Influential Leaders Of Human History

Influential
Leaders
Of
Human History
( TIMELINE : 1-569 A.D. )

Notable Inventions
Paper -105 AD Magnetic compass -80 AD Abacus -190 AD Tea – 220 AD

2
China continued to be dominated
by the Han Dynasty
During this period, Europe, North Africa
and the Near East fell under increasing
domination by the Roman Empire
The 1st
century saw
the
appearance
of
Christianity
THE 1ST CENTURY

Artabanus III of Parthia 10-40 A.D
Vologases I of Parthia 51-77 A.D
Pacorus II 78-105 A.D
Vologases III of Parthia 105-148 A.D
Vologases IV of Parthia 148-191 A.D
195 CE
First Parthian war.
197 CE - 198 CE
Second Parthian war.

 The early part of
the century was
shaped by
Constantine
the Great
 Became the first
Roman emperor
to adopt
Christianity

In the Middle East, the Parthian empire has been replaced by
the more effective Sassanid Empire.
Shapur II 309 to 379.
Kavadh I 488 to 531
Khosrow I 531 to 579
SUCCESSFUL IN BOTH MILITARY AND
ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES KHOSRAU WOULD
BECOME THE IRANIAN IDEAL OF A KING.
KHOSROW

Buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 2 ft)
of volcanic ash in the eruption of
Mount Vesuvius
Pompeii was an ancient Roman
city of Italy.

UNESCO
World
Heritage
Site
2.5 million
visitors
annually

 Roman Empire attained its greatest expansion under the
emperor Trajan.
 Removal of the Jews from Jerusalem during the reign of
Hadrian.
 Han Dynasty of China was firmly cemented into power
during the first half of the century.
 But in the second half there was corruption and open
rebellion.
THE 2nd CENTURY

 A peasant revolt in China against the
Eastern Han dynasty
 It took 21 years until the uprising was
fully suppressed.
 Got its name from the color of the cloths
that the rebels wore on their heads.

THE 3rd CENTURY
The
Roman
Empire
saw a
crisis
Assassination
of the Roman
Emperor
Severus
Alexander
The Han
Dynasty comes
to an end with
establishment of
the Three
Kingdoms in
ancient China

Gupta Empire was on
the rise towards the
end of the century
Korea was ruled by
the Three Kingdoms
of Korea
Japan entered the
Kofun period

The 5th century is noted for being a period of
migration and political instability throughout
Eurasia.
 In China, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms
continued.
Towards the end of the 5th century, the Gupta
Empire of India was invaded from Central Asia and
occupied by elements of the Huna peoples.

or
(বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdô or Banggabda).
Beginning of
the Bengali Calendar

1 A.D. – 300
A.D.
300 A.D. –
500 A.D.
ROMAN EMPIRE
GUPTA EPIRE
BYZANTINE EPIRE
HAN EMPIRE
PARTHIAN EMPIRE
SASSANID EPIRE
EMPIRES

Regions of Reign
Vietnam
China
India
Pakistan
Israel
Italy
France
PRESENT WORLD

Other Notable events in the timeline
 1–49 AD: Birth of Jesus
Christ, Crucifixion of Jesus,
Buddhism introduced to
China. Han dynasty founded
in China
 50–99 AD: Jews revolt
against Rome; Jerusalem
destroyed , Colosseum built
in Rome
 200–249: Persian (Sassanid)
empire re-established. End of
Chinese Han dynasty
 250–299 AD: Develop
hieroglyphic writing,
advances in art,
architecture, science.
 350–399 AD: Roman
empire permanently
divided.
 450–499 AD:
Ostrogothic kingdom of
Italy established by
Theodoric the Great
 500–549 AD: Plague
spreads through Europe,
Justinian I, the Great
becomes Byzantine
emperor

Augustus Trung sisters
Jesus christ
63 BC – 14 AD 12 AD – 43 AD
4 BC – 30AD

Trajan Cao Cao
Kanishka
35 AD – 117 AD 155 AD – 220 AD
127 AD – 150 AD

Constantine the great Chandragupta ii Clovis i
272 AD – 337 AD 466 AD – 511 AD
380 AD – 415 AD

‘Master of the Horse’
Julius
Caesar
Octavius
Augustus

Law governed the
people not
arbitrary decisions
Kept control over the
provinces through
Legends

