3. Operations management
deals with the design and management of
products, processes, services and supply chains. It
considers the acquisition, development, and
utilization of resources that firms need to deliver the
goods and services their clients want.
4.
Forecasting helps managers and businesses develop
meaningful plans and reduce uncertainty of events in
the future. Managers want to match supply with
demand; therefore, it is essential for them to forecast
how much space they need for supply to each demand.
5. Predict the next number in the pattern:
a) 3.7,
3.7,
3.7,
3.7,
3.7,
?
b) 2.5,
4.5,
6.5,
8.5, 10.5, ?
c) 5.0, 7.5, 6.0, 4.5, 7.0, 9.5, 8.0, 6.5, ?
6. Predict the next number in the pattern:
a) 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7
b) 2.5,
4.5,
6.5,
8.5,
10.5,
12.5
c) 5.0, 7.5, 6.0, 4.5, 7.0, 9.5, 8.0, 6.5, 9.0
7. Process of predicting a future event based on
historical data
Educated Guessing
Underlying basis of
all business decisions
Production
Inventory
Personnel
Facilities
??
8. Short-range forecast
Up to 1 year, generally less than 3 months
Purchasing, job scheduling, workforce levels, job
assignments, production levels
Medium-range forecast
3 months to 3 years
Sales and production planning, budgeting
Long-range forecast
3+ years
New product planning, facility location, research and
development
9. Economic forecasts
Address business cycle – inflation rate, money
supply, housing starts, etc.
Technological forecasts
Predict rate of technological progress
Impacts development of new products
Demand forecasts
Predict sales of existing products and services
11. Qualitative methods – judgmental
methods
Forecasts generated subjectively by the
forecaster
Educated guesses
Quantitative methods – based on
mathematical modeling:
Forecasts generated through mathematical
modeling
12. Type
Executive
opinion
Characteristics
Strengths
Weaknesses
A group of managers Good for strategic or One person's opinion
meet & come up with new-product
can dominate the
a forecast
forecasting
forecast
Market
research
Uses surveys &
Good determinant of It can be difficult to
interviews to identify customer preferences develop a good
customer preferences
questionnaire
Delphi
method
Seeks to develop a
consensus among a
group of experts
Excellent for
Time consuming to
forecasting long-term develop
product demand,
technological
changes, and
13. Time Series Models:
Assumes information needed to generate a
forecast is contained in a time series of data
Assumes the future will follow same patterns as
the past
Causal Models or Associative Models:
Explores cause-and-effect relationships
Uses leading indicators to predict the future
Housing starts and appliance sales
14. Naive approach
2. Moving averages
3. Exponential smoothing
4. Trend projection
1.
5.
Linear regression
time-series
models
associative
model
15. Set of evenly spaced numerical data
Obtained by observing response variable at
regular time periods
Forecast based only on past values, no other
variables important
Assumes that factors influencing past and
present will continue influence in future
18.
MA is a series of arithmetic means
Used if little or no trend
Used often for smoothing
Provides overall impression of data over time
Moving average =
∑ demand in previous n periods
n
19. Form of weighted moving average
Weights decline exponentially
Most recent data weighted most
Requires smoothing constant ( )
Ranges from 0 to 1
Subjectively chosen
Involves little record keeping of past data
20. New forecast = Last period’s forecast
+ (Last period’s actual demand
– Last period’s forecast)
Ft = Ft – 1 + (At – 1 - Ft – 1)
where
Ft =
Ft – 1 =
=
new forecast
previous forecast
smoothing (or weighting)
constant (0 ≤ ≤ 1)
21. Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
MAD =
∑ |Actual - Forecast|
n
Mean Squared Error (MSE)
MSE =
∑ (Forecast Errors)2
n
23. Fitting a trend line to historical data points to
project into the medium to long-range
Linear trends can be found using the least
squares technique
^
y = a + bx
where ^ = computed value of the variable to be
y
predicted (dependent variable)
a = y-axis intercept
b = slope of the regression line
x = the independent variable