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Prevention Of OIL
     SPILLS
OUTLINE
• Oil spill
• Causes of oil spill
• Effects of oil spill
• Major Oil Spills
• Various types of Preventions
• Methodolgy
• Conclusions
• References
Causes of Oil Spills
 • Sinking or leakage of Oil carrying
   vessels or Oil pipelines
 • Illegal dumping by industries
 • Countries at war
 • Terrorist activities
 • Natural Disasters
Effects of Oil Spills
 • Effects entire marine life
 • Blocks entrance of oxygen in
   water
 • Fishes hatch with twisted
   spines and deformed hearts
 • Effects the food web when oil
   reaches sea bed
 • Natural recovery process may
   require upto 10 years
Major Oil Spills
 • Arabian Gulf Spills (1991)
       Location – Persian Gulf
       Cause – terminals and oil tankers destroyed
       Quantity of oil spilled – 6 to 8 million barrels
 • Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989)
       Location – Alaskan waters
       Cause – Ship wreckage
       Quantity of oil spills – 260,000 barrels
 • Gulf Oil Spill (2010)
         Location - Gulf of Mexico
         Cause - oil well below the gulf blew out
         Quantity – 260 million gallons
PREVENTIONS
• Double-hulling - build double hulls into vessels,
  which reduces the risk and severity of a spill in
  case of a collision or grounding. Existing single-
  hull vessels can also be rebuilt to have a double
  hull.
• Secondary containment - methods to prevent
  releases of oil or hydrocarbons into
  environment.
• Blowout Preventer
• Well castings
 Making shipping safer

• Ship crew must be well trained
  and experienced
• Strict fire safety regulations
  apply on board
• Individual tanks within ships
  should be limited in size so that
  spills are smaller
• Vessel traffic control to be used
  in more congested areas to
  reduce the risk of collision
 Keeping the navigator informed
• Up to date information on
  changing weather conditions
• Interpretation of radar and
  satellite image reports for
  sensitive coastal areas and inland
  water routes
• Computer based video-display
  that allows navigators to track
  the ship course in relation to
  hazards and warns the navigator
• Monitoring and control
  equipment on ships; discharged
  oil-water mixtures can be traced
  back to the ship that was carrying
  the oil
Methodology
There are a number of methods which may
apparently be used to deal with oil spills in
seawater. Some options used for marine
protection from oil pollution include:

•Mechanical Collection
•Chemical Dispersants
•Naturally available materials
By mechanical collection

 • Setting fire to the oil spill:
   Frequently crude oil is set on
   fire in a wrecked ship when an
   accident occurs. The problem of
   burning surface oil is very
   difficult due to less thickness of
   the layer and large surface area.
   The volatile fraction evaporates
   quickly and makes it impossible
   to ignite without doping special
   measures.
• Skimming: It can be performed by employing devices for collecting
  oil from a large area of water to make it a thicker layer in harbour
  sheltered places.
By Chemical Dispersants
• Gelling: Spraying gelling
  agents with a certain amount
  of mixing energy into the oil
  spill causes formation of gel
  or coagulation. The resulting
  lumps can be collected easily
  in the vicinity of a wrecked
  ship.
• Sinking: Mixing small fine granular solids of fairly high
  density (sand) culminates into slurry, sinking the oil spill
  to the bottom of the seabed.
• Absorbing: Floating oil can be separated due to
  absorption applying chemicals.
By using naturally available materials

 CORCHORUS DEPRESSUS - This plant acts as a sinking material
when used in the powder form for removal of oil from
seawater by absorbing oil and settling to the bottom.

  ARACHIS HYPOGAEA - The solid pulp that
 remains after edible oil is extracted from it
 as a high protein live stock feed which
 enables it to absorb the oil spill from sea
 water which gets collected on the surface.
BENTONITE CLAY: It acts as a sinking material when added to
oil spill polluted water sample

ACTIVATED CARBON: This material causes the oil spill to form a
gel or coagulate, however due to its chemical composition it may
have negative side effects on marine health life environment
CONCLUSION
• Most oil spills and most serious accidents are caused by
  human error, so this can be reduced if one takes extreme
  precautions and proper safety assessments

• Focusing on many techniques such as Blowout preventer and
  well castings can contain the oil spill

• Use of naturally available materials such as CORCHORUS
  DEPRESSUS, ARACHIS HYPOGAEA, BENTONITE CLAY &
  ACTIVATED CARBON helps containing the spill
REFERENCES
• Oil Spill
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill

• Major Oil Spills
  http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-
  resources/stories/the-13-largest-oil-spills-in-history

• Spill response – dispersants kill fish, journal Environmental
  Toxicology and Chemistry. Retrieved 2010-05-21.

