1. Questions of Western Encounters
and Modernization

2. » Western Economic ExpansionWestern Economic Expansion
˃ INDUSTRIALIZED
+ Need Raw materials & Markets
˃ Capitalistic Free Market - COMMERCIAL
+ Strong should Go get it!
˃ IMPERIALISTIC
+ Going and getting it!
˃ POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
+ Every country does what is in its best
interest
+ There is a role for the masses in decision
making
» ““Traditional & Isolated” OldTraditional & Isolated” Old
World EMPIRESWorld EMPIRES
˃ Ottoman Empire, Qing Dynasty,
Tokugawa Shogunate, Russian
Empire

3. Ottoman Sultans
Ulama
Janissaries
Janissaries
Agricultural Economy
Bypassed by Trade
Sharia
Advice & Consent of Ulama

4. » Romanov Dynasty
» Feudalism
˃ Ag / Command Economy
˃ Serfs Freed!
˃ Ex-Serfs  Factories as Russia
Industrialization
» Caesaropapism
» Orthodox Church
challenged: Rasputin
Alexander II
Nicholas & Alexandra

5. » Confucian Scholars
» Mandate of Heaven
» Qing - foreign overlords
» Only Canton open to
foreign merchants
Powerful landlord class
Cixi, Dowager Empress 1904

6. » Bakufu
» Shogun
» Daimyo
» Samurai
» Alternate
Attendance
» Floating Worlds
» Seclusion Policy
» Edo- largest city in
world
» Japan – most urban
in world
» Peasants in cities –
wait! Who is
farming?!

7. » STUNNING Military DEFEATSSTUNNING Military DEFEATS
˃ Ottomans – Russian
Aggression, WWI
˃ China - Opium Wars
˃ Russia - Lost Crimean War,
Japanese War, WWI
˃ Japan- Admiral Perry’s Arrival
with Black Boats to force
trade
Why did they enter these
Wars? Maybe they did not
Believe how far behind they were…

8. 1. Conservative -Traditional -Conservative -Traditional -
Autocratic – Absolute RulersAutocratic – Absolute Rulers
No individual rights
Heavily patriarchal,
Elitist,
Landed Aristocracy
Dissent not permitted
Old Rules / Protocols
2.2. People Rebelled against theirPeople Rebelled against their
- inability to solve crises crises/ govern
- insistence on fighting wars they were
not equipped to win
- waste of human life,
- disregard for the people under the law.
Of Old World EmpiresOf Old World Empires

9. 3. NOT INDUSTRIALIZED3. NOT INDUSTRIALIZED
˃ No capital to invest.No capital to invest.
˃ Unskilled workforce.Unskilled workforce.
˃ Insufficient infrastructure.Insufficient infrastructure.
˃ NOT fully commercialized.NOT fully commercialized.
China & Japan – were closed
Artisan economies – little
contact with outside world,
international trade
Ottomans & Russians – agricultural
economies w/ large unskilled
peasant populations, they CHOSE not to industrialize.
All these societies were Agriculture & Artisan Societies, OR in Russia’s case, a Command
Economy.

10. Western Imperialists moved in to
exploit them – for raw materials,
luxuries, strategic location, competition…
» China:China: Lost control of economy &
territorial sovereignty
» Ottomans:Ottomans: Did not have the
Political Will or Cooperation of
Europe to become a European
power
» JapanJapan industrialized quickly
& became an imperialist
nation

11. MOSTLY at the discretionMOSTLY at the discretion
of the Rulers… Did NOT WANT TOof the Rulers… Did NOT WANT TO
GIVE UP POWER!GIVE UP POWER!
˃ RussianRussian CzarCzar granted, then rescinded,
permission for an elected legislature after the
Revolution of 1905.
 Ottoman Sultan / Hamid IIOttoman Sultan / Hamid II granted, then
rescinded the Constitution, then granted again
under pressure from the Young Turks (liberal
minded elites).

13. A.A. WEAK MILITARY &WEAK MILITARY &
BUREAUCRACYBUREAUCRACY
˃ European Armies better
equipped now
˃ Janissary Corps politically
corrupt, undisciplined
˃ Provincial Governors gained
power & pulled away
+ Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali

14. Under Suleiman,
The Magnificent

16. » No trade in Atlantic Ocean
» Exported raw materials,
imported manufactured
goods from Europe 
Balance of Trade deficit.
» Foreign Loans with high
interest rates
˃ Modernize railroads,
utilities, mining

17. » ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality::Europeans (French,
especially) exempted from Ottoman law while in
Ottoman Empire, residing or doing business.
» Tax exempt banks
» Levied duties on goods sold in Ottoman ports
» Seen as humiliating intrusions on Ottoman sovereignty.Seen as humiliating intrusions on Ottoman sovereignty.

