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Land Use Change: Impacts on Ecosystem Services(or why we need to plan),[object Object],Liz Kramer,[object Object],Director- Natural Resources Spatial Analysis Laboratory,[object Object]
What is Green Space?,[object Object],It Depends on Who You Ask!,[object Object],To a Conservationist,[object Object],To a Recreation Director,[object Object]
 What is Green Space?,[object Object],Agriculture,[object Object],Forest,[object Object], MANY TYPES OF GREEN SPACE,[object Object],Active &,[object Object],Passive Recreation,[object Object],Critical Habitat,[object Object],Buffers,[object Object]
What is Green Space?,[object Object],As there are many types of Green Space,,[object Object],when planning for it or purchasing it, be ,[object Object],clear as to its intended use and management,[object Object],Farm Preservation?,[object Object],Buffer Areas,[object Object], Habitat Protection,[object Object]
What is Green Space?,[object Object],“Green Space” must therefore be clearly defined for public discussions,[object Object],Natural Corridor,[object Object],Recreation Trail,[object Object],or,[object Object]
Conservation,[object Object],The act or process of conserving,[object Object],Preservation or restoration from loss, damage or neglect.,[object Object],The protection, preservation, management or restoration of wildlife and of natural resources, such as forest soil or water.,[object Object],The maintenance of a physical quantity such as energy or mass during a physical or chemical change.,[object Object],American Heritage Dictionary of the English language 4thedition,[object Object],Conservation = Environmental Protection ,[object Object]
Conservation is not a new Concept,[object Object],Conservation is a state of harmony between men and nature Aldo Leopold,[object Object],Conservation means the wise use of the earth and its resources for the lasting good of men Gifford Pinchot,[object Object],The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem it will avail us little to solve all others Theodore Roosevelt - 1906,[object Object]
Environmental Protection: Do our current tools meet the needs for the future?,[object Object],Land Acquisition – ,[object Object],[object Object]
Area = environmental quality?,[object Object]
Most environmental degradation is due to population and choices
Blunt tool and heavy handed,[object Object]
Ecosystem Services,[object Object],Benefits people obtain from ecosystems,[object Object],Provisioning services,[object Object],Food, water, fuel, and fiber,[object Object],Regulating and supporting services,[object Object],Climate, water, disease regulation, and pollination,[object Object],Soil formation, nutrient cycling, and decomposition,[object Object],Cultural services,[object Object],Educational, aesthetic, cultural heritage, recreation and tourism,[object Object]
Green Infrastructure,[object Object],“the substructure or underlying foundation, especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuation and growth of a community depend” ,[object Object],gray infrastructure - roads, sewers, utility lines, hospitals, schools, prisons, etc,[object Object],Green infrastructure – waterways, wetlands, woodlands, wildlife habitats, natural areas, greenways, working farms, ranches and forests, wilderness, etc.,[object Object]
Positive Impacts of Green Space,[object Object],Environmental Impacts,[object Object],Decrease stormwater runoff & improved water quality,[object Object],Protection of wildlife habitat and wildlife,[object Object], Keeping working landscapes (forest & farm),[object Object],Improved air quality,[object Object],Reduces contributes to climate change,[object Object],Economic Impacts,[object Object],Social Impacts,[object Object]
Positive Impacts of Green Space,[object Object],Environmental Impacts,[object Object],Economic Impacts,[object Object],Increase property values & tax base in cities,[object Object],Lower taxes for community services in suburbs,[object Object],Lower construction and maintenance cost,[object Object],Lower health care costs ,[object Object],Social Impacts,[object Object]
Positive Impacts of Green Space,[object Object],Environmental Impacts,[object Object],Economic Impacts,[object Object],Social Impacts,[object Object],Increase in economic opportunity,[object Object],Improved feeling of sense of place and community,[object Object],More access to open space,[object Object],Increased social interaction (“public life”),[object Object],Less traffic and shorter commutes,[object Object],Inner-city redevelopment,[object Object]
