ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
Bzd 2012[1]
1. Originally Presented by Dr. Marissa Capette
Dr Jeku Jacob and CNC Lisa-Jayne Ferguson
Drug & Alcohol Service
St Vincent’s Hospital
Benzodiazepines
Effects,
Withdrawal &
Treatment Options
2. BZD’s - Introduction
The most widely used of all psychotropic drugs
Treatment of
Anxiety states
Muscle spasm/ tension
Seizures
Insomnia
Safer than barbiturates (less chance of OD)
However dependence can develop (3 weeks)
– tolerance and withdrawal
3. BZD’S ARE USED BY 2 MAIN GROUPS
Elderly & women (low dose)
Young, polysubstance users (high dose)
4. WHY PEOPLE USE BZD?
Enhance & prolong the 'high‘ of other drugs
Alleviate withdrawal effects
Users of stimulants take benzodiazepines as
'downers'
The mixture of alcohol and benzodiazepines
produces a hedonic effect
6. BZD INTOXICATION
Dose dependant
Sedation Stupor
Respiratory depression
Death can result if taken with
other drugs
7. Health & social hazards of BZD misuse
General
Complications
of IV use
Fatalities due to overdose (particularly in
combination with opioids)
Thrombophlebitis
Blackouts and memory loss Deep and superficial abscesses
Paranoia Deep vein thrombosis
Violence and criminal behaviour Pulmonary microembolism
Risk-taking sexual behaviour Rhabdomyolysis, tissue necrosis
Foetal and neonatal risks if taken in pregnancy
Gangrene, requiring amputation (usually
due to inadvertent intra-arterial
injection)
Dependence Hepatitis B and C
Withdrawal seizures HIV infection
8. Comparison Table
Trade names Time to peak Half life
Diazepam Valium, Ducene,
Antenex
30-90 mins 20-48 hrs
Temazepam Temaze, Normison 30-60 mins 5-15hrs
Oxazepam Serepax, Murelax 2-3 hrs 4-15 hrs
Alprazolam Xanax, Kalma 1 hr 6-25 hrs
Lorazepam Ativan 2 hrs 12-16 hrs
Clonazepam Ritrovivl, Paxam 2-3 hrs 22-54 hrs
11. Withdrawal Symptoms
Rebound anxiety (particularly with short acting)
Insomnia
Poor concentration and memory
Muscle aches, stiffness and spasms
Tremor, sweats
Racing thoughts, agitation
Confusion
Depression
Increased sensory perception → hallucinations
Delirium
Seizures
12. Signs of Withdrawal
Withdrawals featuring a delirium can mimic
amphetamine intoxication or psychotic episode 2nd
to underlying Mental Health issues
Pupils dilated and fine tremor may indicate
Benzodiazepine withdrawal
14. In-Pt Withdrawal Treatment
Convert short acting regular BZD dose to long acting
BZD (Diazepam)
Patient stabilised at a dose of 40% of their regular
intake (or 80 mg/day whichever is lower) in 3 - 4
divided doses
Day 5 onwards – Reduce by 10% every 2-4/7’s,
depending on pt’s response
15. Community Withdrawal Treatment
Reduce by 10 mg / week until 40 mg
Then by 5mg / week
This will take about 12 weeks
Supportive GP
Pick up from pharmacy
Pt can sign Dr Shopping form
16. Withdrawal Symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms do not decrease steadily
from a peak, but follow a fluctuating course with
good & bad periods
Eventually the good periods will last longer &
become more frequent
Abrupt or over-rapid withdrawal, especially from
high dosage, can give rise to severe symptoms
(convulsions, psychotic reactions, acute anxiety
states)
New South Wales Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal
Clinical Practice Guidelines (2007)
17. Treatment Options
Detox / Rehabilitation (Limited facilities)
Self Management & Recovery Training (SMART)
Narcotics Anonymous/ 12 Step programme
Individual Counselling
Alcohol & Drug Information Service - 93618000 or local
area A&D service
18. Benzodiazepine Overdose: Treatment
Monitor vitals & O2 sats
Charcoal/Osmotic Purgative if recent ingestion
Flumazenil – Benzodiazepine antagonist (0.2 mg/min IV
initially, repeat up to 3 mg maximum)
Caution in patients where Benzodiazepine dependence is
suspected: risk of Benzodiazepine withdrawal seizure
19. Case Study
58 year old female admitted to hospital after chest
pain
On day 4, patient suffered two grand mal seizures.
Pt known to be alcohol dependant
Pt suspected of abusing benzodiazepenes
Refused to admit to more than 10 mg/ night.