18. The Auspicious EventThe Auspicious Event
• 1826 - Janissaries rebelled against the new
European-style army being formed by the
Sultan.
• Upon their retreat to their barracks, the sultan’s cavalry
fired 15 volleys into the barracks, killing over 4,000
Janissaries.
• Survivors were executed or banished, and two years
later Mahmud II confiscated the last Janissary
possessions & beheaded the remaining Janissaries.

19. » Military Academies
˃ No more Devshirme, Janissaries
» Schools
» Roads
» Telegraphs
» Railroad:
˃ Orient Express
Sultan Mahmud II - Reformer

20. »SECULARIZATION
˃ European-style ministries & Constitution
˃ Broad Legal Reforms - Modeled after Napoleon’s
Codes
+ public trials,
+ privacy,
+ equality before the law for all Ottomans
whether Muslim or not…
˃ State Reform of Education
+ Free compulsory primary education – boys

21. Against
Russian
Aggression &
Egyptian
Growth
British feared an Ottoman loss against Russia  Russian aggression
In Europe next… Britain, France & Turkey fought Russia in Crimean War.

22. » Secret society: progressive
dissenting university students and
military cadets
» Formed cells, in which only
one member might be connected to
another cell.

23. » Ottoman Empire had tried to change, but was left
weak, divided, & vulnerable… and at the mercy of
its alliances against imperialist Russia…
» Ottoman Empire entered World War I in the
Ottoman-German Alliance in 1914, and was
DEFEATED. After the war, the victorious Allied
Powers sought to dismember the Ottoman state.

24. » Mustafa KemalMustafa Kemal
» ““AtaturkAtaturk” - Father of the Turks
» Leader of the Young Turks
» Founder, 1st
President: Republic
of Turkey
˃ Democratic, Secular, Unitary,
Constitutional Republic

25. » EqualityEquality before the law,before the law,
» Freedom of/from religionFreedom of/from religion,,
» SecularizationSecularization of the stateof the state
» Free public educationFree public education,,
» Emancipation of womenEmancipation of women..
» RestoredRestored Constitution &Constitution &
ParliamentParliament
˃ UnitaryUnitary,, not Federalnot Federal
Gov= Centralized power.Gov= Centralized power.
» NationalisticNationalistic: “Turk,” rather than
“Ottoman”
» Anti-imperialistic
» Wanted to be considered part of
WesternWestern Civilization
» Parliament composed of
selected intellectuals
working on behalf of the people
without cooperating in any capacity
with the 'ignorant' masses

26. SecularizationSecularization
» European-style legal system, laws.
» Arabic script  Turkish writing
using European Roman script.
» Eliminated mandatory Arabic call to prayer, the
caliphate, and all the mystical Sufi orders of Islam.
Efforts to emulate this secularization have been
unsuccessful in other Islamic states.

27. Expansion
Emancipation
Industrialization
Discontent… & Revolution…

28. » Like the Ottoman Empire, Russia was
˃ Autocratic,Autocratic,
˃ Multi-ethnicMulti-ethnic
˃ Multi-lingualMulti-lingual
˃ Multi-culturalMulti-cultural

29. » Support Russian Orthodox
Church, Church legitimized rule
» Support Feudal Nobility –
˃ Owned most of land, paid no tax
˃ Serfs bound to the land
˃ Social Stability
» Autocratic rule

30. » Russian expansion…
Mediterranean area:Mediterranean area:
Europeans (Brit, Fr, Sardinia)
allied with Ottomans to stop
Russia.
» Russia learned itRussia learned it
needed toneeded to
modernize!modernize!
1853-1856

31. » Emancipation of the Serfs
˃ Rural instability & peasant revolt
˃ Needed in industrial centers
˃ But – Terms of emancipation NOT FAIRNOT FAIR!
+ Few political rights
+ Pay redemption tax for little land rec’d
-> in debt for rest of their lives!
+ Felt they were forced to pay for land that shouldFelt they were forced to pay for land that should
have been given to them!have been given to them!
˃ More alienation & radicalization ofMore alienation & radicalization of
peasants as they realized this and aspeasants as they realized this and as
they moved to cities!they moved to cities!

32. Expansionism:
»Russo-Japanese War – 1904-
1905
˃ Attempt to annex Korea,
Manchuria.
˃ Japanese surprise attack on
Port Arthur in Feb. 1904
˃ Russia LOST: JapaneseRussia LOST: Japanese
destroyed Russian Navy in adestroyed Russian Navy in a
sneak attacksneak attack. That was a
surprise.

