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1. Understanding
Growth Pole Model

2. Growth Pole Model[GPM]
• Developed by F Perroux in 1955
• “Growth does not appear everywhere and all at once;
It appears in Points or Poles with varying intensity; it
spreads along diverse channel and with varying
terminal affects to the whole of the economy”

3. Growth pole model[GPM]
• The central idea of the GPM is that economic
development is not uniform at every place but take
place around a specific Poles.
• These Poles named as Propulsive Poles; Characterized by
Core Industries which includes a wide variety of sectors
such as IT, Automotives, aeronautical, Steel, Petro-
chemical, Electronics, Agri-business
• The Firms of Propulsive Poles have following characters;
– Relatively Large Unit
– Have high ability to innovate
– Belongs to relatively Fast Growing Sectors
– Have Intense Interrelationship with other sectors of economy
• While all other regions which lack the strong character
is known as Propelled

4. Growth pole model[GPM]
• Perroux also used the term Dominant Region: Poles of
development are concentrated and
• Dominated Regions: sides Poles are concentrated – Here
economic activities is governed by demand from Dominant
Region
• The GPM also envisaged the possibility of emergence of
Secondary Growth Poles;
Mainly if a Secondary Industrial Sector emerges with its own linked
industries. This may contribute to the regional economic
diversification
• Perroux argued that Growth Poles are the dominant force of
economic development from where both Centripetal and
Centrifugal forces emanates.
• Such poles generates Growth both within and in the
surrounding areas. Thus benefiting the area and its
surrounding regions

5. Growth pole model[GPM]
• GPM is Anti-thesis to all
other Models of
Regional Planning
– Myrdal’s Model of
Circular and Cumulative
Causation;
– Hirschmann’s Model of
Polarization and Trickle
down effects;
– Friedmann’s Model of
Centro- Periphery etc
highlight both Backwash
and Spreading effects
• While GPM focuses on
Spreading effects rather
than backwash effect

6. Merits of Growth pole Model
• It place emphasis on various policy oriented
Concepts: Propulsive Firms, Leading Industries,
Agglomeration which are used by many
countries for regional planning
• GPM promises of having Spreading Effects
rather than Backwash effect
• It uncovers inequalities in the economy of a
country and focuses our attention to the
dominant and dominated regions
• GPM presents a basis for careful
decentralization of economy by supporting the
creation of new Development Poles

7. Limitations of Growth pole Model
• The GPM has its root in western Economic
Thought: accelerating development through
industrialization only. Not suitable for Agrarian
Based countries
• Spreading Effects and Backwash effects are the
function of the level of development of a
region; the backward regions bound to have
Backwash Effects
• Backwash effects likely to dominate the
spreading effects for a number of years, even
in the developed countries.
• Switzerland and Denmark has NO Poles of
Development but development and prosperity
spread all over the region

8. Growth Pole Model and Regional Planning
• J Boundeville has brought the GPM in regional Planning
through his theory: Growth Centres and Growth Axis.
• Boundeville defined a Regional Growth Pole as a “Set of
expanding industries located in a urban area and
inducing further development of economic activities
throughout its Zone of influence”
• His Concept of Growth Axis(Principal Cities System) was
utilized in practice in the spatial planning of France
• GPM has occupied an importance place in the regional
Planning theory and most of the developing and
underdeveloped country regard it as the most promising
hope for regenerating the economy of the backward
regions.
• As Concentration of investments and public expenditure
in a few selected points will enable more effective use of
limited resources and there would be better chance of
generating more development.

