1. TotalitarianRegimes:TowardsGodthroughEmpire (Franco’sSpain) Juan Manuel Acero 3rd. FormEnglish CeRP del Sur – October 2011

2. After a steady, three-centurylong decline, Spain hit rock bottom in the 19th Century… Francisco de Goya (1746-1828), TheFamily of Charles IV

3. … a time full of trouble, bothdomestic and foreign… Internally: Externally: Loss of American Colonies (1810-1820) Loss of Predominance in European and WorldAffairs Spanish-American War of 1898 Napoleon’sInvasion (1808) ThreeDinastic Civil Wars (CarlistWars) Change of Regime (FirstRepublic , 1873-1874) and subsequentrestoration

4. … resulting in a country divided in twomajorfactions… … thosewhowantedto open SpainouttotheWorld… … and thosewhowantedtokeepitclosedintoitself.

6. Thedawn of the 20th Centurywill show thatSpain’sdownfallisnotto stop soon… 1921’s Disaster of Annual: over 10000 Spanishsoldierskilled in Morocco. 1929’s World Crisis hits Spainevenharder. 1912: current Head of Government José Canalejas killedbyanallegedanarchist.

8. Meanwhile…. Francisco Franco pursues a succesfulmilitarycarreer, and seemstostayawayfrompoliticalturmoil.

9. In fiveyears, from 1931 to 1936, Spainslidesdowntowards Civil War 1931: Proclamation of theSecondRepublic 1931 - 1933: ruledby a coalition of Center-LefttoLeftparties, the new Republicpasses a Constitution, new laws of PublicEducation, AgrarianReformation, Vote for women. 1932: General Sanjurjo and otherhigh-rankofficersattempt a coupd’étatknown as “Sanjurjada”. 1933 -1936: CEDA (SpanishConfederation of Autonomous Rights): the Black / SterileBiennial. 1934: Anarchist and CommunistUnionsunleashthefailed “Red October” revolution in Asturias (North-Western Spain). Catalonia declares itself “sovereignstatewithintheRepublic”

10. OnJuly 18th 1936, tensionsbetween radical left and extreme right lead up torebellionfromConservativeArmyofficers.

11. Franco seemstobedisconnectedfromtheheads of therising, but… ... by June 1937 thetwo top insurrectionistofficershavedied, both at planecrashes.

12. The “Movement” leads to a warthatwilllastforthreehard, bloodyyears. November 1936 February 1939 November 1938 October 1937 July 1936

13. Bothsideshaveexternalhelp

14. Bothsideshaveexternalhelp

15. April 1st 1939: Warisover, says Franco AftertheWar, Franco leadershipwillbeuncontestedforthefollowing 40 years...

17. Anti-Communism, Anti-Semitism

18. CatholicNationalism, Centralism, Traditionalism, Militarism

19. Single-Partysystem, Vertical Syndicalism

20. Repression: 50000 deadduringwar, 200000 in 1939-1943

21. Press and peopleunderstrict control.

23. … Franco didnotenterthewar, buthissupport of the Axis … … increasedSpain’sisolationfromthe Western World. In 1941, Spainsentthe “Blue Squadron” and “Blue Division”, volunteerpilots and soldierswhofoughtagainst Stalin in theRussian Front.

26. But, in spite of the “miracle”, social and politicalunrest set in…

27. TheagedGeneralisimoseeksforcontinuity of hispoliticalregime... 1969 1973

28. 1973: Carrero Blanco killedby ETA bombing

29. Franco’s Funeral wasattendedbyhugecrowds in allmajorSpanishtowns

31. Franco’sLegacy No convictionsnorchargesnorenquirieshaveeverbeenmadeforthecrimescommitedeitherduringorafterthe Civil War. Francoistmonuments and streetnamesstillexist in manyparts of Spain. Former Franco minister Fraga Iribarne foundedthe Popular Party (PP), which has severalstrongholds in someSpanishregions, and isabouttowinthe 2012 General Election.