33. » Emancipation of the serfs w/oEmancipation of the serfs w/o
Land redistribution!Land redistribution!
» State-sponsored industrialization!State-sponsored industrialization!
» Zemstvo (assemblies) mostly nobles!Zemstvo (assemblies) mostly nobles!
» Czars refused to curtail theirCzars refused to curtail their
own absolute power!own absolute power!
Political opposition becamePolitical opposition became
radicalizedradicalized  crisiscrisis

34. Witte SystemWitte System to
Stimulate economic
development
1.1.Remodel StateRemodel State
BankBank 
support and protectsupport and protect
infant industriesinfant industries
Wow, another novel idea.
Weren’t the Ottomans doing
this as well?

35. 2.2. Loans from EuropeLoans from Europe to pay for modernization ofto pay for modernization of
industryindustry
3. Massive railway construction to unite RussianMassive railway construction to unite Russian
people and products:people and products: Trans-Siberian RailwayTrans-Siberian Railway

36. » Low standard of living
» Factory work, city
living
» Underground
movements,
revolutionary
propaganda
Here it comes!

37. » University students –University students – intelligentsiaintelligentsia
˃ Wanted social change & social justice
˃ Inspiration from West
˃ But, despised individualism, materialism, unbridled capitalism…so
worked toward a socialist system
» AnarchistsAnarchists – did not want present system nor to work
toward any other system…

38. » Czarist forces, frightened by
the radicalism, censoredcensored
publications & sent secretsecret
policepolice to infiltrate & spy on
the citizenry.

39. » Czar created a DumaDuma: Russia’s
parliamentary institution. Czar
considered this a major concession,
but the people want more.
» Urban workers at village level
created “soviets”“soviets” (urban
worker’s councils) to organize
strikes & demonstrations …
» Ethnic tensionsEthnic tensions continued…
Petrograd Soviet meets

40. » Campaign to unite theCampaign to unite the
Russian PeopleRussian People:
˃ Unite theUnite the languages & traditionslanguages & traditions –
speak Russian, not local languages
˃ Restrict educationRestrict education to those loyal to the
Czarist state
˃ Suspicion of JewsSuspicion of Jews grew (not really
Russian, you see)
+ Jewish neighbors’ business success
+ Jews emigrated to avoid this violence ->
Europe & US
+ FREQUENT POGROMSPOGROMS

41. » Nicholas IINicholas II (1894 – 1917)
» succeeded to the throne
when Alexander II died in
a car bombing…
» Weak rulerWeak ruler
» Oppression & controlOppression & control
Last Czar, Nicholas, and the Royal Family

43. Foreign Domination!!
Rebellion…
Revolution!

44. » CohongCohong SystemSystem restricted foreign access
to ONE port city
» BEIC cultivated Opium in India to create demand

45. » Manchu outlawed Opium Trade
» Confiscated & destroyed 20,000
chests of opium
» British retaliated and destroyed part
of Grand Canal
BRITISH DECLARED WAR

46. » Forced trade concessions from
Qing
» Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing – 1842
˃ BritainBritain could trade opium incould trade opium in
ChinaChina
˃ Most favored Nation StatusMost favored Nation Status
˃ Hong KongHong Kong
˃ Open Trade PortsOpen Trade Ports
˃ ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality

47. » Other WesternOther Western
countries wantedcountries wanted
in!in!
» And Japan!And Japan!
» By 1900, China was
forced to open 9090
ports to foreigners

48. » Internal turmoil in ChinaInternal turmoil in China
˃ Population grew by 50%
˃ Land & Food more slowly
˃ Lots of povertyof poverty
» Official CorruptionOfficial Corruption
» Drug AddictionDrug Addiction
» 4 Major Rebellions4 Major Rebellions

49. » Called for end of Qingend of Qing Dynasty; resented OUTSIDER
(Manchu) rule
» Radical social change:Radical social change:
˃ No private propertyNo private property
˃ No footbindingNo footbinding
˃ No concubinageNo concubinage
» Defeated by Qing & ForeignQing & Foreign troops

50. 1860-1895
» Tried to blend Chinese culture &
European industrial technology
˃ Built shipyards, railroads,shipyards, railroads,
weapon industries, steelweapon industries, steel
foundries, academiesfoundries, academies
» Not enough industry for real
change!