9. Growth foci model(GFM)
• Proposed by R P Mishra
• Recognized the importance of Growth Pole
Model in Regional Planning
• Since it is not applicable to developing and
under developed countries, GFM is basically
modification of GPM for these countries
• The Growth Foci Model is based on
following Theories;
– Central Place Theory – Christaller
– Growth Pole Model
– Spatial Diffusion Theory – T Hagarstrand (1902)

10. Growth foci model(GFM)
• Over Emphasis on Industrial Development
• Growth pole should not concerned with only
Industrial Development but also function as
a) Service centres – to meet day-to-day need
b) Must act as a innovative and growth promoting
centres in terms of;
• Must have processing and manufacturing activities of both
basic and non basic items
• Provide employment to the drop out of agricultural system
• In under developed countries, growth Foci have
to function as social interaction Points. They
have to act as;
– Centre of diffusion of information
– Provision of extension services
– Educational services
– Meeting Points

11. Hierarchy of Growth foci model(GFM)
• Initially R P Mishra envisaged Four Tier of
Hierarchy of Growth Foci
1. Service centre – at Local Level
2. Growth Points – at Sub Regional Level
3. Growth Centres – at Regional Level
4. Growth Poles – at National Level

12. Hierarchy of Growth foci model(GFM)
• Later on it was developed as Five Tier of
Hierarchy of Growth Foci
1. Village – at Local Level [Central Village]
2. Service centre – Meso Level [Tehsil/Block]
3. Growth Points – at Sub Regional Level [Town]
4. Growth Centres – at Regional Level [District
Headquarter]
5. Growth Poles – at National Level[state H.Q]

13. Growth foci Hierarchy – Nature and
function
Hierarchy
of Growth Foci
Population and
Coverage
Nature Facilities Expected
1. Central
Village
Population 6000
covering 6
villages
Revenue village or
village
panchayat
Offering
• Marketing,
• Recreational and
social services;
• Primary school,
• Sub post office,
• Health sub centre,
• Primary co-operative

14. Growth foci Hierarchy – Nature and function
Hierarchy
of Growth Foci
Population and
Coverage
Nature Facilities Expected
2. Service
Centre
Population 30,000
covering 5 central
villages + 5,000
population in the
service centre
itself;
Town Panchayat
Head quarters of
the extension
officers, minor
govt.
functionaries; focal
points for
social intercourse
Will have
• Grocery store
• General
merchant shops,
• Minor repair facilities,
• Tailor,
• Larger shops,
• Restaurants,
• Primary and middle
school,
• Sub-post office,
• Co-operative bank,
• Rice mill, flour
mill,
• Cinema theatre

15. Growth foci Hierarchy – Nature and function
Hierarchy
of Growth
Foci
Population and
Coverage
Nature Facilities Expected
3. Growth
Points
Coverage 1.5 lakh
population i.e.
serving 5 service
centers plus 10,000
to 25,000
population
of the growth point
itself
municipal town or
taluk head quarters.
Sub-regional innovative
and
propulsive urban
centers;
contribute to the social,
economic and
emotional
integration of the
respective sub
region; linked with
sister growth
points by state
highways and
with the service centers
by
district/local road net
works
Will contain all the
facilities located in
the service centers. Over
and above it
will have
• Agro industries,
• Dairy Processing units,
• Junior college,
• Primary level
specialized medical
facilities etc.

16. Growth foci Hierarchy – Nature and function
Hierarchy
of Growth
Foci
Population and
Coverage
Nature Facilities Expected
4. Growth
Centres
Coverage – 10
to 12
lakhs of
population;
plus 50, 000 to
5,00,000
population
of the growth
centre
it self.
There will be
500 growth
centers
in the country
as a whole.
District
headquarters;
acts as
counter
magnets to
large urban
centers like
Bombay,
Madras,
Calcutta, Delhi
etc.
• Predominance of secondary
activities;
• Will have collecting, storage and
processing facilities for agricultural
products;
• Will produce agricultural
inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides,
and machines;
• Will have radio/television
station, banking facilities, degree
college, university, technical
institutions;
• Operation of external
economies;
• Will function as industrial
hubs of the area they serve.

