Local Governance in the Philippines

Local Governance in the Philippines
Leadership, Structure and Process
and Political System
By Dr. Eusebio F. Miclat, Jr.
Wondrous Prints and Publishing
May 2012
Presented by: Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA
For PA 101 Local Government Administration

Rationale
The presentation attempts to account
issues problems, developments, achievement
encountered and made by local government
units as a result of decentralization triggered
by the Local Government Code 23 years after
its historic passage into law in October 1991

Chapter 1
Local Government in the Philippines
 forefront of public service
 big government in rural areas
 extension of national government
 delivers social, economic, political
and administrative goods and services

Concepts
A. The 1987 constitution calls LGUs as
an integral parts of a country below
the central government

B. Local Government in the Philippines is
divided into four levels:
Autonomous regions
Provinces and cities independent
from a province
Component cities and municipalities
Barangays

Type
Head of
Administration
Number
Region
Regional
governor*
17
Province Governor 80
Municipality Mayor 1,494
City Mayor 140
Village
/neighborhood
Barangay Chairman
/Barangay Captain 42,027
*only for autonomous regions
30 June 2012

http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp
as of 30 September 2014

https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/AAG%20on%20cities_FINAL_nov%20%2028.pdf

Rationale for Local Government
 a strategy of national government for
dividing or delegating power by area or level
 vehicle of local democracy, providing
services responsive to local needs and
conditions

Rationale for Local Government
Constitute local branch of the national
government apparatus in articulating,
aggregating and executing state policies
in key areas

Ecology of Local Government
 Pre – Colonial Culture - rich indo- malay culture
influenced by China, India, Arabia and Japan
 Pre – Spanish Period, Before 1521
 Spanish period 1565-1898
 The 1st Philippine republic 1898 -1902
 The American Period (1898-1935)

Ecology of Local Government
 The Commonwealth Period (1935 – 1946)
 Japanese Philippine Occupation (1942
-1945)
 The Second Republic (1946-1972)
 The Martial Law Period (1972 -1986)
 The Third Republic (1987 to Present)

Prehistoric Philippines
Datus, Rajahs and Sultans
Spanish colony
Crown Colony

Philippine Revolution
La Liga Filipina
Jose Rizal
Marcelo H. del Pilar
Graciano López Jaena
Mariano Ponce
La Solidaridad

Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio
Gregorio del Pilar
Melchora Aquino

Spanish - American War
First Philippine Republic
Emilio Aguinaldo
Apolinario Mabini
Pedro Paterno
Mariano Trias

Philippine - American War
American territory
US Military Governor: Arthur
MacArthur, Jr.

Commonwealth of the
Philippines
Quezon, Manuel L.

Republic of the Philippines
Third Republic of the Philippines
Manuel Roxas
Elpidio Quirino
Ramon Magsaysay
Carlos P. Garcia
Diosdado Macapagal

Mar tial Law Era
Ferdinand Marcos
Benigno Aquino, Jr.
EDSA Revolution

Fif th Republic of the Philippines
Corazon Aquino
Fidel Ramos
Joseph Estrada
EDSA II
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Benigno Aquino III

Philippine System of
Government and Politics
From the time when the Philippines declared itself a
sovereign state in 1898, the nation has had four
major constitutions:
(1) the 1899constitution, which established the first republic
in Asia;
(2) the 1935 constitution, which served as the basic law during
the period of self-government while the Philippines was still
under American rule and after it became independent in
1946;
(3) the 1973 constitution, which allowed Ferdinand Marcos to
continue to hold office as president; and
(4) the 1987 constitution, upon which the present
government is based, which essentially restored institutions
and processes dismantled by Marcos during his regime

The Executive Branch
As chief executive, the president has the power to
execute laws.
The president is assisted by a cabinet, which currently
comprises twenty-three departments.
Among the more important departments are Foreign
Affairs, National Defense, Finance, Interior and Local
Government, Justice, and Trade and Industry.
Both president and vice president are elected at large
for a six-year term with no possibility of reelection.
The executive branch consists of the President and his
Cabinet. The Senate and the House of Representatives
make up the bicameral legislature. The Supreme Court
heads the systems of courts under the judicial branch.

The Legislative Branch
The Philippine Congress is a bicameral body, the upper
house being the Senate and the lower house being the House
of Representatives.
These two houses possess equal power, although budgetary
bills must originate in the lower house, while treaty
ratification rests exclusively with the upper house.
Congress consists of a 24-member Senate and a 250-member House of
Representatives. The voters of the entire nation elect senators to six-year
terms.
Voters from different districts elect 200 of the representatives to three-year
terms. The remaining 50 representatives are selected from lists
drawn up by the political parties to ensure representation of women,
ethnic minorities, and certain economic and occupational groups.
The number selected from each party's list is about one-fourth of the
number of the party's elected representatives. All Philippine citizens
who are at least 18 years old may vote.