The Senate gave him the title
‘AUGUSTUS’

Made Tax
Reforms
Augustus imposed consistent,
direct taxation on the
provinces
Greatly increased Rome’s
Net Revenue
Established a STABLE
RELATIONSHIP between
Rome and itsprovinces.
Ending
private
exploitation
by local tax
officials

Separate Police and Firefighter force

Founded the Pratorian Guard
Protected
the Border

Improved Food security of the
locals

He personally financed a Network of roads so that
news and troops can travel easily throughout the
realm
Under Augustus many of Rome's Public buildings
were constructed

What makesAugustus A
GREAT LEADER?

Peace with the
Parthian Empire
&
Peace between
Populares and
Optimates.
Ending in 180 C.E.

19
Ifound Rome a
city of bricks and
left it a city of
marbles
- Octavian Augustus

Risk Taking Political Skills Military Skills
What can we LEARN from AUGUSTUS ?

Maintained a Balance
SENATE MILITARY

He was brutal, but not psychopath
Strong Leader - Raising army from the age
of 19
Capable Ruler - 40 years of rule
He was wealthy but did not scorn money.
Donated wealth to the Roman treasury

2
Age is
Just a
Number
Be
Ambitious
&
Take risks
01 03
Suppress
your Ego
& be
Patient
02
HE PROVED :

Jesus of gospels vs. jesus of history
⬗ Before Enlightenment, gospels
were the only accurate account
⬗ The accounts of other religious
communities were not popular
⬗ After research distinction
between the two has been
drawn

Jesus from different
persepectives
Christian Muslim
Jewish

Jesus From Different Perspectives
Christian
Worshipped as the
incarnation of God,
the Son and the
second of the Holy
Trinity
Muslim
Seen as a
messenger of Allah
sent with a holy
scripture to guide
Bani Isra’il
Jewish
Denied of being
God or his mediator
and criticized for
leading Jews away
from their own Lord
to a different God

Evolution of the
Early Judean
Ministry
(In accordanceto The
Gospels)
.

Jerusalem
(roman province of Judea)
Capernaum
(ruled by Herold Antipas)

Footsteps of
Jesus
(in accordance to the
gospels)

Footsteps of
Jesus
(in present world)

How was Jesus as a
leader?
What were his qualities and strategies?

Not self-promoting
A strategic team
builder
Empowered Others
A relationship
builder
Expressed control
and authority as a
leader when
needed
Engaged crisis
head-on

“⬗ Jesus cast a vision,
with clarity,
simplicity, and
directness
-Mark 1:15

Teachings
of Jesus
.
.
.
Love for
Humanity
Unique
Value of
People
Teachings
of God

Has Jesus influenced
our world?

⬗ Provided people
faith and hope
⬗ Provided them
with answers
about life
⬗ Opened the
doors for the
existence of
Christianity
⬗ Played a major
role in the
progression of
Islam

Influence is also evident
in the widespread of
both Christianity and
Islam
Christianity and
Islam being the
most widespread
religions in the
world at present

Brief History :
Birth: 12 AD
Death: 43 AD
Reign: 40 AD to 43 AD
Daughters of a powerful Vietnamese military
leader(Me Linh)
Their mother's name was Man Thien
Excelled in both literature and martial arts

Vietnam Before
Han Empire Rule
Vietnam During
Han Empire Rule

Trưng Trắc
Trưng Nhị
• Older sister
• Husband, Thi Sách, killed by The
Chinese
National Heroes of Vietnam
Queen
Vice-regent

“Foremost, I will avenge my
country,
Second, I will restore the Hung
lineage,
Third, I will avenge the death of
my husband,
Lastly, I vow that these goals
will be accomplished.”