17. Growth foci Hierarchy – Nature and function
Hierarchy
of Growth
Foci
Population and
Coverage
Nature Facilities Expected
5. Growth
Poles
Population of a
growth pole
ranges
from 5 lakhs to
25
lakhs – It will
serve a
population of
20 –
30 million
Designed to
serve as the
‘Heart’
of one macro
region of the
country; state
headquarters
• Will send out financial
technological, research and industrial
impulses to all centers and points
within the area of their command;
• Will perform highly
specialized secondary and tertiary
activities.

18. Village Cluster Model
• It is one of the emerging concept or approach in Regional
Planning
• Based on Concept called “Viable Unit Areas of Development in
Rural Space”.
• Useful Grassroots level Unit for setting up and organizing Rural
Development Programmes.
• Small and Marginal farmers facing problems of Uncertainty to
their immediate requirements;
– Planning materials – Seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, machine and tools
– Production and Productivities
– Marketing
• Employment and Livelihood issue are also critical for rural
development
• VCA supposed to address these Problems

19. Village Cluster Model
• A Cluster is a contiguous group of 12-15 Villages Panchayats
comprising of 5-6 thousand Families
• VCA aims at Sustainable Livelihood and Gainful Employment
to the Rural Masses through;
– Judicious use of regional or local resources
– Resource development and Conservation
– Expansion of suitable technologies
– Skill enhancement of rural masses – particularly the poorest of the
poor
– Expansion of livelihood opportunities
• Farmers in the cluster villages are Encouraged to take part in
the programmes of holistic development – Community
Participation and Partnership
• The underlying Principle of Mutual Trust is basic element of
such partnership

20. The Objectives of Village Cluster Model
1. Identifying and solving the common felt needs
2. Formulation and execution of Common Action Plan through
participatory Approach by formulation of Local People’s
Organization (LOs)
3. Adoption of Innovative approaches like Contract Farming,
Farm-field School (FFS) and other Participatory Mode
4. Income Generation and Income enhancement
5. Improving the Quality of Life
6. Improving the Quality of Environment

21. Expected Outcome and Output of Village Cluster Model
A. Livelihood
 Access to Micro Finance, Banking, and Critical Inputs
 Access to technology, information and Market
 Access to Agro-services centres
 Increase in Productivity Natural Resources
 Post Production facilities and development of Value Chain
 Employment Opportunities through micro enterprises
 Viability of Off farm production and services activities for Landless and poor
households
B. Community Health
 Safe drinking water
 Drainage and sanitation facilities
 Primary Health Centres
 Development of Healthy Habits amongst Stakeholders

22. Expected Outcome and Output of Village Cluster Model
C. Women Empowerment
 Hardship Reduction
 Functional Literacy
 Enhancement of Social Values
 Participation in Pos
 Social Justice and Gender Equality
 Good Governance – Vibrant POs
D. Judicious Use of Resource – Conservation and Management
 Optimum Utilization of Natural Resources
 Sustainable use of local resources – land, water and forest
 Improving the quality of environment
 Awareness programme for stakeholders

23. Application of Village Cluster Model
VCA through Resource conservation have many scope and Application such as;
• Community seed development and Management
• Integrated Pest Management
• Farm Mechanization
• Enhancement of efficiency of Common Resources: Land, Water etc
• Watershed Development
• Organic Farming
• Contract Farming
• Precision Farming
• Reduction in Cost of Cultivation
• Enhancement of Farm Income through higher Production efficiency
• Risk and Uncertainty Avoidance through Farm-Field School
• Agro-services and entrepreneurship
• Effective integration with other institutions for mutual benefits
• Capacity Building and Skill development

24. Success Stories of Village Cluster Model
Various successful case studies involving VCA through
Resource conservation are Available such as;
• Project Siruthali (Revitalizing Water Bodies) –
Coimbatore
• Precision Farming Project in Tamilnadu
• Crop Revolution in Punjab
• Periyar PURA [Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural
Areas]
• Summer Mungbean Farming in Fatehpur - UP
• BAIF Programme for Sustainable development
[Bhartiya Agro Industry Foundation]

25. THANKS