LEEDing the Way

Creating A Sustainable

Purdue University
LEEDing the Way: Creating a Sustainable Purdue University Page
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Executive Summary
A
ccording to new research done by the American College and University President’s
Climate Commitment group, colleges are saving green by going green. Higher
educational institutions are saving money, greenhouse gases, as well as the
environment. With the implementation of more green initiatives, research shows that
“universities could save 16 percent of their energy costs - or $352,000 – if they took full
advantage of all available energy-saving opportunities” (Bradley, 2009).

Because of the new going green campaign, the push for more environmental friendly ways is
taking the nation by storm. Even President Obama and his administration are showing their
support for this green campaign by pledging to spend $150 billion over the next five years for
green technology (Bradley, 2009). Many universities are jumping on board for the go green
campaign by using more environmental friendly resources for academic work, establishing green
student organizations, and using alternative green energy sources. Some universities are even
taking the next step by becoming LEED certified in their existing buildings. Even Purdue
University is joining this green campaign. According to Purdue Provost Timothy Sands, “Going
green is not a fashion statement - it is becoming an imperative.”

This White Paper will look at the various ways of going green and how they are actively
benefiting the environment, as well as demonstrating how different universities are utilizing
these green initiatives. We are also going to look at the ways Purdue University is going green
and how they can take the next step by becoming LEED certified. Through our paper we hope to
inspire all that read it to help their universities to become more environmental friendly and take
the next step of action by retrofitting their existing buildings to become LEED certified.

“Going green is not a
fashion statement - it is
becoming an imperative.”
-Provost Sands, Purdue

University

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Introduction
M
any scientists consider the climate change as the one of the most severe threats to
sustainability. In recent history, the environmental issues that face our country have
been on all of the scientist’s minds. As the Union of Concerned Scientists emphasizes,
few issues pose more threat than rapidly accumulating carbon emissions and its effects.
According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “there is a greater than 90
percent chance that most of the warming we have experienced since 1950s is due to the increase
in greenhouse gas emissions from human activities”(IPCC, 2007). The climate change will not
only influence air, land and oceans, but all the human beings on Earth. That is why there is an
increase in desire among university officials and students to create a campus that is
environmental friendly.
Universities are bringing about the leaders of today and the officials that
can help solve these environmental problems. Since sustainability is a
growing concern on college campuses around the globe, many universities
have implemented many different and effective green initiatives. Many
campuses around the United State have developed sustainability strategic
programs in order to take action for the improvement of the environment
in the short run and set goals for the future. Most of the green initiatives
might not have any noticeable effect now; instead they are set for
sustainability of the future generations.
Green building is one of the major ways campuses can add to different
green initiatives for better sustainability. This includes changing how campuses are built and
operated. In recent past, green college buildings have been built around the U.S. For the
purpose of compliance to standards, many college campuses are using USGBCs’ LEED
standards for constructing new buildings and retrofitting old buildings. Following LEED’s
guideline colleges can not only improve their water and energy efficiency and indoor air quality,
but they can also raise awareness and bring knowledge to others. According to USGBC, colleges
and universities have the highest percentage of LEED-certified green space than any other sector.
LEED certified schools save an average of 30 percent of energy and water usage by
implementing these LEED standards. (USGBC).

With more universities and colleges achieving LEED certification, they are not only bettering the
environment, but they are saving themselves energy and money by implementing these
standards.

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History of Green Building
in America
G
reen building has been around in the U.S. since the American Institute of Architects
(AIA) formed the Committee on the Environment in 1989. Three years later the
Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy founded the
ENERGY STAR program. The roots for green building in America had been planted and were
poised to grow in the years to come.

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) was founded in 1993 as
a non-profit community of leaders with a focus on raising awareness and
availability of green buildings within one generation. The USGBC’s
mission is “to transform the way buildings and communities are designed,
built, and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible,
healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life”.
LEED is the by-product of the USGBC and is the standardized system used
to score a green building.

Purdue University currently has one LEED certified building, the
Roger B. Gatewood Wing of Mechanical Engineering. The Roger B. Gatewood Wing earned
LEED Gold certification. Rick Federizzi, USGBC president and CEO, stated, “LEED
certification identifies the Roger B. Gatewood Wing of Mechanical Engineering as a pioneering
example of sustainable design and demonstrates Purdue's leadership in transforming the building
industry” (Austin). Purdue wants to be a leader in green building and sustainability. In 2007, four
professionals in Physical Facilities at Purdue attained accreditation in new construction and
major renovation for LEED (4 Complete). The training of faculty and the Roger B. Gatewood
Wing show Purdue University’s commitment to being a leader for universities across the country
in green building and sustainability in the future.

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Water Sustainability

A
n important green issue that Many universities might wonder how
universities should focus on is exactly “going green” from a water-
water efficiency and sustainability. efficiency standpoint can be done, especially
Water is not only one of the world’s most if campus buildings were established many
precious resources, but also one that is years ago. The answer is actually quite
rapidly and wastefully being used. In fact, simple and many suggestions are relatively
over 5 billion gallons of potable water, cost-friendly.
which is water that is safe for human
drinking, is flushed away as toilet water One way that many universities are
every day (Ried, 2008, p. 4). Why is this becoming more water-efficient is by
important? Potable water, which is not only replacing or retrofitting bathrooms in
needed for human consumption, but also for campus buildings and residence halls. Likely
sanitation and industrial purposes, only the most important and water-wasting
accounts for 2.5% of the world’s total water fixture in a bathroom is the toilet and
supply with only one third of that amount various options can be considered to “go
being accessible to humans through various green” in this area:
bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and • Toilets that are installed in older
streams (Starr &Nicolow, 2007, p. 1). buildings on campus generally use
Because water is such a valuable resource to about 3.5 gallons per flush (Alliance
all living things, it may come as no surprise for Water Efficiency, 2010). To
then that the demand of potable water is contrast, by updating these toilets to
predicted to double over the coming 30 newer models, only 1.28-1.6 gallons
years, leaving many water resources of water will be used per flush,
exhausted and potentially depleted (Starr which ultimately saves a great deal
&Nicolow, 2007, p.1). This brings us to the of water over time (Alliance for
role of universities, whose platforms are far- Water Efficiency, 2010).
reaching and impactful. Not only is water- • Statistics show that conventional
efficiency a way for universities to become toilets waste more water than urinals
eco-friendly, but it is also a way for the and by having predominantly urinals
school to be recognized for higher in male bathrooms, water can be
environmental values, to educate its students saved by more than two times
on the importance of keeping the planet (Alliance for Water Efficiency,
healthy, and to save expenditures in the long 2010).
run.

