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HISTORY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY ,[object Object],[object Object],Atomos – a greek word which means indivisible
ARISTOTLE (384- 322 BC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PARTICLE THEORY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dalton’s Atomic Theory In 1808, he published a book, A New System of Chemical Philosophy in which he presented the theory in detail
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Design lang ito..
FOUNDATIONS OF DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],A conceptual model for neutral objects always attracting charged objects is based on the fact that atoms and electrons are fairly free to move around even in solid objects. We can hypothesize that charges in the neutral object rearranges in response to the charged object. We could further extend our model by hypothesizing that after rearrangement of the negatively charged object responds by being attracted toward the surface of which has a net positive charge. This effect of neutrally charged objects interacting with charged objects is called  induced polarization.
 
Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Charging by "conduction." Removing Electrons from Atoms
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],q = charge and r = distance ,[object Object]
This diagram describes the mechanisms of Coulomb's law in Physics/Electromagnetism; two equal (like) point charges repel each other, and two opposite charges attract each other, with an electrostatic force  F  which is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance  r  between the charges. Regardless of attraction, repulsion, charges or distance, the magnitudes of the forces, |F| (absolute value), will always be equal.  K C  is Coulomb's constant.
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],J. J Thomson made a piece of equipment  called a cathode ray tube.
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON..BEFORE THOMSON ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DIRECT OBSERVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRON ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],DIRECT OBSERVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRON
S N – + High voltage Cathode Ray Tube Anode A B C Cathode Fluorescent screen
S N – + High voltage Anode Cathode Fluorescent screen
S N – + No external fields High voltage Anode Fluorescent screen Cathode B
S N – + Magnetic field applied High voltage Anode A Fluorescent screen Cathode
S N – + Electric field applied High voltage Anode C Fluorescent screen Cathode
S N – + High voltage Anode Cathode Fluorescent screen
S N – + Effects of electric field and magnetic field cancel High voltage Anode B Fluorescent screen Cathode
High voltage Anode Fluorescent screen A B C S N Cathode – +
CATHODE RAY TUBE ,[object Object]
A cathode ray produced in a discharge tube travelling from the cathode (left) to the anode(right). The ray itself is invisible, but the fluorescence of a zinc sulfide coating on the glass causes it to appear green
The cathode ray is bent downward when the north pole of the bar magnet is brought toward it. When the polarity of the magnet is reversed, the ray bends in the opposite direction
 
THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT + - Vacuum tube Metal Disks Voltage source
+ - Voltage source
THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT + - Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
[object Object],Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
[object Object],Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
[object Object],Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
[object Object],Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT ,[object Object],Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment ,[object Object],+ - Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment ,[object Object],+ - Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment ,[object Object],+ - Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment ,[object Object],+ - Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment ,[object Object],+ - Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment ,[object Object],+ - Voltage source
WHY THOMSON IS ATTRIBUTED FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THOMSON’S MODEL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Atomizer Viewing microscope Charged plate (+) Charged plate Small hole Oil droplet under observation Oil droplets (–)
Small hole Atomizer Viewing microscope HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Charged plate (+) Charged plate (–)
Atomizer Viewing microscope HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Charged plate (+) Charged plate Small hole Oil droplets (–)
Atomizer Viewing microscope HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Charged plate (+) Charged plate Small hole Oil droplet under observation Oil droplets (–)
RADIOACTIVITY ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
– +    Lead block Radioactive substance
– + Lead block
– +  Lead block Radioactive substance
– +  Lead block Radioactive substance
– +  Lead block Radioactive substance
– +    Lead block Radioactive substance
ERNEST RUTHERFORD’S GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
(a) Rutherford’s Experimental Design  – Particle emitter Slit Detecting screen Gold foil
(a)  – Particle emitter Slit Detecting screen Gold foil
(a)  – Particle emitter Slit Detecting screen Gold foil
Lead block Uranium Gold Foil Florescent  Screen
HE EXPECTED ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What he expected
Because
Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
What he got They observed that although majority of the alpha particles passed through undeflected, some were only slightly deflected, some were scattered by more than 90 degrees and a few by nearly 180 degrees or almost completely turned back
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How he explained it +
+
Ernest Rutherford’s Model (Nuclear Model of an Atom)
Electron Cloud Model

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History of atomic structure pisay version

  • 1. HISTORY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Dalton’s Atomic Theory In 1808, he published a book, A New System of Chemical Philosophy in which he presented the theory in detail
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.  
  • 12. Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Charging by "conduction." Removing Electrons from Atoms
  • 13.
  • 14. This diagram describes the mechanisms of Coulomb's law in Physics/Electromagnetism; two equal (like) point charges repel each other, and two opposite charges attract each other, with an electrostatic force F which is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between the charges. Regardless of attraction, repulsion, charges or distance, the magnitudes of the forces, |F| (absolute value), will always be equal. K C is Coulomb's constant.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. S N – + High voltage Cathode Ray Tube Anode A B C Cathode Fluorescent screen
  • 20. S N – + High voltage Anode Cathode Fluorescent screen
  • 21. S N – + No external fields High voltage Anode Fluorescent screen Cathode B
  • 22. S N – + Magnetic field applied High voltage Anode A Fluorescent screen Cathode
  • 23. S N – + Electric field applied High voltage Anode C Fluorescent screen Cathode
  • 24. S N – + High voltage Anode Cathode Fluorescent screen
  • 25. S N – + Effects of electric field and magnetic field cancel High voltage Anode B Fluorescent screen Cathode
  • 26. High voltage Anode Fluorescent screen A B C S N Cathode – +
  • 27.
  • 28. A cathode ray produced in a discharge tube travelling from the cathode (left) to the anode(right). The ray itself is invisible, but the fluorescence of a zinc sulfide coating on the glass causes it to appear green
  • 29. The cathode ray is bent downward when the north pole of the bar magnet is brought toward it. When the polarity of the magnet is reversed, the ray bends in the opposite direction
  • 30.  
  • 31. THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT + - Vacuum tube Metal Disks Voltage source
  • 32. + - Voltage source
  • 33. THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT + - Voltage source
  • 34. Thomson’s Experiment + - Voltage source
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50. HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Atomizer Viewing microscope Charged plate (+) Charged plate Small hole Oil droplet under observation Oil droplets (–)
  • 51. Small hole Atomizer Viewing microscope HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Charged plate (+) Charged plate (–)
  • 52. Atomizer Viewing microscope HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Charged plate (+) Charged plate Small hole Oil droplets (–)
  • 53. Atomizer Viewing microscope HOW IS THE CHARGE OF A PARTICLE MEASURED? Charged plate (+) Charged plate Small hole Oil droplet under observation Oil droplets (–)
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56. – +    Lead block Radioactive substance
  • 57. – + Lead block
  • 58. – +  Lead block Radioactive substance
  • 59. – +  Lead block Radioactive substance
  • 60. – +  Lead block Radioactive substance
  • 61. – +    Lead block Radioactive substance
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64. (a) Rutherford’s Experimental Design  – Particle emitter Slit Detecting screen Gold foil
  • 65. (a)  – Particle emitter Slit Detecting screen Gold foil
  • 66. (a)  – Particle emitter Slit Detecting screen Gold foil
  • 67. Lead block Uranium Gold Foil Florescent Screen
  • 68.
  • 71. Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
  • 72. Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
  • 73. What he got They observed that although majority of the alpha particles passed through undeflected, some were only slightly deflected, some were scattered by more than 90 degrees and a few by nearly 180 degrees or almost completely turned back
  • 74.
  • 75. +
  • 76. Ernest Rutherford’s Model (Nuclear Model of an Atom)