1. AHMAD TARMIZI B. MUSTAFFA 01UKA13F3009
MUHAMAD RIDZUAN B. KAMALUDIN 01UKA13F3017
MARINIS AK NYAMBONG 01UKA13F3003
JOANA AK BAIN 01UKA13F3014
NIK NORLAILI BT. MOHAMAD 01UKA13F3013
SITI SYAFIQAH BT YAHYA 01UKA13F3029
BS 5930 : 1981 & BS 1377 : 1990

2. Relative Density
Site Investigation
Study
Grain Size Analysis ( Wet & Dry
)
Atterberg Limits
LAB
TESTIN
G
Hydrometer
Testing
FIELD
STUDY
& LAB
TESTIN
G

3. 
 What is site investigation??
 To know their suitability for the construction
work such as civil engineering and building
work.
 Acquiring knowledge of the characteristic of site
that affect the design and construction
INTRODUCTION

4. CONDUCTED
BY
Geotechnical
Engineers
PURPOSE
To obtain information on the physical
properties of soil and rock around a site to
design earthworks and foundations for
proposed structure.

5. 
a) Suitability
 To access the general suitability of the site and for
the proposed work.
b) Design
 To enable an adequate and economic design to be
prepared, including the design of temporary
work.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF
S.I

6. 
c) Construction
 To plan the best method of construction; to
foresee and provide against difficulties and
delays that may be arise during construction due
to ground and other local conditions.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF
S.I

7. 
d) Effect of Change
 To determine the change that may arise in the
ground & environmental conditions, either
naturally or during the construction work.
e) Choice of Site
 To advice on the relative suitability of different
sites, or different parts of the same site.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF
S.I

8. 
 UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES
 One where the condition of the soil in the sample
is closed enough to the conditions of the soil in –
situ to allow tests of structural properties of the
soil to be used to approximate the properties of
the soil in – situ.
CATEGORY OF SOIL
SAMPLE

9. 
Undisturbed Soil Sample

10. 
 DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES
 The structure of the soil has been change sufficiently
that test of structural properties of the soil will not
representative of in – situ conditions, and only
properties of the soil grains.
 Example Test :
Grains Size Distribution, Atterberg Limits, Water
Content Test etc.)
CATEGORY OF SOIL
SAMPLE

11. 
Disturbed Soil Sample

12. LABORATORYTEST

13. EXPERIMENT 1 :
SITE INVESTIGATION / SOIL SAMPLING
OBJECTIVE
a) To introduce the techniques on taken disturbed
and undisturbed soil.
b) To determine the physical properties of the soil
through the phrase relationship.
c) To determine or analyze the visual type of land /
soil that available/have been taken

14. 1) Excavating equipment (auger 150mm,
connecting rod, spanner)
2) Sampling tool (38mm diameter sample
tube, screw connecter)
3) Equipment manufacturers
4) The knife or a wire saw and ruler
5) Sampling bag
6) Hoe (depend on usage)

15. WORK PROCEDURE
A. Work Procedure on Site
1. Dig the soil to a depth of 1m by using an auger
2. Connect the sampling tube to the equipment
manufactures
3. Lower the sampling device to the bottom of the
hole and then push it into the ground
4. Take three samples from the hole which was
undisturbed soil as a sampling. Keep the
disturbed soil samples in a bag and bring back to
the laboratory.

16. B. Work Procedure on Laboratory
1. Greased the split mold and in conceivable. Remove
the soil sample of undisturbed from the sampling
tube into a split mold and cut both ends of soil with
the wire saws.

17. 2. WORK PROCEDURE TO FIND THE MOISTURE
CONTENT:
a) Weight an empty moisture content can to get
the accurate readings. Take some soil sample
put in the can.
b) Weight the can with a wet soil. Dried them
into oven for 24 hours. After 24 hours, weight
the can and the content once again.
c) Please take three samples for this moisture
content test.

18. 
a) Take a little of disturbed soil samples and look at
the colour of the soil
b) Feel the soil with a finger, find out whether it is
grain, smooth or vice versa.
c) Grasp of the soil. Will it be hand held, shaped –
form of it is friable.
d) Then decide what type of soil was it.
3. WORK PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL
DETERMINATION:

19. LABORATORY
RESULT?? WE
WILL SHARE
THE RESULT
AFTER WE
DONE THE
LAB TEST OK?
WHERE
THE LAB
RESULT
MAN??

20. GRAIN
SIZE
ANALYSIS
DRY
WET

21. PURPOSE :-
•This test is performed to
determine the percentage of
different grain sizes contained
within a soil.

22. •ASTM D 422 -
StandardTest
Method for
Particle-Size
Analysis of Soils
Standard
Reference

23. Significance:
• The distribution of different grain
sizes affects the engineering
properties of soil.
Grain size analysis provides the
grain size distribution, and it is
required in classifying the soil.

24. Testing objectives:
The Standard grain size
analysis test determines the
relative proportions of
different grain sizes as they
are distributed among certain
size ranges.

