2. Source: The Freeport Wide Awake
Date: November 17, 1860, p. 3
Cartoonist: Unknown
3. SecessionSecession
South Carolina
After Lincoln’s election there was a special convention
The convention voted unanimously to secede
Official on Dec. 20, 1860, before Lincoln even took office
By February 1, 1861, six more states joined SC
Mississippi: Jan. 9, 1861
Florida: Jan. 10, 1861
Alabama: Jan. 11, 1861
Georgia: Jan. 19, 1861
Louisiana: Jan. 26, 1861
Texas: Feb. 1, 1861
4. Attempt at CompromiseAttempt at Compromise
Congress tried to get the Southern representatives back
to discuss a compromise
Southern states refused to talk and seized all federal
property in their states
A few pieces of federal property remained in the union
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
Fort Pickens in Pensacola Harbor, Florida
A couple of islands off the coast of Florida
5. Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressLincoln’s Inaugural Address
March 4, 1861
If you were preparing your inaugural address, what
policy would you choose and why?
Abandon the Forts Under Your Control?
Reclaim the Forts Taken by Southern States?
Hold Only Those Forts Still in Federal Hands?
Or Choose Some Other Course of Action?
6. Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressLincoln’s Inaugural Address
"The power confided to me, will be used to hold, occupy, and
possess the property and places belonging to the Government.“
“…there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among
the people anywhere."
He said nothing about reclaiming property now under
Confederate control
He explicitly offered reassurances to the South that slavery was
safe in its present limits and that he would enforce the fugitive
slave law
Resistance to the federal government constituted rebellion
7. Crittenden’s CompromiseCrittenden’s Compromise
Proposed by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden
Proposed constitutional amendments
Guarantee slavery where it already existed
Extend the Missouri Compromise to California
Lincoln told Congressmen to stay strong
The compromise was defeated
8. Peace AttemptPeace Attempt
Virginia, a slave state still in the union, hosted a peace
conference
21 delegates attended
Mostly Northern and border states
NO delegates from the secession states
Resolved nothing
9. The ConfederacyThe Confederacy
Delegates from secession states met in Montgomery,
Alabama
They declared themselves a new country
The Confederate States of America was formed
A constitution was drafted that guaranteed the right to
slavery
Jefferson Davis was chosen as president
10. Fort SumterFort Sumter
Lincoln vowed to protect all federal property in the south
Davis vowed to take Fort Sumter before its defenses could
be strengthened
Davis demanded the fort surrender by April 12, 1861, they
did not
Confederate forces fired cannons at the fort for 34 hours
before it surrendered
The Civil War had begun
11. A picture of Fort Sumter soon after the original
Confederate flag was raised on April 13, 1861.
A picture of Fort Sumter soon after the original
Confederate flag was raised on April 13, 1861.
12. The Rest of the SouthThe Rest of the South
SecedesSecedes
Upper south slave states felt they had no choice but to
join the Confederacy
Virginia on April 17, 1861
Robert E. Lee is appointed as Commander of Virginia’s
Army
Gained fame as a brilliant military leader in the U.S.
Marine Corps
Arkansas, N. Carolina, and Tennessee by early June,
1861
18. Lincoln Strikes FirstLincoln Strikes First
Lincoln was under pressure to attack quickly
Most northerners felt that a quick attack would make
the south realize their mistake and force them to
compromise
General P.G.T. Beauregard was gathering
Confederate troops 25 miles south of Washington
D.C., near Manassas Junction, VA
A strategic railroad center in northern Virginia
Lincoln approved an attack on these forces
Lincoln hoped a victory would bring an end to the war
19. First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861
Union forces pushed the Confederates across a stream called Bull Run
A large force of Confederate reinforcements lead by General Thomas J.
Jackson arrived from Virginia
Jackson’s men gave a morale boost to the Confederates and they stopped
retreating
One Confederate commander yelled, “There is Jackson standing like a
stone wall!”
From then on, the general was known as “Stonewall” Jackson
Union troops retreated when Confederate reinforcements arrived
The first battle of the war was over and the South had won
20. The Henry House, as it appeared soon after the First Battle of Bull Run
21. The Stone House, March 1862.
Served as hospital following the battle.
22. Results of Bull RunResults of Bull Run
Lincoln initially thought that a force of 75,000 men
would be needed for a period of three months
After Bull Run, Lincoln approved the enlistment of
500,000 men for three years
Both the north and the south instituted a draft to raise
the necessary troops
23.
