Blood components

1. Chapter Overview Transport in Mammals 8.2 The Blood & Blood vessels 8.1 The Circulatory System - Introduction & Anatomy 8.3 The Hear t & Cardiac Cycle 8.4 Heart Diseases 8.1.1 The need for transport 8.1.2 Double Circulation 8.3.1. Structure and Function of heart 8.3.2 Heart valves, Systole and Diastole 8.2.1 Components of the Tissue Fluid a) Blood Plasma b) Red Blood Cells c) White Blood Cells d) Platelets 8.2.2 Exchange of Substances and The Lymphatic System 8.2.3 Haemoglobin 8.2.4 Rejection and ABO Blood Group 8.2.5 Structure-function of blood vessels 8.4.1 Myocardial infarction 8.4.2 Causes of Heart Diseases

2. Objectives (a) Explain the need for transport system in mammals (b) State the differences between single and double circulation, and the advantages (c) Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney. (d) State the functions of blood (e) List the different ABO blood groups and all possible combinations for the donor and recipient in blood transfusions.

3. Imagine you are an amoeba…(unicellular organism) Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide Food Waste materials Diffusion is enough Cell is able to exchange substances DIRECTLY with the environment.

4. Multi-cellular organism Do you know how many cells do we have in our body? Is diffusion enough? How to transport materials into and out of Mr Bean efficiently? 4

5. Who will need a transport system? Unicellular organism (e.g amoeba) Multi-cellular organism (e.g humans) Organism does not need transport system. Cell is able to exchange substances directly with the environment. Cells are too far from external environment. Organism needs transport system to ensure efficient exchange of substances. Adapted from http://farm1.static.flickr.com/107/291667041_e1e590124a.jpg?v=0 Adapted from http://www.akalaty.com/akalaty/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/extra-big-fat-cartoon.jpg

6. The Need for Transport What makes simple diffusion a reliable mechanism in unicellular organisms? Here are two important factors: LARGE Surface Area to Volume Ratio Maintaining a Steep Diffusion gradient

7. The Need for Transport Multicellular organisms thus cannot depend on simple diffusion because they have: SMALLSurface Area to Volume Ratio DIFFICULTY in maintaining a STEEP Diffusion gradient How could they solve these problems?

10. Transport system in mammals are subdivided into: Blood system carrying blood Lymphatic system carrying lymph

12. 3 Parts of the circulatory system Heart The muscular pump, that moves the fluid Causes your pulse Blood vessels The system of channels and tubes that are connected to all parts of the body Blood The fluid that has the capacity to carry the metabolites 13

14. Double circulationPulmonary circulation  Systemic circulation

16. Organisation of Blood Vessels

17. Objectives (a) State the functions of blood • red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport • plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins white blood cells – phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection

18. Red Blood Cell White Blood Cell Platelets

19. ‹

20. Blood- A tissue fluid Composition of blood Blood cells (corpuscles) 44% Plasma (Fluid) 55% Platelets 1% Red blood cells White blood cells 22

21. Composition of blood

22. Components of Blood Only red blood cells and plasma transport materials! Plasma – 55% total volume of blood  mostly liquid water (~90%)  soluble blood proteins (7%)  hormones  electrolytes  nutrients Cellular Component – 45% total volume of blood  White blood cells  Platelets  Red blood cells (2%)

23. Functions of Blood Transport Oxygen Carbon Dioxide (bicarbonate ions)  lungs Food Hormones Nitrogenous waste product kidneys Protection Production of antibodies Phagocytosis of foreign bodies Clotting of blood (prevent loss of blood) Distribute body heat especially from muscles and liver, to maintain uniform body temperature

