1. Module 3 Corruption Risk Mapping
Session 3.1 Where does
corruption occur?
Training workshop
6-7 Apr 2011
Strengthening transparency, integrity and accountability IRC International Water
and Sanitation Centre

2. In this session:
• We are all familiar with some aspects of corruption,
through our own experience, or exposure through others,
the media etc.
• It is helpful to be able to categorise corruption types, as
a precursor to planning anti-corruption (pro
accountability/transparency) activities.
• So, in this session, we:
– Map out different corruption types.
– Highlight some early warning signs indicators.
– Take a first look at anti-corruption activities.
• Acknowledgement – Janelle Plummer

3. Locating corruption
Public Officials
Public Actors
ConsumersPrivate
Corruption occurs between public officials
and three different sets of actors
Elsewhere?

4. PUBLIC
PRIVATE
interactions
Mapping Matrix
PUBLIC
CONSUMER
interactions
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
interactions
Tendering and Procurement
Construction / Operations
Payment Systems
Policy-making and regulating
Planning / budgeting / transfers
Management

5. Corruption locations
Public Officials - Public
Actors
Public Officials to
Private
Public Officials to
Consumer
Policy making/regulating
•Diversion of funds
•Distortions in decision- and
policy- making
Procurement
•Bribery, fraud, collusion in
tenders
Construction
•Theft of materials
•Fraudulent documents
Planning and budgeting
•Corruption in planning and
management
•Bribery and kickbacks in fiscal
transfers
Construction
•Fraud/bribes in
construction
•Work not carried out to
spec
Operations
•Admin corruption
•(access, service, speed)
Management and
Programme Design
•Appointments, transfers
•Preferred candidates
•Project selection
Operations
•Fraud/bribes
Payment systems
•Meter, billing and
collection: fraud, extortion
and bribery

6. Mapping our
experiences
• Highlighting our own corruption experiences:
– Develop a one/two sentence summary
– Specify the type of corruption
– Identify the actors involved
– Place the example in the correct part of the matrix

7. PUBLIC to PUBLIC
interactions
Planning and budgeting
• Corruption in planning
and management
• Bribery and kickbacks in
fiscal transfers
Management and
Program Design
• Appointments, transfers
• Preferred candidates
• Selection of projects
Policy-making /
Regulating
• Diversion of funds
• Distortions in decision-
making, policy-making
Early warning
indicators
• Monopolies / tariff
abnormalities
• Lack of clarity of
regulator / provider roles
• Embezzlement in
budgeting, planning,
fiscal transfers
• Speed / complexity of
budget processes
• No.of signatures
• % spending on capital
intensive spending
• Unqualified senior staff
• Low salaries, high perks,
cf. HH assets
• Increase in price of
informal water
Anti-corruption
Measures
• Policy and tariff reform
• Separation
• Transparent minimum
standards
• Independent auditing
• Citizen oversight and
monitoring
• Technical auditing
• Participatory planning
and budgeting
• Performance based staff
reforms
• Transparent, competitive
appointments

8. Early warning
indicators
• Same tender lists
• Bidders drop out
• Higher unit costs
• Variation orders
• Low worker
payments
• Single source supply
• Change in quality
and coverage
Anti-corruption
Measures
• Simplify tender
documents
• Bidding transparency
• Independent tender
evaluation
• Integrity pacts
• Citizen oversight and
monitoring
• Technical auditing
• Citizen auditing, public
hearings
• Benchmarking
• SSIP support mechs
PUBLIC to
PRIVATE
interactions
Procurement
• Bribery, fraud, collusion
in tenders
Construction
• Fraud / bribes in
construction
Operations
• Fraud / bribes in
construction

9. PUBLIC to
CONSUMER
interactions
Construction
• Community based WSS –
theft of materials
• Fraudulent documents
Operations
• Admin corruption
(access, service, speed)
Payment systems
• meter, billing and
collection – fraud and
bribery
Early warning
indicators
• Loss of materials
• Infrastructure
• failure
• Low rate of faults
• Lack of interest in
connection
campaigns
• Night time tanking
• Unexplained
variations in
revenues
Anti-corruption
Measures
• Corruption
assessments
• Citizen monitoring
and oversight
• Report cards
• Transparency in
reporting
• Citizen oversight
and monitoring
• Complaint
redressal
• Reform to
customer interface
(e.g. women
cashiers)

10. PUBLIC to
CONSUMER
interactions
Construction
• Community based WSS –
theft of materials
• Fraudulent documents
Operations
• Admin corruption
(access, service, speed)
Payment systems
• meter, billing and
collection – fraud and
bribery
Early warning
indicators
• Loss of materials
• Infrastructure
• failure
• Low rate of faults
• Lack of interest in
connection
campaigns
• Night time tanking
• Unexplained
variations in
revenues
Anti-corruption
Measures
• Corruption
assessments
• Citizen monitoring
and oversight
• Report cards
• Transparency in
reporting
• Citizen oversight
and monitoring
• Complaint
redressal
• Reform to
customer interface
(e.g. women
cashiers)