Why Manage Growth?,[object Object],Some growth will come to your city or county whether you want it or not.,[object Object],Some growth won’t come to your city or county no matter what you do.,[object Object],Then there is a middle ground you can impact,[object Object],This part will decide your fate,[object Object]
Economic Benefits of Farm and Forest Lands,[object Object],These lands produce valuable products for consumers, generate jobs and tax revenues,[object Object],1/6 of all jobs and gross state product in GA,[object Object],These lands attract businesses and families,[object Object],These lands also provide a net surplus to local government finances,[object Object]
Economic Benefits of Green Space,[object Object],Green spaces increase property values of surrounding land,[object Object],Green and open spaces can provide environmental amenities for free,[object Object],If green spaces contribute to quality of life, you attract people and jobs to community,[object Object]
Development by Type,[object Object],Many counties and cities think that growth and development mean an increasingtaxbase and better financial health for the local government.,[object Object],Unfortunately a growing tax base is not enough to guarantee financial health, you must get revenue to grow faster than expenditures.,[object Object]
Revenues to Cost  by Land Use,[object Object],Using results compiled by AFT, the national averages are:,[object Object],Residential:		$0.87,[object Object],Commercial/Industrial:	$3.45,[object Object],Farm/Forest/Open:	$2.70,[object Object],These figures are $’s of revenue for each $1 of expenditures.,[object Object]
Some Southeastern US ResultsRevenue:Expenditure Ratios,[object Object]
Manufactured Housing,[object Object]
Break-even Home Values,[object Object]
Development Patterns,[object Object],Development patterns have an impact on the cost of service delivery: sprawl is expensive to service.,[object Object],The same growth done more densely and contiguously saves both money, farmland, and provides environmental amenities.,[object Object],New Jersey, South Carolina, California studies,[object Object]
How to Change the Numbers,[object Object],Cost of service goes down by 50% of land savings (use half the land, save 25%).,[object Object],Avoid leapfrog development.,[object Object],Build where infrastructure already exists (infill is much cheaper than extensive growth).,[object Object],Multifamily is less expensive per unit until density gets very high.,[object Object],Design so service costs are low.,[object Object]
Jobs, Commuting, and Home,[object Object],31% if workers in Rural South work in a different county than where they live.,[object Object],52% of employment growth in metro areas was from in-commuters.,[object Object],27% of employment growth in rural areas was from in-commuters.,[object Object],jobs ≠ housing growth,[object Object],Source: Mitch Renkow, NC State,[object Object]
Changing the Numbers,[object Object],The ways to change the numbers sure sound a lot like the LCI concept	,[object Object],Commutes would be short,[object Object],Density would be higher,[object Object],Sometimes done as infill or redevelopment,[object Object]
Knowing where not to build is as important as where to build,[object Object],Green space planning identifies where not to build and allows us to take advantage of nature in providing key services,[object Object]
1734 Georgia Colony,[object Object]
Circa 1732,[object Object]
Circa 1831,[object Object]
Railroad and,[object Object],County Map ,[object Object],Of Georgia,[object Object],1920,[object Object]
State Highway,[object Object],Map 1939,[object Object]
Thomas County,[object Object],1895,[object Object],Gwinnett County 1912,[object Object],Franklin County 1956,[object Object]
Kramer land use
Kramer land use
Kramer land use
Land Cover Change 1974 - 2008,[object Object]
1974 -2005 Ag Change Statewide,[object Object]
Distribution of Converted Ag Lands,[object Object]
Tree Canopy Change,[object Object]
Kramer land use
Kramer land use
Kramer land use
Results from Ben Map Models(EPA),[object Object]
Forest Fragmentation ,[object Object]
Kramer land use
Kramer land use
Kramer land use
Impervious Change: Top 10 Counties in Acres Per Day,[object Object],1991 – 2001,[object Object],Gwinnett (6),[object Object],Fulton (5),[object Object],Cobb (4),[object Object],DeKalb (2),[object Object],Forsyth (1),[object Object],Clayton (1),[object Object],Henry (1),[object Object],Chatham (1),[object Object],Cherokee (1),[object Object],Richmond (1),[object Object],2001 – 2005,[object Object],Gwinnett (9),[object Object],Fulton (8),[object Object],Cobb (6),[object Object],DeKalb (5),[object Object],Henry (4),[object Object],Clayton (3),[object Object],Chatham (3),[object Object],Paulding (3),[object Object],Cherokee (3),[object Object],Muscogee (2),[object Object]