24. TB Pg 140 Function Structure Transports substances such as: 1)Plasma proteins (fibrinogen,prothrombin and antibodies). 2) Dissolved mineral salts occurring as ions (Na+, +K,Ca2+, Cl-, hydrogencarbonates). 3) Food substances (glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins) 4) Excretory products (urea, uric acid,creatinine and CO2 as hydrogencarbonate ions) 5) Hormones(insulin, glucagon) 6) Blood cells (red and white blood cells) pale yellow liquid made up of 90% water and a mixture of dissolved substance Plasma

25. Plasma TB Pg 140 The amount of soluble proteins, mineral salts and glucose in the blood plasma are kept relatively constant  by the HOMEOSTASIS mechanism (Chapter 12)

26. TB PG 141 Components of Blood Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Biconcave, circular, flattened discs  Increase surface area to volume ratio  Thinner central area facilitates rapid diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell. No nucleus, DNA or mitochondria  Allows the RBC to carry more Haemoglobin, thus facilitating the binding and transport of more oxygen molecules.

27. Components of Blood TB PG 141 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Small, Flexible and Elastic  To squeeze through narrow blood capillaries more easily Contains haemoglobin (Hb)  Allows the reversible binding of oxygen for oxygen transport.

28. White blood cell

29. Defenders of the body:WHITE BLOOD CELL What are the similarities between a COUNTER-TERRORIST unit and a WBC? 31

31. larger than red blood cells

32. ratio of red blood cells: white blood cells = about 700:1

33. irregular in shape

34. has nucleus

36. Test Yourself! (page 143) (a) Red blood cells contain a red pigment and have a circular, biconcave shape. White blood cells are round in shape. Platelets are small fragments with irregular shapes. The diameter of the red blood cells is decreased so that they can pass easily through the lumen of capillaries; the red blood cells increase their surface area to speed of absorption or release of oxygen; the bell shape slows down the rate of blood flow, giving more time for gaseous exchange. (c) The cells of the body constantly require oxygen to provide energy by tissue respiration, whereas the white blood cells are required only at certain times.

37. Platelets (Thrombocytes) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Not true cells; cytoplasmic fragments Play Critical role in the clotting of blood (to be discussed later)

38. Functions of Blood Carried by plasma Transport Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Digested Food from blood capillaries in small intestine Hormones Waste Protection Production of antibodies Phagocytosis of foreign bodies Clotting of blood (prevent loss of blood) Distribute body heat especially from muscles and liver, to maintain uniform body temperature

39. How the Red blood cells transport O2

41. Gives blood its red colour

42. Able to bind to oxygen molecules

43. In the unbound state, haemoglobin is a deep purplish red.

44. When oxygen is bonded, haemoglobin turns into a bright red oxyhaemoglobin.O2 Fe Fe Fe O2 O2 O2

46. Reversible process. How is it reversible?Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe

47. Functions of Blood – The Role of Haemoglobin Transport Oxygen Hb(O2)4 (oxyhaemoglobin) Hb + 4O2(haemoglobin) high oxygen concentration (lungs) Bright red low oxygen concentration ( in body tissues) Purplish red

48. Functions of Blood Red Blood Cell Body Tissues Fe O2 Fe O2 Fe O2 Fe O2 As blood passes through oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen. Oxygen then diffuses in solution into tissue cells.

49. 42 The oxygen shuttle

50. Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Transport function Alveoli in lungs Deoxygenated blood is brought back to the lungs through pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood is brought out of the lungs through pulmonary veins. Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

51. Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 Transport function Alveoli in lungs Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen). Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

52. Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 Transport function Alveoli in lungs Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen). Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

53. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning = Carboxyhaemoglobin formation Carbon Monoxide 46

55. Unlike oxyhaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobindoes not readily give up its carbon monoxide, so the haemoglobin becomes useless.

56. This is why people can be poisonedby the fumes of gas or car exhausts in a confinedspace.47

58. Transport functionHow is a molecule of oxygen being transported from lungs to the liver cell? 1 2 Haemoglobin in RBC binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. Blood transports oxyhaemoglobin to all tissues in the body. 3 As RBC moves through the capillaries in the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration) into RBC (lower concentration). Rearrange! 4 Oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen to tissues containing very little oxygen by diffusion.