Revolt:
Reign: 40 AD to 43 AD
Army of 80,000 warriors
36 female generals
(including their mother)
liberated their own village
forced the Chinese out of 65 cities
Two sisters on elephants

Vietnamese version of the Trung Queens’ territory

End of Revolt & Death
Ma Yuan and his army
• 10,000 troops
• A support fleet to the
south
• In April or May, 43 AD
Whether the sisters
were killed in battle or
later put on trial is
unclear

• Firm determination
• Highly skilled
warriors
• 80,000 warriors
• Underestimated by
Han Empire
because most of
them were women
• A support fleet to
the south
• Desertion by
warriors
• 10,000 troops
• Ma Yuan
overestimated
them
Reasons for Winning: Reasons for Losing:

Accomplishments:
• Abolished the taxes which were
crippling their people
• Restored many of the
Vietnamese traditions
• Creation of the first royal
government of Vietnam, along
with the expulsion of the
Chinese

What
have we
learnt?
Fairness
Wisdom
Gender
Equality
Promoting
peace and
prosperity
Loyalty
Dedicati
on
Leadership Qualities:

Legacy:
• Temples
• Statues
• Yearly festival
• Stories
• Poems
• Plays
• Postage
• Stamps
• Posters
• An annual holiday called Hai Ba Trung day

• 200 years after the
Trung sisters’ death ,
three kingdom period of
220 AD to 280 AD , Lady
Trieu led a rebellion in
248 AD

Felicior Augusto,
melior Traiano
be luckier than Augustus and better
than Trajan
English:

Dacian conquest (Romania)
1st War: 101–102 AD
Dacia became an important
Roman province bringing wealth
to Rome through its gold mines
14-20% of Dacian
territories annexed by
Roman Empire
Trajan led 150,000 soldiers in
the first &
200,000 soldiers in the
second war
2nd War: 105–106 AD
Dacia

Parthian Campaigns (115-117)
Mesopotamia
Armenia
VS

ANNEXATION OF NABATEAN KINGDOM (Arabian Peninsula)
ROMAN EMPIRE ARABIAN
PROVINCE

Roman Empire at its maximum extent under
Trajan’s Rule

SPAIN
BRITAIN
EGYPT
ALGERIA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
GREECE IRAQ
KUWAIT
SYRIA
TURKEY
ROMANIA
ARMENIA
ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER TRAJAN ACROSS 3 CONTINENTS

Trajan
PHILANTHROPIC
RULER
SOCIAL
WELFARE
POLICIES
PUBLIC BUILDING
PROGRAMS
A VIRTUOUS
PAGAN
A RULER WHO
RULED LESS BY
FEAR
Alimenta
OPTIMUS
KIND
WISE SOLDIER
EMPEROR
RUTHLESS
NO ABANDON SLAVE
POLICY
NO TREASON
TRIALS
longest period of stability
BOOST THE
URBAN
ECONOMIES
• PROHIBITED WASTEFUL
EXPENDITURE ON
FESTIVALS
• REDUCED TAX

TRAJAN’S FORUM (Public Squares)
FORUM MAP FORUM DURING DAY FORUM AT NIGHT
• Imperial Forum was the center of Roman Empire

TRAJAN’S MARKET
• Thought to be World’s first and oldest shopping mall
• Arcades of the market believed by many to be administrative offices
for Emperor Trajan

TRAJAN’S COLUMN
• The structure is about
115 feet in height
• To commemorate Dacian
War victory
• 155 scenes battle scenes

TRAJAN’S BRIDGE
• One of the greatest achievements in Roman architecture
• For more than 1,000 years it was the longest arch bridge in both
total and span length.

Trajan in numbers:
1st
2nd
Nerva Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius
Non Roman Emperor, Hispania born
0 Had no child, adopted Hadrian

Trajan in numbers:
98AD
117AD
Became the Roman Emperor as Nerva’s
adoptive son
died on August 8

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee
Kanishka
(127-151)
• King of Kings
• Son of God, Shah
• Father’s name VIMA
KADPHISES
• Ruler from KUSHAN DYNASTY
• Ascended the Kushan
throne in 78 CE
• Follower of BUDDHISM

Kushan Empire---Who Were They?
• The Kushan Empire started as a branch
of the Yuezhi, the origin is from China.
• Some scholars connect the Kushans
with the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin
in China, Caucasian people whose
blonde or red-haired mummies have
long puzzled observers.

LOCATION
The Kushan
Empire in South
Asia originally
formed in the
early 1st century
CE, in the
territories of
ancient Bactria,
around the Oxus
River in Central
Asia

By using the ‘SILK ROUTE’ they
used to trade art, crops, horse,
luxury goods, golds, silver etc.

