from ProQuest Database. [10] Hwang, F. F. (2007). The relationship between emotional intelligence and teaching effectiveness. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3332690). Retrieved on February 6, 2010, from ProQuest Database. [11] Iskandar, Rohaty Mohd. Majzub, & Zuria Mahmud. (2009). Kecerdasan emosi dan komitmen pekerjaan dalam kalangan pensyarah university di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34 (1), 173-186. [12] Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. (1997). Emotional development, emotional literacy, and emotional intelligence. New York: Basic Books. [13] Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63 (6), 503-517. [14] Mazharul, I., & Eaw, H.C. (2008). The readiness of higher education institutions (HEIs) towards knowledge-based economy in Malaysia. International Review of Business Research Papers, 4 (2), 103-115. [15] Meek, F. (2000). Emotional intelligence: Part One. PsychScope 3 (3). Retrieved on March 4, 2010 from http://issuu.com/publishgold/docs/nov00. [16] Niblick, J. (2007). The knowledge worker’s manifesto. Knowledge Worker Revolution, 1-9. [17] Nelson, D., & Low, G. (2003). Emotional intelligence: Achieving academic and career excellence. Retrieved on February 7, 2010 from http://www.tamuk.edu/edu/kwei00/research/Articles/Aarticle_files/Eemotionally_Intelligent_Teacher.pdf [18] Nelson, D., Low, G., & Vela, R. (2003). Emotional skills assessment process: Interpretation and intervention guide. Retrieved on February 5, 2010 from http://www.tamuk.edu/edu/ kwei000/Research/Articles/Article_files/ESA_%20Interpretation_%20Intervention_Guide.pdf [19] Ogrenir, B. (2008). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and pre-service teachers’views of teacher effectiveness. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3336100). [20] Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313–320. [21] Reinhardt, W., Schmidt, B., Sloep, P., & Drachsler, H. (2011). Knowledge worker roles and actions – results of two empirical studies. Knowledge and Process Management, 18 (3), 150-174. [22] Robitaille, C. A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and teachers: An exploratory study of differences between general and special education teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3300400). [23] ohana, N., Kamaruzaman, Y., & Zanariah, A. R. (2009). Emotional intelligence of Malaysian academia towards work performance. International Education Studies. Retrieved on February 4, 2010, from ProQuest Database. [24] Serrat, O. (2009). Understanding and developing emotional intelligence. Knowledge Solutions. Retrieved on March 12, 2010, from http://www.adb.org/documents/information/knowledge-solutions/understanding-developing-emotional-intelligence.pdf [25] Serrat, O. (2008). Managing knowledge workers. Knowledge Solutions. Retrieved on November 30, 2011, from http://www.adb.org/knowledgesolutions [26] Siti Asiah Md. Shahid. (2011). A study on perceived leadership soft skills, trustworthiness, and structural empowerment of deans in three Malaysian Public Universities. PhD. Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. [27] Syafriman (2010). Quality teachers beget quality students. Retrieved on October 13, 2011, from http://syafrimen.blogspot.com/2010/04/quality-teachers-beget-quality-students.html [28] Syahrina Hayati Md. Jani. (2011). The relationship between emotional intelligence and teaching effectiveness among lecturers at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor. Master Thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. [29] Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8 (4), 216-226.