59. Thinking time… How do humans adapt to living at high altitude? What makes their cheeks so red?

61. body produces more red blood cells (acclimatisation) rosy cheeks.Increasing the proportion of RBC increases haemoglobin content more oxygen can be transported to tissue cells per unit time. For the same reason, long distance runners often train at high altitudes before a big race hence when they run at lower altitudes, body can carry oxygen more efficiently, run longer.

62. Functions of Blood Transport Carbon dioxide HCO3- CO2 Converted to HCO3- ions and carried in blood plasma CO2 diffuse into blood plasma As blood passes through lungs… HCO3- ions converted back to CO2 Conc. of CO2 higher in plasma than lungs Diffusion from plasma to lungs CO2

64. Amino Acids

66. Glucagon

68. Uric Acid

70. By platelets By phagocytes By lymphocytes Protective function Phagocytosis Antibody production Blood Clotting/Coagulation

71. Protective function Blood Clotting When blood vessels are damaged, 1) Platelets adhere to the cut edges. Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets. Formation of platelet plug prevents external bleeding. 2) Damaged tissues and blood platelets release thrombokinase (enzyme). 3) Thrombokinase neutralises action of heparin (anti-clotting substance in blood). 4) In the presence of calcium ions, thrombokinase catalyses conversion of inactive prothrombin to active thrombin (enzyme). 5) Thrombin catalyses conversion of solublefibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads. 6) Insoluble fibrin threads entangle blood cells. A clot and scab is formed. A yellow-ish liquid serum is left behind

75. Phagocyte engulfs foreign particle.

76. Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis and ingest foreign particles like bacteria that gain entry into bloodAdapted from http://www.cutiegadget.com/pict/pacman-plush.jpg

78. This stimulate Lymphocyte releases antibodies.

79. Antibodies can - rupture bacteria - agglutinate bacteria such that they will be easily digested by phagocytes - neutralise harmful products (e.g toxins) produced by bacteria/foreign particle. - prevent viruses from attaching to host cells by attaching to them

81. Mostly produced by lymphocytes.

82. Capable of recognizing foreign objects…

83. Then binds to them…

85. Graph (2nd exposure to foreign bodies): - More antibodies - Response is faster 2nd exposure to the same foreign bodies Amount of antibodies in blood 1st exposure to foreign bodies Graph (1st exposure to foreign bodies): Lymphocytes respond to foreign bodies by producing antibodies.

86. Protective function Phagocytosis Antibody production Blood Clotting What will happen when tissue or organ transplant occur?

87. Organ transplant or tissue rejection In 2002, Ms De Cruz became the first person in Singapore to receive an organ transplant from an unrelated living donor. "Taking medication every day has become ordinary...The only thing I'm fearful about is becoming immune to the anti-rejection drugs I'm on and the possibility of renal failure."

89. No nucleus

90. Contain haemoglobin

93. Presence of nucleus

94. Colourless. No haemoglobin

95. Elastic. Defense body against diseases White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) Protective function Membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm (not true cells) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Blood clotting

96. Test Yourself! (page 151) (a) To produce antibodies against disease-causing microorganisms. (b) To ingest and destroy foreign particles like bacteria. (c) To carry oxygen to all parts of the body. (d) To bring about blood clotting when tissue is damaged. 2 Any organ from another person may be treated as a foreign body by the recipient’s immune system. The recipient’s lymphocytes may respond by producing antibodies to destroy the transplanted organ. 3 By matching the tissue of the donor and recipient as closely as possible, e.g. using tissue donated from a relative, or by using immuno-suppressive drugs. 4 Blood may be infected with disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria. The patient’s body produces more white blood cells to combat the bacteria e.g. more phagocytes to ingest bacteria and more lymphocytes to produce antibodies.