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- 1. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE K. Jayaprakash Assistant professor Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College, Tiruvannamalai.
- 2. HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE In 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture.
- 3. • 1922 Robbins et al successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively. • 1926 Went discovered first plant growth hormone –Indole acetic acid. • 1934 White introduced vitamin B as growth supplement in tissue culture media for tomota root tip. • 1941 Overbeek was first to add coconut milk for cell division in Datura
- 4. • 1957 Skoog and Miller gave concept of hormonal control (auxin: cytokinin) of organ formation • 1960 Cocking was first to isolate protoplast by enzymatic degradation of cell wall • 1962 Murashige and Skoog developed MS medium with higher salt concentration • 1962 Kanta and Maheshwari developed test tube fertilization technique
- 5. • 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen • 1974 Zaenen et al discovered Ti plasmid is tumour inducing principle of agrobacterium • 2005 Rice genome sequenced under International Rice Genome Sequencing Project
- 7. • The Root System Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb water and nutrients Food Storage • The Shoot System Photosynthesis Reproduction
- 8. THE IMPORTANT PARTS IN FLOWER
- 9. DIFFERNT TERMINOLOGY IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE • Aseptic :Free from microorganisms • Callus :Undifferentiated mass of cell • Explant :Any part of the plant used to culture • Totipotency: Total potential to develop the whole plant
- 10. LABORATORY ORGANIZATION • Washing facility • Laboratory and media preparation area • Culturing facility • Light units • Greenhouse
- 11. CULTURE MEDIUM ELEMENT FUNCTION Nitrogen Compound of protein & some co enzyme calcium Synthesis of cell wall magnesium Compound of chlorophyll potassium Osmotic potential phosphorus Energy transfer sulfur Compound of amino acid manganese enzyme cofactor iron It involved electron transfer chlorine Photosynthesis copper electron transfer and enzyme cofactor cobalt Compound of vitamin B12 molybdenum Enzyme cofactor zinc Biosynthesis
- 12. Plant Growth Regulator Effects (Body building Plants) PLANT GROWTH REGULATEORS
- 13. AUXINS Arpad Paál in 1926 Isolated from animal urine • Cell elongation • Cell wall relaxation • Increased RNA and protein synthesis • Direction of translocation • Enhanced ethylene production • Organ formation (with cytokinins)
- 14. CYTOKININS • In 1964, zeatin. Cytokinin was isolated from coconut milk. • Cell enlargement • Organ formation (with auxin) • Bud development • Mobilization of nutrients
- 15. GIBBERELLINS • In 1930's, ewiti kurosawa. Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which causes rice plants to grow abnormally tall. • Cell elongation • Cell division • Enzyme induction • Flowering
- 16. GIBBERELLINS AND FRUIT SIZE
- 17. ABSCISIC ACID • Flowering • Abscisic acid is produced chiefly in mature green leaves and in fruits. – suppresses bud growth and promotes leaf – also plays important role in controlling stomatal opening and closing
- 18. • Generally, the ratio of these two hormones can determine • plant development: • – ↑ Auxin ↓Cytokinin = Root development • – ↑ Cytokinin ↓Auxin = Shoot development • – Auxin = Cytokinin = Callus development
- 19. METHODS OF STERILIZATION • Sodium hypochlorite • Bromine water • Ethyl alcohol • Mercuric chloride • Hydrogen peroxide • Calcium hypochlorite • Silver nitrate
- 20. TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTERS Plant tissue culture Protoplast cultureCell culture Callus culture Organ cultureSeed culture
- 21. SEED CULTURE Growing seed aseptically in vitro on artificial media
- 22. ORGAN CULTURE • Any plant organ can serve as an explant to initiate cultures No . Organ Culture types 1. Shoot Shoot tip culture 2. Root Root culture 3. Leaf Leaf culture 4. Flower Anther/ovary culture
- 23. CALLUS Explants, when cultured on the appropriate medium, usually with both an auxin and a cytokinin, can give rise to an unorganized, growing, and dividing mass of cells
- 24. PROTOPLAST
- 26. APPLICATION • Commercial production of secondary metabolites • Production of synthetic seeds • Production of disease free plants
- 27. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP INVOLVING ORGANISMS Rhizosphere Bacteria Actinomycetes Fungi Seaweeds
- 28. • They may influence the plant in a direct or indirect manner. • A direct mechanism would be to increase plant growth by supplying the plant with nutrients and hormones • Indirect mechanisms on the other hand, include, reduced the diseases, and activating a form of defense referred to as induced systematic resistance (ISR) PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION
- 29. • Rhizosphere bacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth in the absence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.
- 31. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY USING BACTRIA • Pseudomonas spp, • Azospirillum spp, • Azotobacter spp, • Bacillus spp, • Mycobacterium spp and etc .,
- 32. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY USING FUNGI • Endophytic fungi also ability to producing the plant growth promoting hormones. • Piriformospora spp, • Penicillium spp,
- 33. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY USING MACRO-ALGAE • Green algae. • Brown algae. • Red algae.
- 35. • PGPB are able to control the number of pathogenic bacteria through microbial antagonism.
- 36. BIOFERTILIZER • The term biofertilizer refers to preparation containing live microbes which helps in enhancing the soil fertility either by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorus or decomposing organic wastes or by augmenting plant growth by producing growth hormones with their biological activities. • Biopesticides
- 37. IMPORTANCE
- 38. CONCLUSION
- 39. REFERENCES • Glick, B. R. “Modulation of Plant Ethylene Levels by the Bacterial Enzyme ACC Deaminase.” FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2006, DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.030 • Mantelin, S. and Touraine, B. “ Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Nitrate Availability: Impacts on Root Development and Nitrate Uptake.” Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003, DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh010 • Van Loon, L. C. “Plant Responses to Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria.” European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2007, DOI: 1007/s10658-007-9165-1
- 40. • Plant Biotechnology by K.G.RAMAWAT • Biotechnology by U.SATYANARAYANA • Introduction to Plant Biotechnology by Dr. RHITU RAI
- 41. THANK YOU