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• Ultra-low-flush toilets and urinals • Some universities believe that having
are also options for redesigned sensor flushers is a water-saving
bathrooms. Due to the reduced time strategy, however these sensors tend
of flushing, the consumption of to set off the flusher more often than
water is also reduced (McCowan& needed, thus this strategy may be a
Rogers, 2012, p. 53). detriment to water-efficiency
(Alliance for Water Efficiency,
2010).

Another way that many universities have
been going green in terms of water waste is
by taking a closer look at shower and faucet
water pressure levels. According to the
Energy Policy Act of 1995, the flow rate of
a showerhead is not to exceed 2.5 gallons
per minute, however due to personal
preference and the impossibility of
completely enforcing this regulation, many
showers do not meet this standard (Alliance
for Water Efficiency, 2010). Many showers
Saving water with dual-flush in campus residence halls still use
toilets. showerheads that allow nearly 5 gallons of
Source: Harvard Law School. Retrieved March water to be used per minute, and if the
5, 2012. average shower is 10 minutes long, that
http://www.law.harvard.edu/about/administration
/facilities/energy/green-buildings-at-hls.html totals up to 50 gallons of water used on one
shower for one person (Alliance for Water
• Another toilet model option is to Efficiency, 2010). To cut down on the water
install dual flushers that indicate usage, options are available for different
different methods and water use for preferences:
solid waste and liquid waste. Using
this model for a solid waste flush • Showerheads should be replaced in
would only use 1.6 gallons of water every residence hall to lower the
and a liquid waste flush would water pressure levels. There are
require an even smaller amount of showerheads that can be purchased
water at around 1 gallon (Alliance in bulk for as little as $5 that still
for Water Efficiency, 2010). deliver an enjoyable showering
• Waterless urinals are also important experience without wasting water
to consider, for virtually no water is (Alliance for Water Efficiency,
required for these fixtures 2010).
(McCowan & Rogers, 2012, p. 53). • Installing group showers in the
residence halls are statistically

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shown to have people shower for (Alliance for Water Efficiency,
less time than individual shower 2010). For landscape irrigation, it
stalls, thus decreasing water usage would be smart to collect rainwater
(Alliance for Water Efficiency, solely for irrigation purposes,
2010). especially since much of irrigation
• No matter which style of design is water in college communities can be
used, every showerhead should be considered potable, which is a
cleaned thoroughly, so as no necessity to retain (McCowan &
blockages can be present, thus Rogers, 2012, p. 52).
unnecessarily increasing the water
supply (McCowan& Rogers, 2012,
p. 54).

Faucets can also be addressed in a similar
Aerators, such
fashion, whereas the average use of a faucet
as this one,
is between 5 and 30 seconds. To easily
incorporate air
ensure better water efficiency:
into the water
• All older faucets should be flow, which
reduces water
retrofitted to have conserving
usage up to
aerators that limit the water flow
75%.
(Alliance for Water Efficiency, Source: Blair
2010). The cost of conserving Chancy. Retrieved
aerators typical runs less than $1 per March 5, 2012.
http://www2.-
faucet, but can reduce gallons of watersource.pdf
water used to only 1 gallon per

minute.

Being water efficient indoors has a direct Consider this. If irrigation water would
correlation with being water efficient not come from potable water, it would
outside, for lower water consumption in come next from water supplies like
inside spaces naturally reduces the amount nearby lakes and rivers, yet these
of water pumped through outdoor spaces sources can be easily drained, therefore
(McCowan & Rogers, 2012, p. 53). rainwater is a fantastic supplement
Landscaping projects and redesigns can be (McCowan & Rogers, 2012, p. 52).
an overlooked part of an eco-friendly Consider planting foliage on campus
campus campaign, yet the changes can cut grounds that is generally self-sustaining
water usage and increase conservation. To and that does not require extreme
utilize outdoor water in an effective way: amounts of water.

• Reclaimed rain water and use it for
landscape irrigation or toilet water

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Universities Around the Nation
Many of these examples have actually been
put to use, like at Brown University, where
university officials have installed water-
efficient programs such as dual-flushing
toilets and vegetated roofs for managing
excess storm water (Sustainable
Endowments Institute, 2011). In the Tray -less dining, as seen here at the University
Midwest, University of Wisconsin-Madison of Michigan, will be coming to Purdue to
was given a grade “A” by the College eliminate water waste.
Sustainability Report Card because of
applying these practices as well. Their water Source: University of Michigan. (2011). Coming Soon:
Trayless dining in University of Michigan dorm cafeterias.
sustainability programs include weather- Retrieved March 7, 2012 from http://www.annarbor.com/cgi-
based irrigation systems and laundry bin/mt/mt-
search.cgi?search=University%20of%20Michigan&__mod
services that are high efficient in terms of
water consumption (Sustainable
Endowments Institute, 2011). In fact, since • Created a rain garden behind the
2005 these campus structural changes have Hillel House on campus, which
decreased water usage per capita by 29%. serves to decrease pollution in local
bodies of water and increase