Top 10 Impervious Surface as Percent of County,[object Object]
Water Balance,[object Object],Pre-development,[object Object],Post-development,[object Object]
Urban Hydrograph,[object Object]
Kramer land use
Urban Growth Modeling,[object Object],SLEUTH - Slope, Land-use, Exclusion, Urban-extent, Transportation, Hillshade,[object Object],Brute-force simulations,[object Object],Types of growth – spontaneous growth, new spreading centers, edge growth, and road-influenced growth,[object Object],Growth coefficients – dispersion, breed, spread, slope, and road gravity,[object Object]
Kramer land use
Scenarios,[object Object],Current Trends,[object Object],Future Land Use Alternative,[object Object],Service Delivery - Cluster Alternative,[object Object]
Current Trends Scenario Exclusion,[object Object]
Future Land Use Scenario Exclusion,[object Object]
Service Delivery – Clustered  Scenario Exclusion,[object Object]
Scenario Results,[object Object],(1),[object Object],(2),[object Object],(3),[object Object]
Scenario Comparison,[object Object],Current Trends Scenario,[object Object],2001: 13% urban, 4.3% impervious,[object Object],2025: 33% urban, 6.7 % impervious,[object Object],Future Land Use Scenario,[object Object],2001:  13% urban, 4.3% impervious,[object Object],2025:  31% urban, 6.4% impervious,[object Object],Service Delivery Cluster Scenario,[object Object],2001:  13% urban, 4.3% impervious,[object Object],2025:  26% urban, 5.8% impervious,[object Object]
Pettit Creek Simulated Hydrograph,[object Object]
1,[object Object],2,[object Object],3,[object Object]
	Is all land the same? ,[object Object]
Georgia encompasses 37 million acres of land,[object Object]
Kramer land use
If you can read this you’re pretty much screwed,[object Object]
Where are the forests, farms, and wetlands that:,[object Object],[object Object]
are most vulnerable to loss?Based on the above, what are the highest priority areas to preserve?,[object Object],Resource Lands Assessment,[object Object]
Habitat Preservation & Connectivity ,[object Object],	(“Critical Habitats”),[object Object],Habitat fragmentation is a serious threat to biological diversity and is the primary cause of the present extinction crisis.,[object Object],Watershed Protection (“Water quality”),[object Object],Our watersheds not only provide us with quality drinking water, but also provide healthy streams for fishing and swimming.  ,[object Object], Why are we doing this?,[object Object]
?,[object Object],Economic Sustainability of Forests ,[object Object],Protecting the best forests helps maintain a strong, resource-based economy.,[object Object],Preservation of Quality Farm Land ,[object Object],	(“Economic Viability”),[object Object],Protecting the best farm land enables crop production for many generations to come.,[object Object],Why are we doing this?,[object Object]
Cultural Viability,[object Object],Preserving heritage and traditional values, cultural lands often define a sense of place.,[object Object],Understanding Development Pressures,[object Object],Large tracts of forests, wetlands, and farmlands are threatened with fragmentation and parcelization due to urban development pressures.,[object Object],Why are we doing this?,[object Object]
Declining Environmental Quality,[object Object],Polluted air and drinking water can lead to devastating health problems and degrades overall quality of life.,[object Object],Nutrient Cap Maintenance,[object Object],Nutrient reductions will have to be capped despite expected growth in the region.,[object Object],Why are we doing this?,[object Object]
Green Infrastructure Approach,[object Object],Southeastern,[object Object],Ecological,[object Object],Framework,[object Object]
Introduction to Resource Land Assessment,[object Object],What is it?,[object Object],Where are the lands that:,[object Object],Have the highest values related to water quality, habitat, economy, culture, etc.?,[object Object],Are most vulnerable to loss,[object Object],Based on the above, what are the highest priority areas to preserve?,[object Object]
Landscape Models,[object Object],[object Object]
Water Quality/Quantity
Forest Economics
Air Quality
Biodiversity/Wildlife
Cultural Assets
Prime Farmland
Vulnerability,[object Object]
Model Overview,[object Object],[object Object]
Assumptions
Data
Approach
Results,[object Object]
Ecological Network,[object Object],(Hubs and Corridors),[object Object],Data Layers,[object Object],[object Object]