Kanishka and Buddhism
• Kanishka belonged to little Yuehi-
Chi section of the horde. The
capital during his period was
Purusyapura where he built many
Buddhist buildings.
• Kanishka was the active patron of
Buddhist Church during the later
part of his reign.
• 700 feet high stupa- Buddha’s
remains

The coins during his rule prove that he honoured a medley of Gods -
Zoroastrian, Greek, Mitraic and Indian.
The prominent Indian deity was God Shiva.
This Kushan king also convened a council of Buddhist theologians to settle
disputes relating to Buddhist faith and practices.

KANISKA……A Great Leader
• Made own language for KUSHAN EMPIRE
• Had two capitals based on seasons
1. Purushapura (Peshawar, PAKISTAN)
2. Mathura (INDIA)

Also had a SUMMER Capital in
BAGRAM
This are known as BAGRAM TREASURE

• Was tolerant to all other religions in his empire. He honored the
Zoroastrian, Greek and Brahmanic deities.

The conclusions of Kaniskha council were engraved on
copper sheets and preserved in the stupa of the capital.
Delegates to the council primarily belonged to the
Hinayana sect.

155AD- 220AD
Cao Cao
A military dictator of China

• Birth: 155 AD
• Death: Aged 65 in 220 AD
• His reign has started after the end of “Han Dynasty”
• Considered as an excellent strategist ruler and poet.
• He had 25 sons, the most famous being his sons
Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.

• Cao Cao governed a large area of northern China.
• After the end of Han Dynasty he captured three kingdoms
Wei, Shu, and Wu.
• He is portrayed as the Villain of the popular 14th century
CE epic the “Romance Of the three kingdoms”.

• He is traditionally represented as a
cunning and deceitful general in
classical Chinese literature.
• He is the self-appointed imperial
ruler of Han Dynasty and later
formed his own state.
• The life of Cao Cao was recorded in
his own book,
“Apologia", written in 210-211 CE .
• This is one of the earliest
autobiographies from ancient China.

•His life was also a
subject of a celebrated
novel from the “ Ming
Dynasty” the Romance
of the three kingdoms,
where he is the
deliciously
Machiavellian villain of
the piece.

Famous Chinese expression
“speak of Cao Cao and he
appears” which is broadly
similar to “speak of the devil’’
in English.
“Any who stand in my ways
shall be cut down.”
“I remain myself. I have never
cared about others misjudging
me.”

184 AD
The Yellow Turban Rebellion breaks out when
local government offices are attacked across
China
205 AD
Cao Cao takes over the former Han government
and appoints himself chancellor in effect, a
military dictator
Revolts
215 AD
Cao Cao represses for good the Yellow Turban
Rebellion

Leadership Qualities
Great
politician
Great
vision
Multiples
talents in
literature
Administrative
skills
Great
military
strategy
Dedication

Business lessons from Cao Cao’s life
• Talent is as important as money
• Reputation is an important asset
• There’s a right time to seek help
• Find the whys in life
• Anyone may lose everything one day
• Never let external pressures force you to do
something
• It is okay to fail

Zeno
495 BC – 430 BC
Constantine The Great
272AD-337AD

Diocletian (284AD- 305AD)
21 years

Diocletian became emperor in 284 and started the Roman
Tetrarchy ruling system.
Manages to retire and force his co-Augustus, Maximian, to
retire with him (305)
Constantine’s father Constantius became Augustus

Constantius
Diocletian
Maximian

 Constantine’s key battle was against Maxentius.
 Constantine credited his victory to a vision he had in which he was told to go
into battle with the Christian symbol
 Troops Carried the Chi-Rho symbol with them.
Chi-rho symbol
 By 313 Constantine captured all of the
Empire and officially declared that
Christianity was to be tolerated

Constantine and Church in Rome
Before he left, he gave most of the Rome to the Pope
• He gave the land and buildings of his enemies to Pope
Church overnight became the most important landholder in Rome
• Converted pagan temples into Christian churches.