absorption of excess runoff water
(Sustainable Endowments Institute,
Purdue University’s Solution to 2011).
Water Sustainability
Campus buildings and residence halls are all
As for Purdue University, many of the equipped with individual meters and low-
water-saving strategies described previously flow showers and faucets, yet no formal
are being implemented. To date, Purdue green policy has been set up by university
University has a very driven student-run officials (Sustainable Endowments Institute,
group known as the Boiler Green Initiative 2011). To account for any access rainwater
who has implemented many water efficient and reduce runoff, Purdue also has installed
strategies on campus. Boiler Green Initiative (Sustainable Endowments Institute, 2011):
has:
• Living roofs
• Pushed to have all dining courts • Retention ponds
operate without the use of trays, • Porous pavement
which would eliminate extra water
use for washing (Sustainable All of aspects of Purdue University’s
Endowments Institute, 2011). attempts at going green are great strides in

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an eco-friendly direction, however more
should be done.

The Cycle and Purpose of a Rain Garden. Source: Boiler Green Initiative. Retrieved
March 5, 2012. http://www.boilergreen.com/committees/stormwater

Taking the Next Step The first two of these five points can be
granted through creating a landscape that is
As a leading university in engineering and more suitable for water-efficiency. This can
technology, Purdue University should set be done by minimizing campus grassy areas
higher standards for green efforts and strive that require extreme watering and choosing
for LEED certification. While the university plants that are more climate-appropriate for
scored a B- on their last report from the Purdue’s weather (Starr &Nicolow, 2007,
Sustainable Endowments Institute, it is clear p.1). Irrigation sources are also important to
that more action must be taken to prove consider for LEED certification, and
Purdue’s environmental integrity and collecting rainwater through onsite cisterns
leadership. From the LEED rating system, or retention ponds can also help make
five points can be achieved through water landscaping issues more water-friendly
sustainability (Starr &Nicolow, 2007, p.1). (Starr &Nicolow, 2007, p.1).
• 1 point will be granted for reducing technologies (Starr &Nicolow, 2007, p.1).
potable water by 50% Purdue University can achieve this level by
• 2 points will be granted for reducing wastewater and potable water on
eliminating potable water by 100% campus. To break it down, there is no
(Starr &Nicolow, 2007, p.1). possible way to reduce the demand that
causes wastewater, for all members of the
The second category of water-related LEED Purdue community have a physical need to
certification involves innovative wastewater use restroom facilities, thus ways to reduce

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wastewater at the LEED level include using certification through its current green
ultrahigh efficiency toilets, composting initiatives, it’s important to garner support
toilets, waterless urinals, or even using from important Purdue officials. On behalf
rainwater in toilets (Starr &Nicolow, 2007, of the U.S. Green Building Council, Robin
p.1). Ried gives the following suggestions:

• Accomplishing this portion can grant • Have campus leaders commit to
1 point LEED certification at the highest
most decision-making roles (Ried,
The final category of LEED required water- 2008, p.11).
efficiency is reducing wastewater, which
• Incorporate water-efficient strategies
relates to the earlier goal of implementing
into a campus’s long-term strategic
effective wastewater technologies. Simply
planning so that there is always a
put, Purdue University could achieve this by
focus on LEED certification and the
replacing all campus toilets with dual flush
university can ultimately save on
systems and ensuring that every sink and
water resources and long-term
shower has a low-flow system in place
expenditures (Ried, 2008, p.11).
(Starr &Nicolow, 2007, p.1).
Going green in terms of water sustainability
• By following these measures, the in LEED certification is a goal that Purdue
LEED certification system would University should strive for, for the level of
grant 2 points (Starr &Nicolow, sophistication and dignity that this higher-
2007, p.1). education institute holds can encourage a
While Purdue University is certainly on the higher standard of water efficiency that
road to leading the way in LEED forever changes the future.

Case Study: Water Efficiency at the University of California Davis
The University of California Davis campus recently built a Brewery, Wine, and Food building
that achieved LEED Platinum, the highest-ranking possible. One of the reasons this building
achieved the Platinum ranking is due to its water efficiency. Low-flow toilets and a
landscaping irrigation system that achieved net-zero water usage as well as a rainwater
harvesting system earned the team 5 out of 5 points in the water efficiency section of LEED.
These design strategies help save money and stop the waste of water in a region of the country
that does not have enough to go around (UC Davis).

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Energy and Atmosphere
A
mong other issues of sustainability billion annually on energy. Since
on university campuses, universities use such a large amount of
consumption and production of energy, it consequently makes them
energy and its effect on the atmosphere is responsible for a decent amount of
one of the most serious issues. According to greenhouse gas emissions, steps to reduce
the EPA, buildings in the U.S are energy consumption and using cleaner
responsible for 39% of total energy energy sources are some of the top priorities
consumption and 68% of total electricity of many universities sustainability plans.
consumption and result in 38% of carbon With increasing awareness and improving
emissions. Most of the energy that is technology, this issue can be tackled by
produced today is from non-renewable taking many different initiatives. It has been
sources. According to Energy Information brought to many people’s attention that
Administration (EIA) in 2010, 45 percent of green schools use an average of 30% less
electricity produced in the United States was energy than conventional universities and
from burning of coal. When coal is burned, are in turn saving hundreds of thousands of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases dollars (DOE, 2010). Many universities
are emitted and collected in our atmosphere, have already taken various steps and are
which many scientists believe is the reason serving as a
behind climate change. The climate change model.
is expected to have many adverse effects
such as increased frequency of extreme Different
weather events, water shortages, sea level environmental
rises, and even rise of diseases. The organizations
greenhouse gases are also responsible for such as the EPA
pollutants that contribute to acid rain and and the USGBC
smog around the globe, which further harms are encouraging
our health and atmosphere. The atmospheric different
problem of producing energy requires institutions to
immediate attention and action from all implement steps
This figure shows energy end-uses
organizations around the globe in order to that
in Campus Buildings
sustain our future. would
reduce the Source: Galayda, J. (2010, April). Green
At university campuses, energy carbon footprint Building Trends in Higher Education.
consumption has a large impact on in the Yudelson Associated. Retrieved March 6,
2012, from
environment as well as financial interests. atmosphere and
www.greenbuildconsult.com/pdfs/higher-
According to the EPA, institutions of higher also help them ed.pdf
education collectively spend over $14 save money and