Streams
Wetlands
Roads
Protected Lands
Biological Conservation Database (element occurrence points),[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Goal,[object Object],Identify those forests and wetlands that, if lost, would have the greatest potential to compromise or degrade watershed and water quality. ,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Local or Site Factors,[object Object],(“Content”),[object Object],Regional/Watershed Factors,[object Object],(“Context”),[object Object],Assumptions,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Approach,[object Object],Assemble Data Layers,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Approach,[object Object],Assemble Data Layers,[object Object],Assign Score to Values within Each Data Layer,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Approach,[object Object],Assemble Data Layers,[object Object],Assign Score to Values within Each Data Layer,[object Object],Assign Weights to Each Data Layer,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Approach,[object Object],Assemble Data Layers,[object Object],Assign Score to Values within Each Data Layer,[object Object],Assign Weights to Each Data Layer,[object Object],Calculate Composite Score,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Data Layers,[object Object],Local Parameters,[object Object],Proximity to Water,[object Object],Erodible Soils	,[object Object],Net Primary Productivity	,[object Object],Slope	,[object Object],Wetland Function	,[object Object],Forest Fragmentation	,[object Object],100 Year Floodplains	,[object Object],Hydrogeomorphic Regions,[object Object],Regional Parameters(summarized by HUC 11 watershed),[object Object],Stream Density (m/sq km) ,[object Object],Percent Forested   ,[object Object],Percent Impervious ,[object Object],Water Quality Rank,[object Object],Municipal Water Supplies,[object Object]
Water Quality ,[object Object],Model,[object Object],Loch Raven,[object Object],Reservoir,[object Object],Liberty,[object Object],Reservoir,[object Object],Baltimore ,[object Object],City,[object Object],Results,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],A Model 12-Step Process,[object Object],Creating a Draft Plan,[object Object],1. Take charge,[object Object],2. Conduct a Community Resource Inventory,[object Object],3.  Categorize green space areas by function,[object Object],4.  Review previous plans & documents,[object Object],5.  Develop clear objectives,[object Object],6.  Take an initial stab at priority areas for preservation,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],A Model 12-Step Process,[object Object],Fine Tuning & Selling the Plan,[object Object],7.  Contact landowners that might be affected,[object Object],8.  Prioritize areas for conservation based on inventory, objectives, & landowner considerations,[object Object],9.  Create an inventory of priority parcels,[object Object],10. Develop an implementation scheme, including fiscal  plan, regulatory aspects, and procedures,[object Object],11. Pepper the community with education,[object Object],12.  Fold the plan into appropriate plans and regulations,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],1. Take charge!!,[object Object],Someone has to start a discussion,[object Object],Someone has to take charge,[object Object],Planning Commission,[object Object],Develop a team,[object Object],?,[object Object],Greenspace Commission,[object Object],Chamber of,[object Object],Commerce,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],2. Conduct a Community Resource Inventory,[object Object],[object Object]
  priority natural resource areas
  areas that might be protected through regulation
  unique historic, archeological, or aesthetic sites
  areas suitable/desirable for future active recreational use,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],4.  Review Previous Plans & Documents,[object Object],[object Object]
there is probably more out there than you think!,[object Object]
What type of green space does it address?
What will be the end result?,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],7. Contact landowners that might be affected,[object Object],[object Object]
  point out that their property has been identified as being important, after a careful study
 explain that this is NOT a land grab!
  determine their interest (or lack thereof) in preservation,[object Object]
A green space planning process,[object Object],9.  Create an Inventory of Priority Parcels,[object Object],[object Object]

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