Built church
with his
mother, Helen.
Established
New Rome:
Constantinople
Formed Nicene
creed to resolve the
Arian controversy
Constantine the Great and the Church

Major Social Changes in 4th century Due to Constantine and his Successors
Sunday as a
day of rest
Crucifixion
prohibited
Churches
could
receive
legacies
Christian could not
charge another
Christian interest on
a loan
Christian
clergy given
tax relief

The Nicene Creed is a statement of belief widely used in
Christian ritual. It is called Nicene because it was
originally adopted in the city of Nicaea by the First
Council of Nicaea
Constantine Called the 1st council of Nicaea in
325 at which the Nicene Creed was professed by
Christians

• Ramagupta succeeds their father, Samudragupta.
• Ramagupta was defeated by his enemy, The Shaka.
• Chandragupta dethroned Ramagupta.

• He campaigned through the subcontinent.
• Established alliance though matrimony.

• He campaigned through the subcontinent.
• Established alliance though matrimony.
• He fought with vigor.
• He ruled peacefully.

• He extended his rule in every direction but the South.
• He added the title Vikramaditya (Son of Power) to his title.
• All his achievements can be found inscribed on a famous
iron pillar in Delhi, still clear to this day.
• Hindus still follow Vikram Samvat which celebrates the
beginning of his rule.
• He welcomed foreigners and different cultures.
• He established trade with Egypt and other western
countries.
• He allowed Chinese pilgrim to spend 11 years during
his time to study Sanskrit and write about the
prosperity during his time.

Who was Clovis I?
•Clovis was the first king
of the Franks.

What do we know about ClovisI?
• United all of the Frankish tribes under oneruler,
• Changed the form of leadership from a Groupof Royal
Chieftains to rule by a Single King .
• Ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs. This is
called Hereditary monarchy.
• Founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled for the next two
centuries.

What do we know about ClovisI?
• son ofChildericI,king ofthe Salian Franks, and
Basina,Queen ofThuringia.
• Succeeded his father in 481, at the ageof
fifteen.
• Conquered the remaining Western Roman
Empire at the BattleofSoissons(486),
• Conversion to Christianity in 496, led to
widespread conversion ,religious
unification, the birth ofthe early Holy
RomanEmpire.

How did Clovis consolidate the Franks?
• secured an alliancewith the Ostrogoths throughthe
marriage ofhis sister.
• With other Frankish sub-kings, hedefeated
the Alamanni in the Battle ofTolbiac in 496.
• turned against the Romancommanders
• had the Frankish king Chararic imprisonedand
Executed
• killed Ragnachar,the Frankish king ofCambrai.
• conquered all the Frankish kingdoms to the west of
the RiverMaas

How did Clovis consolidate the Franks?
• Clovis continued his war with the
Visigoths with support of his
people and the church, defeating
them at the Battle of Vouille in 507
• With his realm secure, Clovis
elected to rule his united empire
from Paris.
• Theodoric would prevent Clovis’s
attempts to expand his domain and
secured the former Visigothic lands
for himself.
Alaric II

How did Clovis come to power?
• Numerous small Frankish kingdoms existed during the 5th
century.
• The Salian Franks occupied the area in what is now the
Netherlands and Belgium.
• Childeric I, became king in 457 upon the death of Merovech,
ruling over lands he had received as a foederatus of the
Romans.
• In 463 he fought in conjunction with Aegidius
defeted the Visigoths in Orleans.
• Childeric died; Clovis succeeded him as
king.
Childeric I-
father of
Clovis
Cl
gr
M
ovis I
andson of
erovech

 Conquests of Clovis
between 481 and
511 AD

Battle of Tolbiac
ClovisIleading the
Franks to victory in the
BattleofTolbiac, in 19th
century painting

The Baptism of Clovis by Saint Remigius
• converted to Christianity
• was baptized on Christmas
Day, 496,
• a statue of him being baptized
by Saint Remigius can still be
seen there.
• Event important as he is seen
as the last of the pagan kings

Tomb of Clovis I
Tomb of Clovis
I at the Basilica
of StDenis in
Saint Denis

Frankish territories at
the time of Clovis' death
• After his death, his sons
divided the kingdom
among themselves.
• This led to the different
sections and cultures
and identities, and also
disunity.

What is the Legacy of Clovis I ?
• Clovis’s kingdom included Roman Gaul and parts of western Germany influencing
country borders
• The French consider him the Founder of France
• History would Latinize his name to Louis; and remain popular inFrench culture to the
present.
• Kingdom that was a blend Roman and Germanic cultures: language, worship, and law.
• His conversion to Christianity made him ally of the papacy and its protector.

Influential Leaders Of Human History

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