The Judiciary
Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and in the lower
courts.
Members of the judiciary are chosen by the president from a list
of nominees provided by the Judicial and Bar Council, a
constitutional body composed of representatives from the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, the
legal profession, and the private sector.
Once appointed, judges have secure tenure and can serve until the
age of seventy or until they become incapacitated.

Constitutional Commissions
The constitution also provides for independent
constitutional commissions, namely:
Civil Service Commission
Commission on Elections
Commission on Audit.

Local Governments
The lowest political unit in the Philippines is
the barangay (village).
The barangay is administered by a council headed by
a punong barangay (chairperson).
Several barangays make up a city or municipality.

Administrative Subdivisions
The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy
of local government units (LGUs) with
the province as the primary unit. As of
2007, there are 81 provinces in the country.

International organization participation
The Philippines is a founding and active member
of the UN since its inception on October 24,
1945 and is a founding member of the ASEAN.

Islam Influence on the Political System
Islam has a great influence on the
political system of the natives in the
Southern Philippines. The sultan of
the Muslim community is still the
sultan of Muslim provinces.

Bansa Moro
March 27, 2014, the Comprehensive Agreement on the
Bangsamoro (CAB) will be signed.
The CAB incorporates agreements between the Philippine
Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front signed in the
past two years: the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro
(signed December 2012), the Addendum on Bangsamoro Waters
(signed in January 2013), and four annexes to FAB—the Annex on
Transitional Arrangements and Modalities (signed in February
2013), the Annex on Revenue Generation and Wealth-Sharing
(signed in August 2013), the Annex on Power-Sharing (signed in
December 2013), and the Annex on Normalization (signed in
January 2014).

Map showing the
possible extent of
Bangsamoro
according to the
framework
agreement

The Philippine Administrative System
The administrative system of the Republic
of the Philippines is comprised of a central
government and its territorial and political
subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy:
the provinces, cities, municipalities and
barangays

Chapter 2
Legal Framework
RA 7160 known as the Local
Government Code of 1991 was
passed into law in October 1991
and implemented in January 1992

Significant Contents and Provisions
Devolved Basic Services
A. On Health and Social Services:
1. include the implementation of programs and projects on primary
health care, maternal and child care, and communicable and non
communicable disease control services;
2. Health services which access to secondary and tertiary health
services;
3. Purchase of medicines, medical supplies, and equipment needed
to carry out the services
4. Social welfare services which include programs and projects on
child and youth welfare, family and community welfare, women's
welfare, welfare of the elderly and disabled persons;

B. On Environmental Management:
1. Solid waste disposal system;
2. Services or facilities related to general hygiene
and sanitation;
3. Implementation of community-based forestry
projects which include integrated social forestry
programs and similar projects;
4. Management and control of communal forests;

C. On Agriculture:
1. Inter -Barangay irrigation system;
2. Water and soil resource utilization and
conservation projects;
3. Enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters
including the conservation of mangroves;

D. On Infrastructure:
1. Maintenance and Rehabilitation of the following;
a. roads and bridges
b. school buildings and other facilities for public elementary
and secondary schools;
c. clinics, health centers and other health facilities
d. small water impounding projects
e. fish ports; artesian wells, spring development, rainwater
collectors and water supply systems;
f. seawalls, dikes, drainage and sewerage, and flood control;
g. traffic signals and road signs; and similar facilities;

Significant Contents and Provisions

E. On Tourism:
1.Tourism facilities and other tourist
attractions,
2.Acquisition of equipment
3.Regulation and supervision of business
concessions,
4.Security services for such facilities

Local Taxation and Fiscal Matters

Local Taxation and Fiscal Matters
A. National Government
• Internal Revenue Allotment
• Share from taxes, fees and charges collected form
the development and utilization of national
wealth
• Other Grants and Subsidies
• Debt Relief Program

B. Locally Generated
• Real Property Taxes
• Business Taxes
• Other Local Taxes
• Regulatory Fees
• Operation of Local Economic Enterprises
• Tolls and Users Charges

C. Other Sources
• Sales/Lease of Assets
• Credits
• BOT-BT Scheme

Administrative Capability Effectiveness Efficiency Responsiveness Sustainability
Scabillty and
Replicability
1 Devolved Services
a. Health and Social
Services
b. Environmenal
Management
c. Agriculture
d. Infrastructure
2 Regulatory Functions
3
Governmental and
Corporate Powers
BGO-LGU Role in
4
Governance
5 Human Resource Planning
6 Tourism
Local taxation and Fiscal
7
matters
8 structure and Processes
1-5 rating 1 as the lowest
and 5 as the highest
Explain your score