25. Need and Scope:
The grain size analysis is widely used in
classification of soils.
The data obtained from grain size distribution
curves is used in the design of filters for earth
dams and to determine suitability of soil for
road construction, air field etc.
Information obtained from grain size analysis
can be used to predict soil water movement
although permeability tests are more generally
used.

26. APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
i. Stack of Sieves including pan and
cover
ii. Balance (with accuracy to 0.01 g)
iii. Rubber pestle and Mortar ( for
crushing the soil if lumped or
conglomerated)
iv. Mechanical sieve shaker
v. Oven

29. THEORY
Soils having particle larger than
0.075mm size are termed as coarse
grained soils.
 In these soils more than 50% of the
total material by mass is larger 75
micron.
Coarse grained soil may have boulder,
cobble, gravel and sand.

30. PROCEDURE
i. take a representative oven dried sample
of soil that weighs about 500 g. ( this is
normally used for soil samples the
greatest particle size of which is 4.75
mm).
ii. If soil particles are lumped or
conglomerated crush the lumped and not
the particles using the pestle and mortar.

31. iii. Determine the mass of sample
accurately. Wt (g)
iv. Prepare a stack of sieves. sieves having
larger opening sizes (i.e lower numbers)
are placed above the ones having
smaller opening sizes (i.e higher
numbers). The very last sieve is #200
and a pan is placed under it to collect the
portion of soil passing #200 sieve. Here
is a full set of sieves. (#s 4 and 200
should always be included)

33. v. Make sure sieves are
clean, if many soil
particles are stuck in the
openings try to poke them
out using brush.
vi. Weigh all sieves and the
pan separately. (Fill in
column 3)

34. vii.Pour the soil from step 3 into the
stack of sieves from the top and
place the cover, put the stack in the
sieve shaker and fix the clamps,
adjust the time on 10 to 15 minutes
and get the shaker going.
viii.Stop the sieve shaker and
measure the mass of each sieve +
retained soil. (fill in column 4)

37. GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
- WET SIEVING

38. Grain size
analysis can
be performed
by various
methods.
Determining
the method
of grain size
analysis
depends on
the size of
the particles.
Dry sieving,
wet sieving,
and pipette
analysis are
among the
most widely
used
methods.
Dry sieving
is typically
used for
larger sized
particles, wet
sieving for
fine sand/silt
particles, and
pipette for
silt to clay
sized
particles.

39. Most sieve analysis are
carried out dry. But
there are some
applications which can
only be carried out by
wet sieving. This is the
case when the sample is
a very fine powder
which tends to
agglomerate (mostly <
45 µm)
A wet sieving process
is set up like a dry
process: the sieve stack
is clamped onto the
sieve shaker and the
sample is placed on the
top sieve. Above the
top sieve a water-spray
nozzle is placed which
supports the sieving
process additionally to
the sieving motion.
The rinsing is carried
out until the liquid
which is discharged
through the receiver
is clear. Sample
residues on the
sieves have to be
dried and weighed.

40. The "wet" technique only applies to solids
that have the following properties:-
 They must be practically insoluble in
water.
 They must not be affected by water, e.g.
solids which swell when wet would be
unsuitable.
 They must remain unchanged by a
reasonable application of heat, up to 110
C.

41. • The material to be sieved is mixed with water.
• Prepare the sieve stack. Moisten each sieve with water and placed them
on top of the collector with outlet.
• Place venting rings between the sieves to permit the expansion of air
cushion.
• Put the complete stack into the sieve shaker.
• If the smallest fraction that leaves the sieve stack should be collected,
make the required preparation
• Place the suspension on the uppermost sieve
• Fix the clamping device.
• Start the sieve shaker. Turn on the water supply.
• Observe the liquid living the outlet. Sieving is finished when water is
clear. Turn off water supply and sieve shaker.
• Dry the sieves and retained sample in an oven set at 105 °C for an hour.
• Weigh the retained sample on a tared watchglass on a balance and evaluate
the result.

42. BS 1377 : PART 4 : 1990
COMPACTION – RELATED TESTS

43. GENERAL
Compaction of soil is the process by which the solid
particles are PACKED more closely together, usually
by MECANICAL means, thereby increasing the DRY
DENSITY of the soil.

44. To obtain relationships between COMPACTED
DRY DENSITY and SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT,
using two magnitudes of MANUAL compactive
effort or compaction by VIBRATION.
Understand basic tests to obtain reference
densities.

