The expansion of European society and culture in the 18th century.

1. CH 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century AP European History Magister Ricard

2. Agriculture and the Land CH 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century

3. The Open Field System The great accomplishment of medieval agriculture Three field rotations helped keep fields fertile Traditional village rights reinforced traditional patterns of farming Peasants were exploited Peasants in Eastern Europe were worst off

4. The Agricultural Revolution More complex systems of crop rotation increased the amount of land under cultivation Grain crops alternated with nitrogen-storing crops Open-field system ended by “enclosing” fields, especially in England Enclosure movement also ended common lands and the independence of rural poor Poor relied on open-field system to survive

5. The Leadership of the Low Countries and England Prior to agricultural revolution, Holland was most advanced nation Intensive farming was well established by mid-17th century Dutch had dense population English were adept to learning from Dutch JethroTull famous for experimental agriculture and animal husbandry By mid-18th century, England headed up agricultural tranformation Half of all English land was enclosed by 1700 Pattern of landownership and production begins Enclosure marks beginnings of estate agriculture and landless rural proletariat

6. The Beginning of the Population Explosion CH 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century

7. Limitations on Population Growth Famine, disease, and war check population growth Population of Europe kept fairly low prior to 18th century

8. The New Pattern of the 18th Century Fewer deaths, in part due to disappearance of plague Advances in medicine did little to decrease mortality rates Improved sanitation promotes better public health Increase in food supply means fewer famines and epidemics

9. Cottage Industry and Urban Guilds CH 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century

10. The Putting Out System Two main participants Merchant capitalists Rural workers Merchants loaned raw materials to workers who produced goods for the merchant to sell Putting-Out system grew due to competitive advantages Rural manufacturing did not spread at an even rate

11. The Textile Industry Had employed more people than any other industry Most participants in cottage industry worked in textiles Cottage industry was a family enterprise Relations between workers and employers were marked with conflict

12. Urban Guilds Guild system peaked in 17th and 18th centuries Guild masters were at the top Guilds restricted membership Power of guilds varied across Europe Critics of guilds saw them as obstacles to innovation and progress During 18th century, some guilds became more accessible to women

13. The Industrious Revolution “Industrious revolution” used to describe Europe’s social and economic transformation In Northern Europe, new choices were made about allocation of time and resources Impact of these new patterns are still debated Economic and social changes in 18th century lead to Industrial Revolution

14. Building the World Economy CH 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century

15. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars English mercantilism was characterized by government regulations that served both the interests of state and private individuals Mercantilism in other parts of Europe only served state interests Navigation Acts (1651-1663) Economic warfare with Dutch domination of Atlantic shipping Gave British merchants a near monopoly over trade with North America

16. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars After defeating Dutch, England fights France for maritime domination War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) – England gains full control over India and North America London becomes largest and richest city in the West Colonies provide new markets for English goods English exports were balanced and diversified French still profited from colonial trade

17. Land and Labor in British America Cheap land and scarce labor in North America Rapid increase in the colonial population Importation of African slaves to tobacco plantations Prosperity for British colonists

18. The Atlantic Slave Trade Slavery was key element in Atlantic system and western European economic expansion After 1700, England leader of slave trade Demand increases, prices for African slaves rises Africans participated in slave trade After 1775, abolition movement develops in England

19. Revival in Colonial Latin America Under Philip V (1700-1746) Spain recovers economically and defends colonies in America Rising silver exports creates wealth for Creole merchants Creole estate owners dominate peasantry through debt peonage, a form of serfdom Mestizos, offspring of Spanish men and Indian women, form large group in colonies of Spain

20. Trade and Empire in Asia Europeans vied for dominance of trade in Asia Dutch were major players in spice trade at end of 16th century Replaced the Portuguese in Indian Ocean trade, made Asian partners dependents In 18th century, Dutch faced competition from English East India Company England focused attention on India England’s rival in India was France By early 1800’s, England gains economic and political dominance in most of subcontinent

21. Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism Challenged mercantilist ideas with defense of free trade Argues to keep government interference in the economy to a minimum Writes Wealth of Nations in 1776 One of the most original thinkers from the Enlightenment Forms basis for argument for economic liberalism