Chapter 3
Structure and Process
A. Restructuring of the Organizational Structure
B. The Planning, Programming, Budgeting,
Monitoring and Evaluation Processes

National Government
ARMM
5 Provinces
117
Municipalities
2490
Barangays
MMDA
16 Cities 1 Municipalities
Barangay Barangay
1 City

Structure of local government system in the Philippines. Source: Based on LGC
of 1991; Department of the Interior and Local Government

National
Government
Province Highly Urbanized City
Municipality Component City
Barangay Barangay Barangay
Structure of Philippine Local
Government Padilla: 1998
Structure of Philippine Local
Government Padilla: 1998

NEDA Board
RDC
CDC
BDC
PDC
MDC
DILG: 1992 The Government DILG: 1992 The Government P Plalannnniningg H Hieierraarrcchhyy

Excerpts from the Article of:
STEPHEN R. COVEY
1990

 Dr. STEPHEN RICHARDS COVEY – the
founder and chairman of the Covey
Leadership Center and the Institute for
Principle-Center Leadership in the US.
(October 24, 1932 – July 16, 2012) was
an American educator, author, businessman,
and keynote speaker.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Covey

 Dr. Covey earned a Bachelor of Science degree
in business administration from the University
of Utah, an MBA from Harvard University, and
a Doctor of Religious Education (DRE)
from Brigham Young University. He was a
member of Pi Kappa Alpha International
Fraternity. He was awarded ten honorary
doctorates.

 “ When managing in the wilderness of
the changing times, a map is of limited
worth. What’s needed is a moral
compass.”
 A compass represents or points to the
“true north”.
 “True north” – the magnetic principle of
respect for people and property.

 “Principles are like a compass. A compass has a
true north that is objective and external, that
reflects natural laws or principles; as opposed
to values that are subjective and internal.
- “We must develop our value system with deep
respect for “true north” principles.

 “Principles are proven, enduring guidelines for
human conduct”
- e.g. “you reap what you sow”; “actions speak
louder than words”.
 “Principles empower people to create a wide
variety of practices to deal with different
situations”.
- We must center our lives on “correct principles”
which are the key to developing rich internal
power in our lives. Whatever lies at the center of
our lives become the primary source of our life-support
system.

 Life-support system is represented by four
fundamental dimensions and cultivates these
internal sources of strength:
• Security
• Guidance
• Wisdom
• Power
 “Focusing on alternative centers – work,
possessions, friends, family, and others –
weakens and disorients us”

 PCL is practiced at different levels:
1. Personal – relationship with oneself;
2. Interpersonal – relationship and interactions
with others;
3. Managerial – responsibility to get a job done
with others; and,
4. Organizational – need to recruit, train, and
compensate people, build teams, solve
problems, and create aligned structure,
strategy and systems.

 Eight (8) Characteristics of People who are PC
Leaders:
1. They are continually learning;
2. They are service-oriented;
3. They radiate positive energy – hope and enthusiasm;
4. They believe in other people;
5. They lead balanced lives;
6. They see life as an adventure;
7. They complement their weaknesses with the
strengths of others; and,
8. They exercise for self-renewal.

 “ If you want to make slow incremental
improvement, change your attitude or
behavior. But if you want to improve in
revolutionary ways, either as an individual or
organization, change your paradigm, your
scheme for understanding and explaining
certain aspects of reality.”

1. The Scientific Management Paradigm
- People are seen primarily as STOMACHS –
motivated primarily by their quest for economic
security.
- Management style is authoritarian.
2. The Human Relations Paradigm
- People are acknowledged not only as STOMACHS
but also HEARTS, social beings who need to be
liked and respected.
- Management is in charge, but at least people are
treated with kindness and courtesy.

3. The Human Resource Paradigm
- People are seen with MINDS, with latent talent and
capacity, in addition to STOMACHS and HEARTS.
- As managers, the goal is to identify and develop the
capacities to accomplish the objectives of the
organization.
4. Principle-Centered Leadership
- People are seen as SPIRITUAL BEINGS who want
meaning, they are the most valuable organizational
assets – stewards of certain resources.
- Work must be made challenging and fulfilling.

1. People – it is based on the effectiveness of the
people; it recognizes the value of people because
people produce everything else.
2. Self – change and improvement must begin with
ones self.
3. Style – participative styles of management create
more innovation, initiative and commitment, but
also more unpredictable behavior.
4. Skills - skills such as delegation, communication,
negotiation, and self-management are fundamental
to high performance.