45. TYPES OF TEST
Light Manual
Compaction
Test
Heavy Manual
Compaction
Test
Use of
Vibrating
Hammer

46. PROCEDURE
Sieve Test
Using 37.5mm and 20mm sieve
Separate according to size

47. METHOD USING RAMMER

48. Apparatus
Compaction
Mould
( 1 Litre )
Metal
Rammer
Balance
Readable 1g

49. Spatulla Straightedge Metal /
Plactic Tray

50. Weight the mould
with baseplate
Attach extension to
the mould and place
the mould on the
solid base
Place the moist soil in
the mould layer by
layer (3 layers)
PROCEDURE

51. Apply 27 blows, 300mm
height, falls freely
Repeat for 2 more test
Remove the extension, level
the surface of compacted
soil
Weight the soil & mould with
baseplate

52. Remove the compacted soil from the mould
and place it on metal tray
Break up the remainder of the soil, rub
it through 20mm test sieve
Add suitable increment water and mix
throughly into the soil
Repeat

53. Method Using Vibrating
Hammer
 Cover the determination of the dry density of
soil, which may contain some particles up to
coarse gravel size.
 Not generally suitable for cohesive soil

54. Apparatus
CBR
Mould
Electrical
Vibrating
Table
Surcharge
Base
Plate

55. Steel
Ruler
Balance
Readable
to 5g
Straight
edge
Sieve
Scoop
Stop
Watch

56. Sand Pouring Cylinder

57. Calibration Test
 Fill the sand-pouring cylinder with sand,
within about 10mm of its top. Determine the
mass of the cylinder (M1) to the nearest gram

58.  Place the sand-pouring cylinder vertically on the
calibrating container. Open the shutter to allow
the sand run out from the cylinder.When there is
no further movement of the sand in the cylinder,
close the shutter.
 Lift the pouring cylinder from the calibrating
container and weigh it to the nearest gram (M3).

59.  Again fill the pouring cylinder with sand, within
10mm of its top.
 Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out
of the cylinder.When the volume of the sand let
out is equal to the volume of the calibrating
container, close the shutter.

60.  Place the cylinder over a plane surface, such as a
glass plate. Open the shutter.The sand fills the cone
of the cylinder. Close the shutter when no further
movement of sand takes place.
 Remove the cylinder. Collect the sand left on the
glass plate. Determine the mass of sand (M2) that
had filled the cone by weighing the collected sand.
 Determine the dry density of sand, as shown in the
data sheet

61. Determination of Bulk Density of Soil
• Place the sand pouring cylinder concentrically
on the top of the calibrating container with
the shutter closed making sure that constant
mass (M₀) is maintained

62. • Open the shutter of cylinder and allow the sand to
move into the container. When no futher movement
is seen, close the shutter and find the mass of sand
left in the cylinder (M₂)
• Repeat step 2-3 at least thrice and find the mean
mass (M2)

63. Determination of
Field Density of Soil
• Level surface of the soil in the open field

64. • Place metal tray on the surface haring a
circular hole of 10cm diameter at the center.
Dig a hole of this diameter up to about 15 cm
dept. Collect all the excavation soil in a tray
and find the mass of excavation soil (M)

65. • Remove the tray and place the sand-pouring
cylinder concentrically on the hole. Open the
shutter and allow the sand to run into the
hole till no further movement of sand is
noticed. Close the shutter and determine
mass of sand which is left in the cylinder , (M₃)

66. • The representative sample is taken from the
excavated soil for determination of water
content

67. DATA & RESULT

71. ATTERBERG
LIMITS TEST
What is
it ?
What is the
purpose of it ?
How to conduct it ?

72. What is Atterberg Limits?

73. What is Atterberg Limits?

74. What is the Purpose of
Atterberg Limits Test ?
Casagrande
Liquid Limits
Device
Plastic Limit
Test
•To determined
the liquid limit
of grain soil
•To determined the
plastic limit of
grain soil
Method
Purposed
Moisture content,
expressed as a % of
weight of oven-dried
soil, at the boundary
between liquid and
plastic states of
consistency
Moisture content,
expressed as a % of
weight of oven-dried
soil, at the boundary
between plastic and
semisolid states of
consistency

75. How To Conduct
Atterberg Limits
Test?
Casagrande
Device (Liquid
Limit)
Plastic Limit
APPARATUS
1. Glass plate
2. A separate glass plate
for ………rolling of threads
3. Spatulas
4. Moisture content
apparatus
APPARATUS
1. Oven
2. Balance (0.01g
.....accuracy)
3. Sieve [425 micron]
4. Casagrande
apparatus

79. How To Conduct
Atterberg Limits
Test?
PROCEDURE

83. o Distribution of soil particles having sizes
less than 75 micron (Fine Grained soils) is
often determined by a sedimentation
process using a hydrometer to obtain the
necessary data such as the borderline
between clay and silt. Using this test the
GSD or grain size distribution for soils
containing appreciable amount of fines
is obtained.

84.  The percentage of sand, silt and clay in
the inorganic fraction of soil is measured
in this procedure.

85.  Glass cylinders, 1000-ml capacity
 Thermometer, Fahrenheit
 Hydrometer, Bouyoucos (Fisherbrand
Model # 14-331-5c)
 Electric mixer with dispersing cup
 Plunger
 Balance sensitive to ± 0.01g

86.  Video

87.  Results are reported as percentages of
the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and %
clay.
 Soil texture is based on the USDA textural
triangle.