51. » Foreign powers also seized Chinese tribute states: :
Vietnam, Burma, Korea, Taiwan
US
Open Door
Policy 

52. » ““Society of the Righteous andSociety of the Righteous and
Harmonious Fists”Harmonious Fists”
» Secret local militia attacked
foreigners, Chinese Christians
» Crushed by European &Crushed by European &
Japanese troopsJapanese troops
» Qing collapsed: 1912

53. Who will control China
When the Son of Heaven is no more?

54. » LOST TERRITORY
˃ War
˃ Local rulers like Egyptian Pasha
Muhammad Ali
˃ Nationalist revolts on borders
» Janissaries Corrupt 
disbanded & executed
» Urban riots protested
foreign imports
» “Sick Man of Europe”
Isolated, poor, inept.
» TANZIMAT = DEFENSIVETANZIMAT = DEFENSIVE
MODERNIZATIONMODERNIZATION
˃ Factories – paper, cloth, armsFactories – paper, cloth, arms
˃ Modern miningModern mining
˃ Telegraphs, RR, Steam Ships,Telegraphs, RR, Steam Ships,
Post office, Napoleonic CodePost office, Napoleonic Code
˃ Secular educationSecular education
˃ EQUAL RIGHTS FOR NON-EQUAL RIGHTS FOR NON-
MUSLIMS, 1839MUSLIMS, 1839
» Young OttomansYoung Ottomans
» Young Turks -Young Turks -
secularizesecularize

55. » Serfs Emancipated- early
1800’s - Dissatisfied
» Zemstovs- 1864
˃ District Assemblies
˃ Jury Trials, other western reforms
» Russification
˃ Violent, repressive- Jews,
Armenians, others
» Duma
˃ Parliament but dissolved at will
» SovietsSoviets--
˃ Workers organizations for strikes,
etc.
» Bolshevik Revolution!Bolshevik Revolution!
» Crimean WarCrimean War – 1853-6
˃ Ottoman Empire territory
˃ Constantinople for Christians-
Holy War
˃ Huge loss of life
» Russo Japanese WarRusso Japanese War
˃ Failed to annex Korea 1904
˃ Huge loss of Life
» WWIWWI
˃ Huge loss of life
» Industrialization not
successful
» Peasants dissatisfied

56. » Opium AddictionOpium Addiction
» Opium WarsOpium Wars 1832-42
» Unequal TreatiesUnequal Treaties 1839-
42
& Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy
» Self-StrengtheningSelf-Strengthening
MovementMovement 1861-95
˃ Shipyds, Arms, factories for steel,
textiles, coal mines, telegraph,
Better Civil Service Exam… but
˃ NO SOCIAL REFORM.
˃ Land Lord class rich & abusive.
» Taiping RebellionTaiping Rebellion 1850-64
Religious fanatic
VS. Manchu outsiders, Westerners
» Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion
˃Anti-foreigner, Manchu.
˃Westerners including Japanese
helped put down rebellion
» REPUBLIC - 1911REPUBLIC - 1911
˃End of Qing & EMPIRE
˃Sun Yat Sen – Western educated
intellectual as new President

57. » Admiral Perry’s BlackAdmiral Perry’s Black
ShipsShips
» Unequal TreatiesUnequal Treaties
» Meiji Restoration:Meiji Restoration:
EMPEROR!EMPEROR!
˃ United Japan as NATION STATE
˃ Destroyed Daimyo provinces
˃ Taxes, draft now from all classes
» Western FascinationWestern Fascination
˃ Adopted dress, tech, sci,
Constitutional style, ed, etc.
» Industrialized FAST!Industrialized FAST!
˃ Without Western LOANS!Without Western LOANS!
» Became Imperial PowerBecame Imperial Power
˃ Won wars against Russia &
China, Annexed Korea & Taiwan
& part of Manchuria.

59. •The Big
Four
•Mitsubishi ( 三
菱財閥 )
•Mitsui ( 三井財
閥 )
•Sumitomo ( 住友
財閥 )
•Yasuda ( 安田財
閥 )
•Second-
tier zaibatsu
•Asano ( 浅野財
閥 )
•Fujita ( 藤田財閥 )
•Furukawa ( 古河
財閥 )
•Mori ( 森コンツェ
ルン )
•Kawasaki ( 川崎
財閥 )
•Nakajima ( 中島飛
行機 )
•Nitchitsu ( 日窒コ
ンツェルン )
•Nissan ( 日産コン
ツェルン )
•Nisso ( 日曹コン
ツェルン )
•Nomura ( 野村財
閥 )
•Okura ( 大倉財閥 )
•Riken ( 理研コン
ツェルン )
•Shibusawa ( 渋沢
財閥 )
•Bankrupt zaibats
u
•Suzuki shoten
( 鈴木商店 )