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various resources. USGBC’s LEED Universities are showing their commitment
certification offers various methods with to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by:
which university’s environmental
performances are evaluated and provide a • Universities around the United States
defined standard for what constitutes a green have designated a certain office for
building in design, construction and sustainability, which focuses on
operation (LEED for schools, 2009). different issues including energy and
its beneficial and harmful effects.
The main steps with which USGBC These universities have a
evaluates and encourages the energy and sustainability plan within their
atmosphere of a university building include: sustainability reports, which not only
focuses on the current conditions, but
• Commitment to reduce greenhouse also focuses on future goals.
gas emissions
• Two-thirds of the schools around the
• Optimizing energy consumption on US have made a carbon reduction
campus buildings commitment (Green Report Card,
• Using renewable energy sources, 2011)
especially on-site renewable energy
sources Optimizing energy consumption on campus
• Commissioning of building energy buildings is yet another technique that
systems universities and colleges can minimize the
• Measuring and verifying energy amount of energy they are using and the
usage amount of pollutants arising from the energy
• Raising awareness among use. This can be done in several ways:
administrators and students
• Space and water heating are the
Universities around the Nation dominant energy sources in most
campus buildings. On average they
Many universities around the nation are use almost 32% and 24% of the
trying to implement new ways that would energy produced, respectively. Some
help with the rising problem related to universities are conserving energy by
energy and atmosphere. This include using their heating and power
following different standards encouraged by systems efficiently. They are using a
EPA’s Energy STAR program, EIA, system called Combined Heat and
USGBC’s LEED and other energy Power (CHP). This system uses the
organizations. same source to produce both energy
and heat that is supplied to the
Commitment to reduce greenhouse gas buildings through steam. This
emissions is one way that universities method utilizes the steam that builds
around the nation are helping to conserve up in the process of producing
energy and improve the atmosphere.

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electricity and uses it as source of • Solar panels provide power to more
heat. than 100 college campuses
• Lighting uses almost 22% of the (AASHE, 2010). Solar panels are
energy produced around campuses. being used on the roofs of buildings
Universities are using more efficient and other facilities especially in the
light sources including fluorescent states where there is plenty of
lights and high efficiency LED sunshine, like Florida and California.
lights. Motion and natural light • Since biomass is considered carbon
sensors are also being used neutral, many universities are
throughout the university campuses. converting fossil-fuel power plants to
• Many universities are using more run via biomass. Many universities
efficient products such as energy that had used fossil fuels now run on
STAR computers, which will go to things such as woodchips and oat
sleep when they are not being used. hulls.
Using timers to regulate • For many universities, purchasing
temperatures based on occupancy renewable energy is a better
hours. alternative than producing their own
renewable energy. Students around
Using renewable energy sources throughout the United States have encouraged
campus universities, especially on-site their universities to increase the fees
renewable energy sources will help improve in order to meet these demands.
energy use and the atmosphere. This has • State governments are also doing
been done in the following ways:
their part by introducing laws that
• Many universities around the nation would encourage campuses to use
are using renewable energy sources renewable energy sources. In Indiana
to reduce harmful emissions. In for example, new construction
2011, thirty-eight percent of the projects over $10 million are
schools purchased renewable energy expected to pursue at least LEED
and even more impressive is the fact silver certification (Green Report
that fifty-two percent of the schools Card, 2011)
produce renewable energy on Measuring, verifying and commissioning
campus. This includes using solar, energy usage is a way to ensure proper
wind, geothermal and bioenergy energy consumption and also a way to
sources, which are known to produce ensure the atmosphere is not being polluted
the minimum amount of greenhouse too much. This practice can be seen at many
gases and also save the institutions universities:
money.
• Universities around the Midwest are • Having a detailed knowledge of
using wind turbines to produce current energy usage helps take
energy. better decisions about improving

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energy systems. Universities are
using a method called ‘Sub-
metering’ which measures the
amount of every type of energy, not
just electricity, used in different parts
of a building hence providing a
better way to analyze energy usage.
This image shows an example of a green
• Universities have developed plans
building that utilizes natural light through day
and have used engineered energy lighting, which required less artificial lighting.
simulation to measure energy system
performance. Tracking the Source: Parkins, Jane. (February 27, 2012).
performance by comparing it to Healthcare Sector Continues to LEED. Retrieved
March 6, 2012
predicted performance and then from:http://sageglass.com/blog/daylighting_bene
evaluating it has helped universities fits/healthcare-healing-spaces-driving-leed-
for their future plans. adoption/
• Commissioning is required around
many university buildings in order to
ensure that buildings are being conservation and efficiency. Some are
operated as designed. having different type of friendly
competitions, which would encourage
Raising awareness among administrators the staff and students to be more
and students is a critical part of ensuring that responsible about their atmosphere.
energy is being used correctly and that the
amount of pollutants going into the
atmosphere isn’t above the level.
Universities have been doing this in many Purdue University’s Solution to
ways: Energy and Atmosphere
• To actually achieve sustainability, Problems
personal values and behaviors must
be influenced. Universities have Like many other universities, Purdue
understood this perspective and University has also implemented some of
different programs on campuses have the above stated solutions to improve energy
been initiated. Universities want to efficiency. Purdue is seeking formal
produce students that are more recognition for its efforts through LEED
environmentally aware and are certification. The Roger B. Gatewood wing
sensible of their actions and its of the mechanical engineering building is
impacts. the first LEED certified (Silver) building on
campus. Currently there are two other
• Universities are using different
buildings, Marriot Hall and Recreational
campaigns and are hosting annual
get-togethers to promote energy Sports Center’s addition and renovation, are