5. Shared Vision and Principles – a win-win performance
agreement, where both parties share a common vision
based on common principles.
6. Structure and System – in organizations, relationships
and interactions requires some kind of structure and
certain kinds of system, just like the ”human body”.
7. Strategy – should be congruent with the professed
mission, with available resources, and with market
conditions.
8. Streams – these are the environments (inside and
outside) which needs to be monitored to ensure that
everything are in alignment with the organization’s
vision, systems and the rest vis-à-vis external realities.

 “Ineffective people try to manage their time
around priorities. Effective people lead their
lives according to principles”.
 “The key to quality products and services is a
quality person”.

Leadership and Ethics
Concept

Leadership Theories
The Classical Organizational Theory
School comprising the works of Henri Fayol’s
views on administration, and Max Weber’s
idealized bureaucracy, among others;
Behavioral School comprising the work of
Elton Mayo and his associates; the
Management Science School; and Recent
Developments in Management Theory
comprising works such as Systems
Approach, Situational or Contingency theory,
Chaos theory, and Team Building approach.

Leadership and Ethics
Five
D. Types
Levels of
Leadership

Leadership Competencies
E. Competencies
 Passion
 Humor
 Courage
 Integrity & Trust
 Energy/Vitality/Enthusiasm
 Building a Team
 Priorities
 Creativity
 Vision

Ethics
It can be concluded that mere
knowledge of management
technologies and competencies
would not be enough
qualification of a leader or
manager if he is not virtuous.
Virtue is developed in a person
in a leader through his family
upbringing, culture and society

“Man is moral not because he is
taught to be one, but essentially
because goodness is the essence
of his nature”
Montemayor, 1983

Best Practices in Local
Governance
A. Galing Pook Foundation
1. Galing Pook Awardees
 Social Development Sector
 Health, Nutrition and Water
 Education
 Socialized Housing
 Youth, Sports,Tourism and Culture
www..galigpook.com

Governance
Agriculture and fishery Development
Livelihood and Income Generation
Environmental Protection and Solid
Waste Management
Physical Infrastructure Development
Sector
General Administration and Finance
Computerization, Management and
Justice

Governance
Peace and Security
Disaster and Risk Reduction

Local Government Code of 1991: 20
Years After
A. Accomplishments
• The past 20 years of experimentation under
the Local Government Code are replete
with well-intentioned and successful
practices

Paradigm Shift: Political System and
Structure

Local Government Code in Action: Naga
City’s Empowerment Ordinance
A success story in the implementation of
the Local Government Code Naga City’s
enactment of its Empowerment Ordinance in
1995 which led to the design and
implementation of several initiatives involving
partnership between local government and civil
society. The City chose to develop its own
“Empowerment Ordinance” to establish the
structure to achieve active partnership between
the city government and the people of Naga
City.
www.unhabitat.org

Local Government Code in Action: Naga
City’s Empowerment Ordinance
The Ordinance spells out the norms of
accreditation of NGOs and their rights and
privileges. Accredited NGOs are deemed eligible
for joint ventures with the city government to
engage in various municipal tasks like
infrastructure delivery, capacity- building and
livelihood projects, and other activities that
enhance the economic and social well-being of
the people (see Section 7).
www.unhabitat.org

The Ordinance institutionalizes all accredited NGOs under an
autonomous People’s Council (the Naga City People’s Council or
NCPC). Among the powers of the NCPC are:
1. Vote and participate in the deliberation, conceptualization,
implementation and evaluation of projects, activities and programs of
the city government;
2. Propose legislation;
3.Participate and vote at the committee level of the city legislature;
and
4.Act as people’s representative in the exercise of their constitutional
rights to information on matters of public concern and of access to
official records and documents (Section 11)

The Ordinance mandates sectoral
representation in the Sangguniang Panlungsod (city
legislature) from each of the non-agricultural labor,
women, and urban poor sectors of the city that shall be
elected from among the members of the accredited
NGOs and POs in each sector (Section 15). With
external capacity-building support, Naga City initiated a
series of successful projects in partnership with civil
society: The Naga City River Watershed Plan; The
Naga City Solid Waste Management Plan; and the City
Health Development Plan.

Urban government
What urban government does, who does it, and with
what resources vary from country to country, and from
town to town.6 Generally, however, urban public
services in most countries comprise
TO SERVE AND TO PRESERVE
• garbage collection/waste management; • water
supply/sewerage; • environmental services, streetlight
maintenance, parks and recreation; • primary health
care and education (in some countries only, usually to
complement central government services); • some social
welfare (e.g., shelters for the homeless); • internal
transport; • urban planning and regulatory enforcement;
• local public works and housing; • firefighting and other
emergency services; • traffic regulation;

Local Governance in the Philippines

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