1. Poverty & Underdevelopment: Edwin B. R.Gbargaye Graduate Student, MDM Presented to a MDM Forum

15. Economic inequality Poverty Illiteracy/Ignorance Malnutrition Weak resistance Unsanitary surrounding Spread of disease-causing microbes Sickness Death Unsustainable Family size Lack of investment Homelessness/ Inadequate housing Relationship of Health & Poverty

25. Subjective (self-rated) Poverty Line

35. HDI Formula In general, to transform a raw variable , say x , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: x -index = where and are the lowest and highest values the variable x can attain, respectively. Dimension = actual value – minimum value Maximum value – minimum value

37. Comparative HDI of Selected Countries: 1975-2002 HDIRank Country 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 1 Norway 0.866 0.886 0.897 0.911 0.935 0.954 0.956 8 United States 0.866 0.886 0.899 0.914 0.926 0.935 0.939 25 Singapore 0.724 0.761 0.784 0.821 0.859 .. 0.902 59 Malaysia 0.614 0.657 0.693 0.720 0.759 0.789 0.793 76 Thailand 0.613 0.651 0.676 0.707 0.742 .. 0.768 83 Philippines 0.653 0.686 0.692 0.719 0.735 .. 0.753 94 China 0.523 0.557 0.593 0.627 0.683 0.721 0.745 130 Cambodia .. .. .. .. 0.540 0.551 0.568 127 India 0.411 0.437 0.476 0.514 0.548 0.579 0.595 176 Niger 0.237 0.257 0.250 0.259 0.265 0.279 0.292

39. Lorenz Curve Sorted by income

41. Gini Coefficient & Lorenz Curve The area of the whole triangle is defined as 1, not 0.5 Gini Index

43. T H A N K Y O U