24. Naval WarNaval War
Lincoln’s goal was to blockade all Southern ports
By the spring of 1862, all but two Confederate ports
were sealed off
The South used “blockade runners”
Small fast ships that smuggled goods
The Confederacy used warships operating out of
foreign ports to attack Northern merchant ships
25. War in the WestWar in the West
Union General Ulysses S. Grant began a campaign to
seize control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
Control would give Union forces a river route into
Confederate territory
Grant seized Fort Henry and Fort Donelson giving him
control of all of Kentucky and Western Tennessee
26. War in the WestWar in the West
Shiloh
Grant’s forces were camped out near a small church
named Shiloh, outside Corinth, Mississippi
On April 6, 1862, Confederate forces launched a
surprise attack
Grant was extremely aggressive on the second day of
the battle and forced the Confederates to retreat
20,000 troops were killed or wounded
Newspapers demanded Grant be fired for high
casualties
Lincoln said, “I can’t spare this man; he fights.”
29. War in the EastWar in the East
Eastern Union forces were lead by General
George B. McClellan
Took over after General Irwin McDowell’s defeat at Bull Run
Peninsula Campaign
McClellan took his forces up the James River, southeast of
Yorktown, Virginia
McClellan made some tactical errors and lost a battle outside of
Richmond
The Confederate commander was wounded in the fighting and
was replaced by General Robert E. Lee
31. War in the EastWar in the East
Seven Day’s Battle
McClellan was attacked by Lee on the
Peninsula
Lee forced McClellan to retreat all the way to
the sea
Lincoln ordered McClellan to evacuate the
peninsula and return to Washington
Over 30,000 casualties in the seven days of
fighting
32.
33. The Second Battle of Bull RunThe Second Battle of Bull Run
Lee attacked the Union forces defending Washington D.C.
The majority of the fighting took place at the same Bull Run
creek
Again, Confederate forces prevailed and Lee had entered
Union territory
Confederate forces were only 20 miles from D.C.
34.
35. AntietamAntietam
Lee thought that only an invasion would convince the north
to recognize the Confederacy’s independence
Lee’s troops congregated near Sharpsville, Maryland
McClellan’s troops gathered near Antietam Creek, east of
Lee
McClellan attacked on Sept. 17, 1862
The bloodiest day in American History
8,000 dead
23,000 wounded
36. AntietamAntietam
Lee’s retreat made Britain rethink its recognition
of the Confederacy
McClellan could have chased Lee and destroyed
his entire army, but was too cautious
Lincoln was disappointed with McClellan’s performance
and fired him
General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan
Antietam convinced Lincoln to end slavery
37.
38.
39. Battlefield PhotographsBattlefield Photographs
Alexander Gardner took 70 photographs of the
battlefield starting just two days after the battle. This
was the first time an American battlefield had ever
been photographed before the dead had been buried.
Gardner returned in early October when President
Lincoln visited General George McClellan and the
Army of the Potomac and took another series of
images. Gardner, 41 years old at the time of the battle,
was employed by Mathew Brady who owned of a
photography gallery in Washington, D.C. during the
Civil War.
51. The litter of battle is clearly seen in this image taken just south of the Cornfield
looking west. It was time for the burial crew, pictured here, to take over.
53. EmancipationEmancipation
Northerners called for and end to slavery
To punish the South
To make the soldier’s sacrifice worthwhile
Lincoln issued a Proclamation on September 22, 1862
All slavery would be abolished in states at war with the
Union after January 1, 1863
Did not free slaves in the border states
Used as a threat to the Confederate States
Transformed the entire purpose of the war
54.
55. VicksburgVicksburg
The last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River
"See what a lot of land these fellows hold, of which Vicksburg is
the key, the war can never be brought to a close until that key is in
our pocket." -Lincoln
A victory here could cut the south in two
Attack from the north was not possible
Forests and swamps prevented it
Grant planned to cross the Mississippi River, march south, re-
cross and attack the city from the south
Once Grant had re-crossed the river, he marched his troops 180
miles in 17 days
5 battles were fought on the way back to Vicksburg
7,200 Confederate casualties
56. VicksburgVicksburg (cont.)(cont.)
May, 1863: Grant launched two major attacks on
Vicksburg
City’s defenses pushed both attacks back
Grant suffered high casualties
Grant decided that the only way to defeat Vicksburg
was to put it under siege
Cut off all food supplies into the city
Constant artillery bombardment
On July 4, 1863, the Confederates surrendered
Vicksburg
The Confederacy was cut in two and its eventual
defeat was inevitable
57. Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleFredericksburg and Chancellorsville
Lincoln ordered Burnside to push into the south and
destroy Lee’s army
On December 13, 1862 Burnside attacked Lee’s army
outside Fredericksburg, Virginia
Lee’s army was entrenched in the woods
Union troops suffered over 12,000 casualties, twice as
many as the Confederates
Lincoln was upset, he fired Burnside and replaced him
with General Joseph Hooker
58.
59. Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleFredericksburg and Chancellorsville
(cont.)(cont.)
Hooker split his army
Left most of the troop at Fredericksburg to keep Lee’s troops
occupied
Took a small force west in the hopes to circle around Lee and attack
him from the rear
Lee figured out Hooker’s plan and divided his forces as well
Left a very small number of troops at Fredericksburg
Took the majority of his army to cut off Hooker’s attack
On May 2, 1863 Lee attacked Hooker’s forces outside
Chancellorsville
Lee was outnumbered two to one
Lee aggressively split his troops and defeated the Union forces
Hooker retreated on May 5
62. GettysburgGettysburg
Lee made one last attempt to invade the north
In June 1863, Lee moved his forces into Virginia and pillaged the
countryside
Hooker was unable to stop Lee’s advanced and Lincoln fired him
Replaced with General George Meade
Lee sent troops into the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in search of
shoes for the troops
When the Confederates entered the town, they encountered Union
Calvary
A small division of Confederated pushed the Union forces out of the
city and into the surrounding hills
Both sides sent the largest army they could muster to Gettysburg
63.
64.
65. GettysburgGettysburg (cont.)(cont.)
A pivotal battle
Involved more than 160,000 combatants from both sides
Three days of fighting, July 1-3, 1863
51,000 casualties, the greatest number of any Civil War
battle
The South's last attempt at a full-scale invasion of the North
66. GettysburgGettysburg (cont.)(cont.)
General Robert E. Lee’s goals
Gain European support for the South
Turn the attention of Union armies away from
Confederate territory
Find provisions for his army
Lee’s defeat made Gettysburg the turning point in the
eastern theater of the war
The Confederate army could no longer sustain an
offensive
76. Diary of Private Elisha Hunt Rhodes,Diary of Private Elisha Hunt Rhodes,
2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, U.S.A.2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, U.S.A.
July 4th 1863--Was ever the Nation's Birthday
celebrated in such a way before? This morning
the 2nd R.I. was sent out to the front and
found that during the night General Lee and
his Rebel Army had fallen back. It was
impossible to march across the field without
stepping upon dead or wounded men, while
horses and broken Artillery lay on every side.
77.
78. Grant vs. LeeGrant vs. Lee
President Lincoln rewarded Ulysses S.
Grant’s success in the west with overall
command of all Union forces in the spring of
1864
Grant promised to march south and attack
Lee’s forces whenever and wherever he could
Warfare now continued without pause for re-
supply and reinforcements
79. Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea
General Sherman marched his troops from Atlanta,
Georgia to Savannah on the coast
He destroyed everything in his path
His goal was to “make old and young, rich and poor,
feel the hand of war”
Felt that all people in the south should be punished for
the war
If all people in the south were demoralized, they would
call for an end to the war
81. You cannot qualify war in harsher terms
than I will. War is cruelty, and you
cannot refine it; and those who brought
war into our country deserve all the
curses and maledictions a people can
pour out.
--William Tecumseh Sherman
Letter to the city of Atlanta, 1864
82.
83. Election of 1864Election of 1864
Democrats nominated George McClellan
Lincoln won 55% of the vote
Interpreted it as a mandate to end slavery
On January 13, 1865, with Lincoln’s help, the
thirteenth amendment to the Constitution was passed
by Congress
Banned slavery in the United States
84. SurrenderSurrender
Lee’s forces were surrounded near the Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia
“There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General
Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” –General
Robert E. Lee
Lee surrendered at the courthouse on April 9, 1865
87. Lincoln is AssassinatedLincoln is Assassinated
Lincoln’s plans to incorporate African Americans into
the new Southern governments made him many
enemies
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to the Ford’s Theater
with his wife
During the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth
snuck up behind Lincoln and shot him in the head
88. Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War
The south was economically devastated
Bringing the southern states back into the Union will
be a challenge
What will be the status of the millions of freed slaves?
The post Civil War era is known as “Reconstruction”