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under construction which are registered to sustainability plan, which lets them
be LEED certified. Two other buildings are evaluate their current state and also
also planned to be LEED certified when the set goals for the future.
renovation work begins (Purdue • Using Combined Heat and Power
Sustainability Report, 2010). Staff also (CHP) or cogeneration method to
found that many of the buildings on Purdue produce electricity and heat on
campus already use many of the green campus buildings by Wade Utility
standards under LEED certification. Plant, which is owned by Purdue. It
uses coal and natural gas to power
the plant to produce steam.
Cogeneration helps Purdue to
produce electricity at 60 %
efficiency (Purdue Sustainability
Report, 2010). Although this
method is very efficient and
significantly reduces carbon
footprint, a huge amount of coal is
burned in the process. Students at
Purdue have rallied in support of
alternative energy sources.
• All new buildings are required to
meet energy efficiency standards of
This figure shows how Purdue American Society of Heating,
University produces energy and heat Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
and how they drive chillers. Engineers (ASHRAE).
Source: Plant Operations. (n.d.). Energy, • Energy efficient lightings,
Engineering, Sustainability. Retrieved March economizers and temperature
6, 2012, from setbacks are used around the campus
http://www.purdue.edu/ees/energy/wade/plan buildings to reduce energy use.
toperation.htm • Commissioning is a requirement of
all newly developed buildings.
• Sub-metering is available in every
Purdue’s initiatives to become more energy building around campus, which will
efficient and to use cleaner energy sources provide real time energy
in order to reduce the atmosphere impact consumption data.
include: • A huge variety of awareness
programs have taken place around
• Purdue has an office of sustainability campus. Student organizations are
solely responsible for its related also doing their part by hosting
issues. They developed a programs and encouraging the

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university administrators and
students to take further green
initiatives. Boiler Green Initiative • Partner with local utility suppliers to
monitored energy usage in two develop and fund renewable energy
campus buildings that helped them installations on campus
study energy consumption amongst • Install solar thermal installation for
Purdue students. Purdue has also alternative energy
held a friendly dorm competition • Quantify greenhouse gas emissions
among four halls that tracked energy • Develop a financial incentive
and water consumption of these halls program
and encourage new students to be • Challenge other universities to
more environmentally aware. residence hall energy competitions

Purdue Short and Long Term Goals include:
We can see from what Purdue is doing
• Following campus wide LEED now and what their goals are that they
certification for new and old have a positive approach towards
buildings. sustainability and are being responsible.
• Pursue formulation and promotion of But still it seems that Purdue is not yet at
campus wide Energy Policy. par with other universities in the energy
• Develop on campus wind capacity and atmosphere sector. The college
and use it produce energy sustainability report card graded Purdue
‘C’ in the climate change and energy
section. The sooner the goals mentioned
above are pursued the better it will be for
Purdue in becoming a sustainable
campus.

Case Study: Energy Efficiency at the University of Michigan
In 2004 the EPA named the University of Michigan as an ENERGY STAR Partner of the year for its
reduction of greenhouse gases by installing more energy-efficient light bulbs, installing higher-
efficiency motors, tuning up the mechanical systems, direct digital control points for automated
systems, and variable air volume boxes in all of the campuses 123 buildings. By installing new
equipment and tuning up old hardware the University of Michigan will save $9.7 million annually
(Brown).

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Materials and Resources

U
niversities also need to understand The university currently supports the
and manage the use of materials and recycling of “glass, plastics, metals,
resources that go into both the batteries, office paper, confidential
construction and daily operation of buildings materials, cardboard, pallets, organics, and
and facilities on their campuses. Buildings other materials (Building & Grounds,
and daily operation of universities generates 2010).” Dual Stream recycling was
usage of large quantities of materials and launched on Purdue’s campus a few years
resources. Green buildings have 50-90% ago to help the university meet the long term
lower waste production, which greatly goal of maximizing the recycling rate by the
reduces the impact on the environment most cost effective and efficient means
(Keazer, 2009). Universities need to be available. The benefit of having a dual-
cautious of the materials and resources they stream recycling program is that office paper
choose to consume and should strive to use can be resold at a substantial premium and
sustainably grown, produced, and the revenue from this help offset some of the
transported materials as well as strive to operating costs of the recycling program
reuse, recycle and reduce waste production. (Building & Grounds, 2010). The program
works by collecting office paper separately
from other mixed recyclables. The mixed
recyclables can then be disposed of together
Purdue University’s Solution to
in a container and then sorted and processed
Maintaining Materials and by the vendor. The university is hoping that
Resources this program will work better than previous

efforts to recycle for a couple of
reasons. More conveniently placed
The Buildings and Grounds Department at recycling bins help to increase the likelihood
Purdue University has an operation called that staff and students will participate in the
program.
Refuse & Recycling that is responsible for
many green initiatives. The refuse side of
Office
Mixed

the operation takes care of the municipal Trash

Paper
Recyclables

trash collection on campus. Each building
Unbound
Newspapers/
Food
Waste

has a dumpster that is serviced by a
Non-‐Glossy
Ads/
Inserts
Snack

compactor truck that then transports the
Neutral
Magazines
Wrappers

trash to the local transfer station to be Color
Books/
Liquids

transported to a landfill (Building &
Notebooks
Facial

Grounds, 2010). The university also has a Paper
clips
Glossy/
Bright
Tissues

recycling facility on campus where a variety and
staples
Colored
Paper
Restroom

of vehicles haul materials that are processed are
OK.

Cans

Paper

for reuse. Purdue is committed to a long- Plastics

Source:
Dual
Stream
Recycling,
Retrieved
March
3,
2012.

term goal of generating zero solid waste that http://www.purdue.edu/buildings_grounds/recycling/dual_strea
has to be taken to a landfill. m_recycling.htm#where.

17

treatment in those areas.
Purdue University has also taken steps to • Use of soy-based hydraulic oil in
maintain and protect the campus’s physical elevators.
facilities which are an important step in • Partnering with the Horticulture &
creating a more sustainable environment that Landscape Architecture academic
help manage and reduce the use of materials department to establish a campus-
and resources. The following are initiatives wide arboretum.
the Building and Grounds department has • Composting operations for animal
started to help with these initiatives taken waste, leaves and brush that also
from their Sustainability page: support the cities of Lafayette and
West Lafayette recycling
• Retro commissioning of academic • Recycling programs that capture and
buildings for energy efficiency (e.g. divert paper, cardboard, metal,
fine tuning the mechanical systems plastic, glass, wood, e-waste,
to reflect changes in building use). batteries, and construction debris.
• The "Black & Gold & Green" There are more than 200 Recycling
environmentally safe cleaning Centers strategically placed in
program, which is based on bio- buildings across campus, along with
renewable chemistry instead of recycling containers that collect
petrochemicals. Our pilot program is office paper in another 1500 work
expanding beyond Discovery Park. areas.
• Partnering with Intercollegiate • Use of environmentally preferred
Athletics and the student products like low VOC-emitting
organization Boiler Green Initiative paints, carpeting and resilient
to remove recyclables from Ross- flooring made from "green"
Ade Stadium during football season. resources, new technology
• Replacement of older T-12 emergency lighting, can liners, hand
fluorescent lights with more energy towels and mop heads made from
efficient T-8 lighting. recycled materials.
• Carbon dioxide sensors that tell • Partnering with the student
systems when lecture halls are organization Boiler Green Initiative
empty, and occupancy sensors that to plant and maintain a green roof on
signal when restrooms are not being Schleman Hall of Student Services.
used, lessening the need for air

Schleman Hall Green Roof

Source: Purdue University News.
Retrieved March 7, 2012.
http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2009b/09091
6RidgwayGreen.html.

18

Taking the Next Step divert waste from
landfills by “finding
Through these initiatives Purdue is taking multiple alternatives
the steps to be a model for other universities for end uses of the
and reducing the impact that buildings and waste, reuse on site,
grounds has on the environment. donation for reuse,
While taking efforts to become LEED or resale (LEED for
certified there are number of ways the School,
university can earn point from the materials n.d.). While
and resources credit. This category focuses constructing new
on “the environmental impact of materials building or
brought into the facility and the retrofitting existing
minimization of landfill and incinerator buildings on
disposal for materials taken out of the campuses, Purdue
facility (Humblet, 2010).” The university should focus on generating as little waste as
should focus on creating a campus wide possible because the less waste generated,
sustainable purchasing policy that covers the less waste there is that needs recycling or
topics such as: ongoing consumables, reuse to earn the credit. Another way for the
durable goods, and facility alterations and university to earn credit is by using regional
additions. University facilities can also materials. To earn these credits the “10%-
receive credit for having storage and 20% material by cost must be extracted,
collection of recyclables and building reuse harvested, and manufacture within 500 miles
(maintain existing walls and floors). (LEED for School, n.d.)” of the project
site. Purdue University has taken many of
Points can also be awarded when a
these steps when renovating buildings on
construction waste management plan is
campus and should continue to strive to
used. Implementing a construction waste
meet these LEED guidelines when
management plan to recycle and/or salvage
constructing new buildings on campus.
construction and demolition waste will

Case Study: Material and Resources at Kalamazoo College
In 2009 the Hicks Student Center at Kalamazoo College in Southwest Michigan was awarded
LEED Silver. One of the reasons the project received the rating it did is due to the materials and
resources used on the project. On this project 90% of construction waste was diverted from
landfills, 89% of the existing building structure was preserved, 41% of the buildings materials
were from within 500 miles of the site, and 36% of the building materials used were made of
recycled material or rapidly-renewable products (Betts).

19

Indoor Environmental Air
Quality

• Having their indoor air tested for

I
ndoor Environmental Air Quality is one radon
of the main major environmental • Sealing off sources that contain
problems that face our country today. asbestos, such as electrical insulation
Because people spend almost 90 percent of • Using “safe” sealants and adhesives
their time indoors, improving the indoor air throughout buildings
quality should be a major concern. As a
matter of fact, indoor air is 2-5 times more Improving Ventilation is also very effective,
polluted than outdoor air (Black, 2012). but it can be costly. Improving the
According to the Environmental Protection ventilation systems increases the amount of
Agency, “Twenty percent of the U.S. outdoor air coming into the building.
populations, nearly 55 million people, spend Improving ventilation involves:
their days in our educational systems.” The
EPA suggests to improving indoor air • Installation of energy-efficient heat
quality three things should be done: recovery ventilation
• Strategically placing air vents so that
• Source control it maximizes the amount of outdoor
• Improved ventilation air coming in
• Purifying the Air • Use of solar chimneys

• Installation of a blower system that
Universities Around the Nation removes heat, steam, and odors

Many universities around the nation are
implementing new green ways to help
improve the rising problem of indoor air
quality. Higher academic institutions have
implemented EPA’s suggestions, source
control, improved ventilation, and purifying
the air, for improving indoor air quality.

Source Control can be seen as a very
effective way of improving indoor air
quality. It involves eliminating the sources
or reducing the amount of pollutants from This is an example of a solar chimney to
those sources (EPA, 2012). Source control improve ventilation.
methods involve:
Source: Solar Chimney (2012) Solar Innovations. Retrieved
• Restricting smoking to areas that are March 7, 2012 from http://www.solarinnovations.com/
at least 30 feet from buildings

20

Purifying the air is another effective way to Purdue uses the recommendation of source
remove indoor pollutants. Purifying the air control in many ways, which include:
involves air cleaners that remove the
pollutant particles in the air. Purifying the • Restriction of smoking in areas that are
air can be done using various instruments: at least 30 feet away from other
buildings
• Use of large scale air purifiers
• Use of radon fans This is done to prevent Environmental
• Use of heat recovery ventilators Tobacco Smoke (ETS) from entering the
• Use of energy recovery ventilators buildings. ETS is a mixture of the smoke
released from a cigarette and it contains at
least 40 known carcinogens. ETS has been
linked to diseases such as, lung cancer, ear
This is an example of a
infections and pneumonia in children, and
radon fan that can be placed
can cause an increase in asthma attacks
outside a building to help
(EPA, 2012).
purify the indoor air.
• In biological and chemical labs, Purdue
Source: Vitro America. (2009).
Indoor Environmental Quality.
is enforcing the use of fume hoods.
Retrieved from http://www.vitro-
america.com/leed/credits_ieq.htm The use of fume hoods rids toxic and

hazardous gases. Without these hoods many
hazardous gases would pollute the indoor air
causing many unwanted side effects (Purdue
University, 2011).

Purdue University also purifies the air to
All of these methods used to improve the help increase the quality of indoor air. This
indoor air quality can be seen in many is seen in the development of:
universities around the nation. These
universities are taking the green initiative by • Dual-airflow window
storm and are taking the necessary “green” This allows the flow of outdoor air into the
steps to improve their indoor air quality. buildings. It works as a heat exchanger,

which removes the heat and moisture from
Purdue University’s Solution to the indoor air and exchanges it with fresh
outdoor air (Wei, Zhao, and Chen, 2010).
Indoor Air Quality

As a university, Purdue is taking many steps
to help improve the growing problem of
indoor air quality. They have not only taken
the necessary actions to mend this problem,
but they are focusing their movements on
benefiting the environment. Purdue’s
actions reflect the EPA’s recommendations
for improving air quality.

21

Taking the Next Step glazing between 2’6” and 7’^’ above

floor for building occupant in 90% of
Even though Purdue University is taking all regularly occupied areas
many “green” actions to improve indoor air
quality, they could take it one step further
and become LEED certified. If Purdue
became LEED certified then they would be
drastically decreasing the amount of
pollutants and toxins in the indoor air. With
doing this, they would be creating a
healthier learning environment for students
and faculty. For Purdue to achieve this
status, they would need to gain points from
various LEED standards. A few are listed
below. One way to gain points is for Purdue
to ensure that all adhesives and sealants used
on the interior of the building comply with
the LEED criteria (Vitro America, 2009).
According to the U.S. Green Building
Council, LEED criteria for sealants and This is a diagram explaining the way the
adhesives include: ceiling should be constructed to prevent it
from obstructing a line to the window.
• Drywall and Panel Adhesives with a
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Source: Vitro America. (2009). Indoor Environmental
Quality. Retrieved from http://www.vitro-
limit of 50 g/L america.com/leed/credits_ieq.htm
• PVC Welding Adhesives with a VOC
limit of 510 g/L
• Architectural Sealant with a VOC limit

of 250 g/L

Also, they would need to provide building
occupants with a connection between indoor
and outdoor environments through the use of
daylight and the view of highly occupied
areas. The LEED certification criteria,
according to the U.S. Green Building
Council, is comprised of:

• Having a minimum glazing factor of
2% in a minimum of 75% of all
regulatory occupied areas
• The ceiling must not obstruct a line
in section that joins the window
• Achieve direct line of sight to the
outdoor environment via vision

22

Another way Purdue could earn points be between three and six feet above
toward certification would be to have the floor
Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring. This • Monitor carbon dioxide
involves having a monitoring system that concentrations within naturally
would ensure occupants comfort and health. ventilated spaces using a sensor
This system would also make sure the
ventilation system maintains the minimum With the compliance of these LEED
ventilation standards. This monitoring standards and many others, Purdue can
system would monitor carbon dioxide become LEED certified, making a cleaner,
concentrations in two main areas: healthier, greener campus for all.

• Within all densely occupied spaces,
the monitoring system would need to

Case Study: Indoor Environment at the University of Iowa
The College of Public Health Academic Building at the University of Iowa is anticipating receiving
LEED Gold upon completion in 2012. Indoor environment was a focus of the building since the
students and faculty use it every day. In order to improve the indoor environment for the buildings
occupants, low-emitting sealants, paints, carpet, and other materials were used. They also used as
much natural light as possible to light the building and provide heat. The extra windows used to
increase the natural light also helps with indoor environmental quality by providing views of outside
(Sustainable).

23

Taking the Next Step

that provide this funding, the U.S. Green

I
mplementing new buildings and Building Council believes
retrofitting buildings to become LEED that more states will
certified can be difficult and costly. implement these grants as
There are many phases to completing LEED funding becomes
certification throughout new and existing available. Also, studies
buildings. These include: have shown that LEED
certification of building
• Proposing
accounts for only 2% of
• Funding
the total cost (BLOOM).
• Implementing and Achieving
Along with trying to
accommodate funds for the projects, other
For universities administrators to propose problems can arise, such as ensuring health
LEED certification projects they would first care and energy. Provost Sands says, “At a
need to meet with contractors to have a cost practical level, when we make long-range
and time assessment done. This needs to be fiscal plans for the University, the two
completed first to ensure the proper funds elements that create the greatest anxiety are
and time is available. After assessments are health care and energy. Both increase much
done, the school will host many meetings faster than the consumer price index. By
with the Board of Trustees and the public to designing current and future buildings to
discuss the proposal. The Board of Trustees meet LEED standards, we are helping to
will then decide to continue the project or ensure that energy costs will be
not. Often there are formal announcements manageable.”
of the proposal.
Even though campus-building projects at
After the proposal has been approved, universities’ are receiving less funding, there
funding becomes the next big obstacle. are still ways to achieve LEED certification
Fortunately, there are some funding sources with a lower budget and less funding. These
available to universities. The EPA, states include:
that there are numerous funding sources,
such as grants, tax-credits, or loans on the • Deciding which level of LEED
certification is desired
state and federal level. As of now, only two
• Making a checklist of the LEED
states have state grants available for LEED
points that are realistic
certification. These two states are Illinois • Keeping to the budget
and Pennsylvania (Federal LEED Grants). • Engineering for Life Cycle Value
Even though these are the only two states

24

Deciding which level of LEED certification An additional approach to complete
is desired is a major way to achieve certification is to look at the green additions
certification with lower funding. Achieving to the building and see how they will affect
silver certification rather than gold the costs in the future. If an addition will
certification can save universities money. end up costing the university more, then it is
Even though universities would rather probably not beneficial to keep it in the plan.
achieve gold certification, on a limited The National Resource Defense Council
budget it may not be feasible. Achieving suggests picking green additions that will
silver certification still sends a message to help you achieve certification and benefit
the public and other universities that the the university financially in the future.
university is taking the steps to become a Many energy-saving additions will allow the
greener university. university to downsize or replace other
equipment.
Composing a checklist of the LEED points
that the university would be able to achieve Implementing LEED standards and
is a way to save time and money. Some achieving certification is a timely process.
universities have made the mistake of There are many steps that need to be taken
creating a plan that has unrealistic goals. In to achieve certification. Once the proposal
doing this, it causes a delay in the and funding has been accounted for,
completion of the project, leading to an construction can start. Once construction
increase in costs. Also, when assembling begins, the construction company will need
this checklist, the university will need to to be in compliance with the LEED
make sure they are meeting the state and standards in order to accomplish
local regulations for buildings. certification. There are many construction
firms that pride themselves in being LEED
Another way to still achieve LEED certified companies. With hiring a LEED
certification on low funding is to stick to the construction company, the university will
budget. The National Resource Defense ensure that they achieve the highest level of
Council says to ensure that the entire team LEED certification feasible to them.
keeps their focus on the budget. Ensuring
that the project cost doesn’t exceed the
budget is key to not only completing the
project on time, but keeping funds for
future projects as well.

This graph shows the
estimated additional costs for
achieving LEED certification.

25

Analysis
U
niversities across the nation can benefit from approaching green building construction,
not only from a single building perspective, but also at the campus-scale level. Purdue,
along with other campuses across the nation have a responsibility to establish a high
green standard in regard to campus sustainability and need to set an example for the rest of the
country to follow. Students, faculty, and administrators have a responsibility to improve energy
efficiency, conserve resources, and enhance environmental quality creating healthy living and
learning environments across the nation.

As discussed above, there are many opportunities and areas that universities can focus on to
improve the sustainability efforts on campuses including water efficiency, energy and
atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. Building green reduces
resource consumption and creates less waste on campuses. Green buildings also help decrease
cost when it comes to energy, water usage, and waste disposal. By building green, the university
will receive direct economic and environmental payback for the efforts it puts forward. While
striving for LEED certification, universities need to implement campus-wide policies and
procedures to help achieve the certification and help overall with the greening effort. Purdue has
already taken a step in
the right direction with
the addition of the
Roger Gatewood
Mechanical
Engineering Addition,
which earned a Gold
LEED
certification. This
achievement is a
symbol of the
universities
commitment to a
greener, more
sustainable future.

Gatewood Wing at Purdue University
Source: Austin, Judith. “Gatewood Wing Earns LEED Gold Certification” 23
September, 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/genearl/2011/110923CordovaGatewood.h
tml

26

1

Conclusion
B
ecoming environmentally aware and taking active green leadership roles goals that all
universities should strive to achieve. This report illustrates the need for higher-education
institutions to take initiative and set higher standards for their campuses, faculty, and
students alike. Whether the focus is on water efficiency, energy and atmosphere usage, materials
and resource allocation, or indoor environmental quality, all universities need to delve deeper
into green issues and make every effort to foster a healthier future for all.
Although many universities have set the standard for green campus life, Purdue University in
particular can have a pivotal role in becoming a green leader. As a top university in the fields of
engineering and technology, Purdue University should raise its standards to exceed the
expectation of simply “going green” and become fully LEED certified. Although some may
argue that the costs of renovation and retrofitting may seem like a financial setback, becoming
LEED certified would set an educational example for students, sustain valuable university
resources, and even cut back on future expenses.
Purdue University’s Roger B. Gatewood Wing of the Mechanical Engineering Building is a
prime, leading example of green accomplishment. By being the first Purdue building constructed
to achieve LEED certification, the university has already raised its environmental standards and
the quality of green campus living. Provost Sands says, “ The Gatewood Wing of Mechanical
Engineering is our first LEED building. There will be many more.” Purdue University should
thus continue on this path of green success and consider the importance of retrofitting old
structures and implementing new systems to accommodate a completely LEED certified campus.
Ultimately, instilling green values in academia and implementing environmentally-friendly
practices on college campuses will be highly important to the success of a university and
globally essential to the fate of our future.

“The Gatewood Wing of Mechanical
Engineering is our first LEED
building. There will be many more.”
– Provost Sands, Purdue University

27

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30

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