• Dr. Brian Dicks (1998), Paper presented at the International Seminar
  on Tanker Safety, Pollution Prevention, Spill Response and
  Compensation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Oil spills prevention

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Oil spills prevention

  • 2. OUTLINE • Oil spill • Causes of oil spill • Effects of oil spill • Major Oil Spills • Various types of Preventions • Methodolgy • Conclusions • References
  • 3.
  • 4. Causes of Oil Spills • Sinking or leakage of Oil carrying vessels or Oil pipelines • Illegal dumping by industries • Countries at war • Terrorist activities • Natural Disasters
  • 5. Effects of Oil Spills • Effects entire marine life • Blocks entrance of oxygen in water • Fishes hatch with twisted spines and deformed hearts • Effects the food web when oil reaches sea bed • Natural recovery process may require upto 10 years
  • 6. Major Oil Spills • Arabian Gulf Spills (1991) Location – Persian Gulf Cause – terminals and oil tankers destroyed Quantity of oil spilled – 6 to 8 million barrels • Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) Location – Alaskan waters Cause – Ship wreckage Quantity of oil spills – 260,000 barrels • Gulf Oil Spill (2010) Location - Gulf of Mexico Cause - oil well below the gulf blew out Quantity – 260 million gallons
  • 7. PREVENTIONS • Double-hulling - build double hulls into vessels, which reduces the risk and severity of a spill in case of a collision or grounding. Existing single- hull vessels can also be rebuilt to have a double hull. • Secondary containment - methods to prevent releases of oil or hydrocarbons into environment. • Blowout Preventer • Well castings
  • 8.  Making shipping safer • Ship crew must be well trained and experienced • Strict fire safety regulations apply on board • Individual tanks within ships should be limited in size so that spills are smaller • Vessel traffic control to be used in more congested areas to reduce the risk of collision
  • 9.  Keeping the navigator informed • Up to date information on changing weather conditions • Interpretation of radar and satellite image reports for sensitive coastal areas and inland water routes • Computer based video-display that allows navigators to track the ship course in relation to hazards and warns the navigator • Monitoring and control equipment on ships; discharged oil-water mixtures can be traced back to the ship that was carrying the oil
  • 10. Methodology There are a number of methods which may apparently be used to deal with oil spills in seawater. Some options used for marine protection from oil pollution include: •Mechanical Collection •Chemical Dispersants •Naturally available materials
  • 11. By mechanical collection • Setting fire to the oil spill: Frequently crude oil is set on fire in a wrecked ship when an accident occurs. The problem of burning surface oil is very difficult due to less thickness of the layer and large surface area. The volatile fraction evaporates quickly and makes it impossible to ignite without doping special measures. • Skimming: It can be performed by employing devices for collecting oil from a large area of water to make it a thicker layer in harbour sheltered places.
  • 12. By Chemical Dispersants • Gelling: Spraying gelling agents with a certain amount of mixing energy into the oil spill causes formation of gel or coagulation. The resulting lumps can be collected easily in the vicinity of a wrecked ship. • Sinking: Mixing small fine granular solids of fairly high density (sand) culminates into slurry, sinking the oil spill to the bottom of the seabed. • Absorbing: Floating oil can be separated due to absorption applying chemicals.
  • 13. By using naturally available materials CORCHORUS DEPRESSUS - This plant acts as a sinking material when used in the powder form for removal of oil from seawater by absorbing oil and settling to the bottom. ARACHIS HYPOGAEA - The solid pulp that remains after edible oil is extracted from it as a high protein live stock feed which enables it to absorb the oil spill from sea water which gets collected on the surface.
  • 14. BENTONITE CLAY: It acts as a sinking material when added to oil spill polluted water sample ACTIVATED CARBON: This material causes the oil spill to form a gel or coagulate, however due to its chemical composition it may have negative side effects on marine health life environment
  • 15. CONCLUSION • Most oil spills and most serious accidents are caused by human error, so this can be reduced if one takes extreme precautions and proper safety assessments • Focusing on many techniques such as Blowout preventer and well castings can contain the oil spill • Use of naturally available materials such as CORCHORUS DEPRESSUS, ARACHIS HYPOGAEA, BENTONITE CLAY & ACTIVATED CARBON helps containing the spill
  • 16. REFERENCES • Oil Spill http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill • Major Oil Spills http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness- resources/stories/the-13-largest-oil-spills-in-history • Spill response – dispersants kill fish, journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Retrieved 2010-05-21. • Dr. Brian Dicks (1998), Paper presented at the International Seminar on Tanker Safety, Pollution Prevention, Spill Response and Compensation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil