Adventures in boating wa 2009

Copyright © 2009 Boat Ed
Copyright © 2009 by Boat Ed. All rights
reserved. No part of this ADVENTURES IN
BOATING WASHINGTON PowerPoint®
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permission in writing from Boat Ed.

Class PlanClass Plan
Chapter One: Know Your Boat
Chapter Two: Before You Get Underway
Chapter Three: Operating Your Boat Safely
Chapter Four: Legal Requirements of
Boating
Chapter Five: Boating Emergencies
Chapter Six: Enjoying Water Sports

Chapter One
Know Your Boat

Key TopicsKey Topics
Parts of a Boat
Types of Boat Hulls
Length of a Vessel
Types of Engines
Personal Watercraft (PWC)
Sailboats

ObjectivesObjectives
You should …You should …
► be able to identify the basic parts of a boat, a
PWC, and a sailboat.
► be able to identify the different types of hulls
and their performance characteristics.
► be able to identify the different kinds of engines
commonly found in recreational vessels and
their uses.

The Many Parts of a BoatThe Many Parts of a Boat

The Many Parts of a BoatThe Many Parts of a Boat (cont.)(cont.)
Transom: Vertical surface at the back of the hull

Types of Boat HullsTypes of Boat Hulls
Displacement hulls are
designed to cut through
water with very little
propulsion.
Planing hulls rise up
and glide on top of the
water when enough
power is supplied.

Types of Boat HullsTypes of Boat Hulls (cont.)(cont.)
How Planing Hulls OperateHow Planing Hulls Operate
Displacement Mode
 A planing hull, when operated at very slow speeds,
will cut through water like a displacement hull.

Plowing Mode
 As speed increases,
planing hull will have
raised bow, reducing
operator’s vision and
throwing very large wake.
Planing Mode
 Boat is in planing
mode when enough
power is applied so
that hull glides on top
of the water.

Hull Shapes Advantages Disadvantages
Flat Bottom Hull
Planing hull with
shallow draft—good
for fishing in small
lakes and rivers
Rides roughly in
choppy waters
Deep Vee Hull
Planing hull gives
smoother ride in
rough water
Takes more power to
move than a flat
bottom hull—may
roll or bank in sharp
turns
There are four basic hull shapes:There are four basic hull shapes:

Hull Shapes Advantages Disadvantages
Round Bottom Hull Typical
displacement hull
that moves easily
through water even
at slow speeds
Has a tendency to
roll unless it has a
deep keel or
stabilizers
Multi-Hull Another
displacement hull—
has greater stability
because of wide
beam
Needs large area
when turning

Length of a VesselLength of a Vessel
Vessels are divided into classes by length which
dictates equipment necessary to comply with federal
and state laws.

Length of a VesselLength of a Vessel (cont.)(cont.)
Four most common length classes are:Four most common length classes are:
 Less than 16 feet (Class A)
 16 feet to less than 26 feet (Class 1)

Engine Types—OutboardsEngine Types—Outboards
 Portable, self-contained unit consisting of an
engine, gear case, and propeller that is attached to
the transom.
 May be four-stroke design, or conventional two-
stroke engine.
 Steering controlled
by tiller or steering
wheel.

Engine Types—InboardsEngine Types—Inboards
 Mounted inside hull’s
midsection or in front
of transom
 Four-stroke automotive
engine adapted for
marine use
 Two-stroke engine on PWC
 Steering is controlled by rudder behind the
propeller (except PWC and jet drive boats)
 PWC steering controlled by jet flow of water

Engine Types—Stern DrivesEngine Types—Stern Drives
 Known as inboard/outboards (I/O)
 Mounted inside vessel
and attached through
transom to drive unit
 Four-cycle automotive
engines adapted for
marine use
 Steering controlled by the outdrive, which swivels
like an outboard engine to direct propeller thrust

Engine Types—Jet DrivesEngine Types—Jet Drives
 Jet drives propel vessel by jet of water forced out
back of vessel. Directing jet steers vessel.
 PWC are most common type of vessels using jet
drive.

Engine Types—Jet DrivesEngine Types—Jet Drives (cont.)(cont.)
 May power larger vessels—commonly used for
vessels designed for shallow water conditions. Jet
boats can have inboard or outboard jet drives.

Personal Watercraft (PWC)Personal Watercraft (PWC)
 PWC are small vessels that use an inboard jet
drive as primary source of propulsion.
 U.S. Coast Guard includes PWC in group of
inboard vessels less than 16 feet in length.
 PWC are subject to same laws and requirements
of any other vessel plus some specific to PWC.

Personal WatercraftPersonal Watercraft (cont.)(cont.)

SailboatsSailboats
Sailboats basicallySailboats basically
consist of fourconsist of four
components:components:
 Hull
 Rigging
 Keel or centerboard
 Rudder

Chapter Two
Before You Get
Underway

 Boat’s Capacity
 Float Plans
 Fuel Your Vessel …
Safely
 Fueling a PWC
 Trailering
 Courtesy on the Boat
Ramp
 Vessel Maintenance
 Engine Maintenance
 Lines and Knots
 Preventing Theft

►be able to locate and understand a boat’s
capacity plate.
►know how to file a proper float plan.
►be able to fuel a vessel safely.
►be able to launch and retrieve a vessel from a
trailer safely and courteously.
►know the basics of vessel and engine
maintenance.

Boat CapacityBoat Capacity
 Capacity plate is located near the operator’s
position or on the transom.
 Indicates maximum weight capacity and/or
maximum number of people
boat can carry safely
in good weather.
 Federal law requires single-
hull boats have capacity plate
if less than 20 feet in length.

Boat CapacityBoat Capacity (cont.)(cont.)
 Recommended capacity for PWC and sailboats is
found in the owner’s manual and on manufacturer’s
warning decal.
 Vessels with no capacity plate
Number of people = vessel length (ft.) X vessel width (ft.)
15
 On outboard powerboats capacity plate also displays
recommended maximum horsepower rating.
 To be certified by National Marine Manufacturers
Association, must have capacity plate on all boats
less than 26 feet.

Float PlanFloat Plan
For short outings, at minimum you should:For short outings, at minimum you should:
 Inform a responsible person of:
● Where you are boating and
when you are returning
● Telephone number of local
authorities to call if you are
overdue
 Contact this person when
you return or if you decide to
extend your trip.

Float PlanFloat Plan (cont.)(cont.)
For extended outings, leave floatFor extended outings, leave float
plan with someone that:plan with someone that:
 Describes vessel, its number, size,
make, horsepower, and engine type.
 Includes description and license
plate of tow vehicle and trailer.
 Gives passenger names, addresses,
and an emergency contact.
 Lists destination, route, departure
time, and expected return time.
 Gives phone number of local
authorities.

Fueling Your Vessel … SafelyFueling Your Vessel … Safely
Before beginning to fuel:Before beginning to fuel:
 Tie the boat securely to fuel dock.
 Ask passengers to leave boat and go onto dock.
 Don’t allow anyone to smoke or strike a match.
 Check to see that fuel lines, connections, and fuel
vents are in good condition.

Fueling Your VesselFueling Your Vessel (cont.)(cont.)
 Turn off anything that might cause a spark—
engines, fans, or electrical equipment.
 Shut off fuel valves and extinguish all open flames.
 Close all windows, ports, doors, and openings.
 Remove portable fuel tanks from boat and fill them
on dock.
 Make sure that fire extinguisher is within reach.

While filling the fuel tank:While filling the fuel tank:
 Keep nozzle of fuel-pump hose in solid contact
with tank opening to prevent producing static
spark.
 Use caution and fill tank slowly to avoid spilling
fuel into boat’s bilge or into water.
 Never fill tank to brim—leave room for fuel to
expand.

After fueling:After fueling:
 Put fill cap on tightly to prevent vapors from
escaping.
 Wipe up any spilled fuel and properly dispose of
used paper towels or rags on shore.
 Open all windows, ports, doors, and other
openings.

 If boat is equipped with a power ventilation
system, turn it on for at least four minutes
before starting your engine to help eliminate fuel
vapors in the bilge.
 Before starting engine, sniff bilge and engine
compartment for fuel vapors.
 Start engine and reload passengers.

Fueling A PWCFueling A PWC
 Check entire fuel system for leaks and inspect fuel
system connections frequently.
 Avoid spills when fueling in or near the water.
 Do not tip PWC to fill
all the way up.
 After fueling, sniff
engine compartment for
any evidence of gas
fumes.

PWC Fuel Selector SwitchPWC Fuel Selector Switch
 Off position used when
PWC’s engine is turned
off.
 On position used while
you are underway.
 Reserve position used if
you run out of fuel while
underway.

Trailering Your VesselTrailering Your Vessel
Choose the Right Trailer & Vehicle To Tow VesselChoose the Right Trailer & Vehicle To Tow Vessel
 Trailer and towing vehicle should be designed to
fit vessel.
● Use size of vessel to determine dimensions of
trailer needed.
● Weight of vessel, engine, and gear should not
exceed 90% of trailer’s recommended load
capacity.
● Make sure towing vehicle is rated to tow
combined weight of vessel, motor, and trailer.

Trailering Your VesselTrailering Your Vessel (cont.)(cont.)
 Towing hitch must be appropriate for loaded
trailer.
● The coupler on a trailer connects to ball hitch on
towing vehicle. If using vehicle bumper-mounted
hitch, do not exceed weight rating of bumper.
● Coupler size must match the size of the ball hitch.

● Tongue weight is the weight a loaded trailer
places on the towing hitch. Should be about
10% of combined weight of vessel and trailer.
 Two strong safety
chains should be
crisscrossed to
support trailer’s coupler
if it becomes
disconnected from
towing vehicle.

Before Leaving HomeBefore Leaving Home
 Secure vessel and gear.
● Secure all gear in vessel firmly and arrange it so
that weight is evenly distributed.
● Secure vessel to trailer with several tie-down
straps and/or safety lines. Use extra straps.
● Put engine or drive unit in raised position and
secure it.
● Attach safety chains between trailer and towing
vehicle, crisscrossing them under trailer tongue.

 Inspect and maintain trailering equipment.
● Check pressure of tires on towing vehicle and
trailer. Make sure you have good spares for both.
● Tighten the lug bolts/bolts on wheels of towing
vehicle and trailer and grease wheel bearings.
● Make sure all lights and brakes on towing vehicle
and trailer work properly.
● Examine tie-down straps, lines, winch, safety
chains, and hitch for signs of wear.

On the Road With a TrailerOn the Road With a Trailer
 Drive cautiously.
● Drive at moderate speeds and avoid sudden
maneuvers.
● On long trips, pull over every hour or so to check
vehicle, trailer, tires, trailer coupling, and gear.
 Allow for added length and weight of trailer.
● Make wider turns at corners and curves.
● Allow extra time and distance for stopping and
for passing other vehicles.

Launching Your Vessel from a TrailerLaunching Your Vessel from a Trailer
 Prepare to launch well away from the boat ramp.
● Transfer all equipment and supplies to vessel.
● Disconnect trailer lights from towing vehicle.
● Remove all tie-down straps before backing down
ramp but leave trailer winch line securely
attached to vessel.
● Make sure vessel’s drain plug is in place.
● Tie a rope to vessel’s bow to use to control
vessel if necessary during launching.

 Back trailered vessel into water far enough so that
lower unit of engine can be lowered and
submerged while vessel is still on trailer.
● Set parking brake on towing vehicle.
● Lower engine or outdrive, and start engine. If
vessel is still on trailer and you have engine
trouble, you can retrieve vessel easily.
● Once engine is warmed up, back trailer into water
until vessel floats—undo winch line, put vessel
engine in reverse, and back slowly off trailer.

Retrieving Your VesselRetrieving Your Vessel
 Back trailer into water so that ⅔ of rollers or bunks
are submerged. Set parking brake of towing vehicle,
put it in park or first gear.
● Move vessel onto trailer
far enough so winch
line can be attached to
bow eye of vessel.
● Shut off engine, raise
engine or outdrive.
● Pull vessel out of water.

 Prepare for the drive home well away from boat
ramp.
● While at ramp area, remove and dispose of all
weeds from vessel and trailer. Remove drain
plug to release bilge water, drain live wells.
● Secure vessel on trailer and gear within vessel.
● Repeat instructions in “Before Leaving Home.”

Courtesy on theCourtesy on the
Boat RampBoat Ramp
 Prepare vessel for
launching well
away from ramp.

 Use at least two experienced people to launch and
retrieve vessel.
 Never block ramp with an unattended vessel or
vehicle.
 When retrieving, do not pull vessel into a launch
lane until towing vehicle is at ramp.
 After retrieving vessel from water, pull it well away
from ramp before preparing it for drive home.

Vessel MaintenanceVessel Maintenance
 Examine interior and exterior of hull.
● Check for oxidation
● Use only environmentally-safe, non-phosphate
detergents
● Check through-hull fittings for cracks and leaks
● Remove all puddles from interior before and after
outings
 Store vessels in dry area out of the sun.
 Clean all lines. Keep lines out of sun.
 Clean sails—examine for tears or open seams.

Engine Maintenance
Follow a regular maintenance program.Follow a regular maintenance program.
 Keep engine clean and well tuned.
 Check oil and fluid levels before every outing
according to the owner’s manual.
 Tighten battery connections. Clean battery
terminals.
 Inspect engine for anything that show signs of
wear or requires tightening.
 Use marine parts only.

Lines and KnotsLines and Knots

Preventing TheftPreventing Theft
 Store vessel so it is not easily seen and trailer
cannot be moved.
 Chain and lock outboard motor and fuel tanks to
vessel.
 Mark or engrave all equipment with identifier.
 Photograph or video tape interior and exterior of
vessel. Make complete inventory of equipment,
vessel, and trailer.
 Remove expensive electronics or other valuables.
 Cover vessel—always remove keys and
registration.

Chapter Three
Operating Your
Boat Safely

 Casting Off and
Docking
 Navigation Rules
 Navigation Lights
 Night Navigation
 Sound Signals
 Navigational Aids
 Anchoring
 Dams, Locks, and
Bridges
 Compasses and
Charts
 PWC Operation
 Ignition Safety
Switches
 Avoiding Propeller
Strike Injuries

►be able to cast off and dock under different wind
and current conditions.
►know three major responsibilities of a vessel
operator.
►know what to do when encountering another
vessel.
►know types of night navigation lights and how to
interpret them.

ObjectivesObjectives (cont.)(cont.)
►be able to use and interpret sound signals.
►know what to do when encountering buoys and
markers.
►be able to anchor vessel correctly.
►understand dangers inherent in boating near
dams, locks, and bridges and effects of tides
and currents on vessels.

►know how to use a compass and read a nautical
chart
►be able to operate PWC safely and courteously.
►be strongly aware that power is required for
steering control of PWC.
►understand how ignition safety switches work.
►know how to avoid propeller strike injuries.

Casting OffCasting Off
Before casting off:Before casting off:
 Keep boat tied to dock while you warm up engine.
 Make sure everyone on board is seated and wearing
a life jacket.
 Check that engine is running properly and departure
area is clear of traffic. Then begin to cast off.
If there is no wind or current:If there is no wind or current:
 Cast off bow and stern lines.
 Shift to forward and slowly move forward, gradually
turning boat away from dock.

Casting OffCasting Off (cont.)(cont.)
Click Start to begin animation

Casting OffCasting Off (cont.)(cont.)

DockingDocking
Before docking:Before docking:
 Reduce speed to minimum required to maintain
steerage. Use reverse gear to bring boat to a stop
well away from dock.
 Determine wind and/or current direction—make
your approach into wind or current, whichever is
stronger.
 Have bow and stern lines ready—put fenders in
place. Never stop moving boat with arms or legs.
 When area is clear of traffic, continue approach.

DockingDocking (cont.)(cont.)
Click Start to begin animation

DockingDocking (cont.)(cont.)

Navigation RulesNavigation Rules
Three basic rules of navigationThree basic rules of navigation
 Practice good seamanship.
 Keep a proper lookout.
 Maintain a safe speed.

Navigation RulesNavigation Rules (cont.)(cont.)
There are two terms to help explain what to doThere are two terms to help explain what to do
when encountering other vessels.when encountering other vessels.
 Give-way vesselGive-way vessel—vessel
that is required to take
early and substantial
action to keep well away
from other vessels

 Stand-on vesselStand-on vessel—vessel that should maintain its
course and speed unless it becomes apparent that
give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action

The action a vessel operator should take whenThe action a vessel operator should take when
encountering another vessel depends on:encountering another vessel depends on:
How the two vessels are propelled
How the two vessels are approaching one another
The following rules cover most situations. ThereThe following rules cover most situations. There
are exceptions. For example:are exceptions. For example:
If you approach a vessel that has less
maneuverability than your vessel, the other vessel is
usually the stand-on vessel.

If operating power-driven vessel, you must giveIf operating power-driven vessel, you must give
way to:way to:
 Vessel not under command
 Vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver or a
vessel constrained by its draft, such as large ship
in channel
 Vessel engaged in commercial fishing
 Sailing vessel unless it is overtaking

If operating a sailing vessel, must give way to:If operating a sailing vessel, must give way to:
 Vessel not under command
 Vessel restricted in ability to maneuver
 Vessel engaged in commercial fishing

Operating During Restricted VisibilityOperating During Restricted Visibility
 All operators should navigate with extreme
caution if visibility is restricted.
 Vessels not in sight of one another should:
● Proceed at a safe speed given the conditions of
restricted visibility.
● Reduce speed to the minimum if an operator
hears a fog signal of another vessel ahead, is in a
close-quarters situation with another vessel
ahead, or detects the presence of another vessel
by radar.

Navigation LightsNavigation Lights
 Navigation lights help you and other boaters
determine which is the give-way vessel when
encountering each other at night.
 These lights must be displayed from sunset to
sunrise and during periods of restricted visibility.

Navigation LightsNavigation Lights (cont.)(cont.)
Sidelights
(or combination lights)
● RedRed light indicates
vessel’s port (left)
side.
● GreenGreen light indicates
vessel’s starboard
(right) side.

 Sternlight
● White light seen only from behind or nearly
behind the vessel.

Masthead Light
● White light shines forward and to both sides—
required on all power-
driven vessels.
● Must be used by all
vessels when under
engine power.
● Absence of this light
identifies sailboat
under sail.

 All-Round White Light
●May be used to combine masthead and stern
light on power-vessels less than 39.4 feet in
length.
●Serves as anchor
light when sidelights
are extinguished.

Night NavigationNight Navigation
 Lights of other vessels help you determine:
● If operating under power or sail
● Their direction of travel
 Apply same navigational rules used in daytime.
 Never assume lights of other vessels are working
properly.

Night NavigationNight Navigation (cont.)(cont.)

Lights – green, white

Lights – green, whiteLights – green, white
Lights – red, white

Lights – white

Lights – red, green, white

Lights – red, green

Lights – red

Towing Lights
 When commercial vessels are towing, they
display one or more yellow lights in place of
sternlight. May be unlit space of several hundred
yards between lights on bow and stern.

Precautions at NightPrecautions at Night
 Make sure navigations lights are working.
 Use an all-round white light whenever vessel is at
anchor.
 Reduce speed and proceed with caution.
 Be alert for everything in front of you.
 Avoid traveling alone at night.
 Stop if visibility is severely restricted. Use sound
signals to alert others in the area.

Sound SignalsSound Signals
Sound signals composed of short andSound signals composed of short and
prolonged blasts and must be audible for atprolonged blasts and must be audible for at
least one-half mile.least one-half mile.
 Short blastShort blast—about one second in duration.
 Prolonged blastProlonged blast—4-6 seconds in duration.

Sound SignalsSound Signals (cont.)(cont.)
Sound signals can communicate a change inSound signals can communicate a change in
direction to other boaters.direction to other boaters.
 One short blastOne short blast tells other boaters “I intend to
pass you on my port (left) side.”
 Two short blastsTwo short blasts tells other boaters “I intend to
pass you on my starboard (right) side.”
 Three short blastsThree short blasts tells other boaters “I am
backing up.”

Sound signals let other boaters know whereSound signals let other boaters know where
you are located during periods of restrictedyou are located during periods of restricted
visibility.visibility.
 One prolonged blast at intervals of not moreOne prolonged blast at intervals of not more
than two minutesthan two minutes is the signal used by power-
driven vessels when underway.
 One prolonged blast plus two short blasts atOne prolonged blast plus two short blasts at
intervals of not more than two minutesintervals of not more than two minutes is the
signal used by sailing vessels.

Sound signals are used to warn other boatersSound signals are used to warn other boaters
or alert them to danger.or alert them to danger.
 One prolonged blastOne prolonged blast is a warning signal.
 Five (or more) short, rapid blastsFive (or more) short, rapid blasts are used to
signal danger or that you do not understand or
disagree with the other boater’s intentions.

U.S. Aids To Navigation SystemU.S. Aids To Navigation System
Lateral MarkersLateral Markers
 Red Colors, Red Lights, and Even NumbersRed Colors, Red Lights, and Even Numbers
mark edge of channel on right side as boater
enters from open sea or heads upstream.
 Green Colors, Green Lights, and OddGreen Colors, Green Lights, and Odd
NumbersNumbers mark edge of channel
on left side as boater enters from
open sea or heads upstream.
(ATON)(ATON)

(cont.)(cont.)
 RedRed and GreenGreen Colors and/or Lights
indicates preferred (primary channel).
● If greengreen on top, preferred channel
is to right.
● If redred on top, preferred channel is
to left.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Nuns and Cans—red cone-shaped
(nuns) or green cylindrical-shaped
(cans)
 Lighted Buoys— same as
Lateral System but with
matching colored light
 Daymarks—red triangles or green
squares permanently attached to
structures; may be lighted

(cont.)(cont.)
Use this phrase as a reminder of the correct
course when returning from open waters or
heading upstream:
““Red Right Returning”Red Right Returning”

(cont.)(cont.)
Lateral MarkersLateral Markers——Intracoastal Waterway (ICW)Intracoastal Waterway (ICW)
 Variation on U.S. Aids to Navigation System
 Chain of local channels linked together along the
Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts
 Marked with yellow symbols on channel buoys
and markers

(cont.)(cont.)
 Following the ICW in a clockwise direction
from New Jersey to Brownsville, TX, these
rules apply:
● Any marker with a yellow triangle should
be passed by keeping it on the starboard
(right) side of the vessel.
● Any marker with a yellow square should
be passed by keeping it on the port
(left).
● These rules are true regardless of shape
or color of channel markers or buoy on
which ICW symbols are displayed.

(cont.)(cont.)
Lateral MarkersLateral Markers——Western Rivers SystemWestern Rivers System
 Variation on U.S. Aids to Navigation System
 Used on the Mississippi River and tributaries
above Baton Rouge, LA and on some other
rivers that flow toward the Gulf of Mexico

(cont.)(cont.)
 Differs from ATON lateral markers in that
navigation markers on Western Rivers System
are not numbered.
● Numbers displayed below daymarks
along Western Rivers System are
not associated with right or left side
of channel.
● These numbers indicate distance
from river’s mouth.
Indicates 73.5
miles from the
river mouth

(cont.)(cont.)
Non-Lateral MarkersNon-Lateral Markers
 Squares provide information
indicating directions, distances,
places to find food, supplies, and
repairs, etc.
 Diamonds warn of dangers such
as rocks, dams, shoals,
construction, or stumps.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Circles indicate controlled areas
such as no wake, idle speed,
speed limit, or ski zone.
 Crossed Diamonds indicate
areas off-limits (exclusion area)
to all vessels such as swimming
areas, dams, and spillways.

(cont.)(cont.)
Other Non-Lateral MarkersOther Non-Lateral Markers
 Safe Water Markers indicate
unobstructed water on all
sides—mark mid-channels or
fairways and may be passed
on either side.
 Inland Waters Obstruction
Markers indicate an
obstruction to navigation—
should not pass between
these buoys and the shore.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Mooring Buoys found in
marinas and other areas where
vessels are allowed to anchor
—these are only buoys you
may tie up to legally.

(cont.)(cont.)

AnchoringAnchoring

Dams, Locks, and BridgesDams, Locks, and Bridges

Dams, Locks, and BridgesDams, Locks, and Bridges (cont.)(cont.)

Dams, Locks, and BridgesDams, Locks, and Bridges (cont.)(cont.)
 Should always reduce speed and proceed with
caution near any bridge.
 Many bridges high enough to allow normal
passage.
 Some bridges provide only low clearance during
normal conditions or periods of high water.
 Many drawbridges open and close when a boat
arrives.
 Debris can collect around pilings of bridges and
create dangerous obstructions.

Changing Water LevelsChanging Water Levels
 Boat operators in coastal waters need to be
mindful of effect of tides.
 Rise and fall of tides can cause water levels to
fluctuate by several feet and also can generate
strong currents.
 Tides can cause boats to run aground in areas
where earlier navigation may have been safe.
 Change in tides also can affect docking to a fixed
pier.

Compasses and ChartsCompasses and Charts
Compass shows magnetic north to which youCompass shows magnetic north to which you
apply a correction to determine the direction ofapply a correction to determine the direction of
true north.true north.
 Useful if land is out of sight, visibility is reduced,
or boat operator
is disoriented.
 Compass should be
mounted away from iron,
magnets, and electrical
wiring and equipment.

Compasses and ChartsCompasses and Charts (cont.)(cont.)
Nautical charts helpful when boating in bays orNautical charts helpful when boating in bays or
in large lakesin large lakes——charts give:charts give:
 Water depths
 Locations of channels, sand bars, rocks, and
vegetation
 Most direct course possible

Compasses and ChartsCompasses and Charts (cont.)(cont.)

Personal Watercraft (PWC)Personal Watercraft (PWC)

Other PWC ConsiderationsOther PWC Considerations
 PWC regulations vary from state to state.
 Most states require everyone on board PWC
wear a PFD (life jacket).
 Any passenger on PWC should be able to
securely hold on to person in front of them or to
the handholds, while keeping both feet firmly on
footrests. Children may be too small to do this
and shouldn’t ride.

 Passenger on PWC should never be seated in
front of operator.
 Keep hands, feet, loose clothing, and hair away
from pump intake area.
 Jet of water exiting steering nozzle at rear of
PWC can cause severe internal injuries. Anyone
riding on PWC should wear a wetsuit or other
clothing that provides similar protection. Keep
everyone clear of steering nozzle unless PWC is
shut off.

 Frequently inspect your
PWC’s electrical systems
and perform “sniff test”
after fueling.
 Never exceed the load
capacity of PWC.
 Know your limits and ride according to your
abilities.

Ignition Safety SwitchesIgnition Safety Switches
 Lanyard connects safety switch to operator’s
wrist or PFD. If lanyard is pulled from switch,
engine shuts off.
 Most states require
operators to attach
lanyard.
 PWC may have a self-
circling feature if the
operator falls off.

Ignition Safety SwitchesIgnition Safety Switches (cont.)(cont.)
Safety Lanyards Prevent Self-Inflicted PropellerSafety Lanyards Prevent Self-Inflicted Propeller
StrikesStrikes
Wearing an ignition safety switch lanyard ensures
that your boat or PWC stays close by if you fall
overboard and prevents you from being run over
by your own boat.
Wearing lanyard reduces the risk
of a propeller injury and makes it
easier to reboard.

Avoid Propeller Strike InjuriesAvoid Propeller Strike Injuries
 Turn off engine when passengers are boarding
or disembarking.
 Prevent passengers from being thrown
overboard accidentally.
● Never start a boat with engine in gear.
● Never ride on seat back, gunwale, transom, or
bow.
● Make sure all passengers are properly seated
before getting underway.
● Assign a responsible adult to watch any children
in boat and sound alarm if child falls overboard.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Maintain proper lookout for people in water.
● Slow down when approaching congested areas
and anchorages. Be alert for swimmers and
divers.
● Learn to recognize warning buoys.
● Keep boat away from marked swimming and
diving areas. Become familiar with the two types
of diver-down flags.

(cont.)(cont.)
Devices that Reduce Propeller StrikesDevices that Reduce Propeller Strikes
Several new technologies are available to reduce
propeller strikes. The devices
fall into the following
categories.
 Guards: Devices that provide
some type of physical barrier
around the propeller.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Propulsion: Devices such as jet drives and pump
jets.
 Interlocks: Devices that automatically turn off the
engine or sound an alarm.
 Sensors: Wireless sensors or other devices worn
by boaters that shut off the boat’s engine or
trigger an alarm if the wearer falls overboard.

Circle of DeathCircle of Death

Chapter Four
Legal Requirements

 Numbering and
Documentation
 Hull Identification
Number
 Age/Education
Requirements
 Unlawful Operation
 Alcohol and Drugs
 Obstructing Navigation
 Homeland Security
 Personal Flotation
Devices
 Fire Extinguishers
 Flame Arrestors,
Ventilation, and
Mufflers

Key TopicsKey Topics (cont.)(cont.)
 Navigation Lights
 Sound-Producing
Devices & Visual
Distress Signals
 Other Equipment and
Regulations
 PWC Laws
 Laws Relating to
Towing Person(s)
 Waste, Oil, and Trash
Disposal
 Protecting the
Environment
 Reporting Accidents
 Penalties and
Enforcement

You should …
►know which vessels need to be registered and
how to do so.
►be able to correctly place Certificate of Number
and validation decal on vessel.
►know where to find HIN number.
►know the age and education restrictions for
vessel operation.

►be able to list reckless and illegal behaviors that
should be avoided when operating a vessel.
►be able to explain dangers of consuming alcohol
or drugs while boating, and penalties for doing
so.
►know the laws pertaining to obstructing
navigation.
►know you role in keeping waterways safe and
secure.

►be able to identify classifications and uses of
personal flotation devices and state legal
requirements.
►know legal requirements for fire extinguishers,
flame arrestors, ventilation systems, and
mufflers.
►know legal navigation light requirements.
►know legal requirements for visual distress
signals and sound producing devices.

►know requirements for other equipment such as
diver-down flags.
►understand legal requirements specific to PWC.
►know legal requirements for towing a skier with
a vessel.
►understand how to properly dispose of waste,
oil, and trash and properly use MSDs.
►know when and how to report a boating
accident.

Registration and DecalRegistration and Decal
You must have a Washington
title, registration card, and
registration decals to
navigate, operate, employ, or
moor a vessel on
Washington’s waters.

Registration and DecalRegistration and Decal (cont.)(cont.)
Exceptions are:
 Vessels not propelled by motor and sailboats
under 16 feet long without a motor.
 Vessels less than 16 feet in length and with motor
of 10 hp or less and are used on federal waters.
 Properly registered vessels owned by residents of
another state or country that use Washington
waters for 60 days or less.

Title, registration card, and registration decals
obtained by presenting proper application form, fees,
and proof of ownership.
Registration card must be on board and available for
inspection by an enforcement officer whenever
vessel is operated on the water.
If your vessel requires registration, illegal to operate
it or allow others to operate it unless it is registered
and numbered.

Display number and
decals as follows:
Number must be painted,
decaled, or otherwise affixed
to forward half of each side
of vessel.
Number must read from left
to right on both sides of
vessel.
Number must be at least 3"
high, BOLD, vertical block
characters.

 Number’s color must contrast with its background.
 Letters must be separated from the numbers by
spaces or hyphens.
 No other numbers may be displayed on either side of
bow.
 Decals must be affixed on
each side of vessel, toward
stern of registration number
and in line with number.

 Vessel’s registration valid through June 30—must
be renewed beginning July 1 of each year.
 All vessels requiring registration must be titled
also. Titles obtained through Washington
Department of Licensing or county auditor.
 Owner of registered vessel must notify Department
of Licensing within 15 days of:
● Vessel is abandoned, destroyed, lost, or stolen or
…
● Owner’s address changes or …
● Registration card is lost or destroyed.

 Owner of registered vessel must notify Department
of Licensing in writing on appropriate form within
five business days of date of sale or transfer of
vessel.
 Larger recreational vessels owned by U.S. citizens
may be documented by the USCG. Documented
vessels must also be registered in Washington but
not required to display registration number.

Hull Identification NumberHull Identification Number
Hull Identification Number (HIN) is a unique, 12-
digit number, assigned by manufacturer, to
vessels built after 1972.

Hull Identification NumberHull Identification Number (cont.)(cont.)
Hull Identification Numbers:
 Distinguish one vessel from another.
 Are engraved in the fiberglass or on a metal plate
attached to the transom.
 Are required when applying for Washington
registration.
 Should be recorded and put in a safe place other
than the vessel.

Who May Operate A VesselWho May Operate A Vessel
Current requirements are as follows and will remain
in effect.
You must be at least 14 to operate a personal
watercraft (PWC) legally.
Illegal to lease, hire, or rent a PWC to anyone under
16.
Future requirements set by a Washington boating
safety education law that was passed in 2005. This
new law will be phased in so that all boaters, unless
exempted, must obtain a Washington boater
education card by January 1, 2016.

Who May Operate A VesselWho May Operate A Vessel (cont.)(cont.)
The new law also requires the following.
 No one may operate or permit the operation of a
power-driven vessel with an engine that is 15 hp or
more, including PWC, unless the operator:
● Is at least 12 if the vessel is not a PWC or is at
least 14 if the vessel is a PWC and …
● Has in his or her possession a boater education
card (if required) or is accompanied by and is
under the direct supervision of a person at least
16 who has a boater education card or who is not
yet required to have the card.

 The phase-in schedule by
age group for completing
the mandatory boater
safety education to obtain
a card is as follows:

 Persons exempted from the phased-in mandatory
boater safety education requirement include:
● Any person born before January 1, 1955
● Any person who is renting, chartering, or
leasing a power-driven vessel with an engine
that is 15 hp or more other than a PWC and
who completes an approved motor vessel
safety operating and equipment checklist

● Any person at least 16 who is renting,
chartering, or leasing a PWC and who
completes an approved motor vessel safety
operating and equipment checklist
● Any person who is a non-resident and who
either operates on Washington waters for 60
consecutive days or less
● Any person who is a non-resident and holds a
current, approved out-of-state or out-of-country
boater safety education certificate or card

● Any person who has purchased the vessel
within the last 60 days and has a bill of sale in
his or her possession
● Operators of commercial, law enforcement, or
government vessels and persons with a USCG
captain’s license
● Operators involved in practicing for or
participating in a permitted marine event

Unlawful OperationUnlawful Operation
The following dangerous operating practices as
illegal in Washington.
Negligent Operation is operating a vessel in a
manner that causes danger to the life, limb, property,
or rights of any person. This includes:
 Not paying attention to operation of vessel
 Failing to keep proper lookout
 Failing to follow the navigation rules

Unlawful OperationUnlawful Operation (cont.)(cont.)
 Causing danger from effects of vessel’s wake
 Allowing passengers to
ride on bow, gunwales,
or transom of vessel not
equipped with adequate
railing to prevent falls
overboard

Reckless Operation is operating carelessly in a
willful and wanton disregard of the rights, safety, or
property of another person. It includes:
Weaving in and out of other vessels, docks, or
buoys
Playing “chicken” with another vessel
Operating in marked “No Boats” area

Teak Surfing (or Platform Dragging) is holding onto
any portion of the exterior of the transom of a vessel
for any amount of time while a power-driven vessel
is underway or the engine is idling.
Bodysurfing is swimming or floating on or in the
wake directly behind a power-driven vessel that is
underway or idling.

 The law does not apply to persons who are briefly
on a swim platform, swim deck, swim step, or
swim ladder while exiting or entering a vessel.
 This law has been passed to aid in the prevention
of carbon monoxide poisoning.
 All new and used power-driven vessels that are
sold within Washington must display an approved
carbon monoxide
warning sticker on the
interior of the vessel.

Overloading or Overpowering a Vessel is putting
too much equipment on a vessel or equipping it
with an engine too large and powerful, either of
which can cause the vessel to capsize or swamp
and put people into cold water.

 If it appears to an enforcement officer that the
vessel is overloaded or overpowered, the officer
may direct the operator to return to shore and
correct the condition before continuing the
voyage.
 It is unsafe and a violation to:
●Load vessel with passengers or cargo beyond its
safe carrying ability or to carry passengers in an
unsafe manner, taking into consideration the
weather and other existing conditions.
●Operate vessel equipped with motor powered
beyond vessel’s ability to be operated safely.

Assault by Watercraft is operating vessel in a
reckless manner or while under influence of alcohol
or drugs and injuring another person with serious
disfigurement or loss of a body part or organ.
Homicide by Watercraft is operating vessel in a
reckless manner or while under influence of alcohol
or drugs and causing death of another person.

Alcohol and DrugsAlcohol and Drugs
Washington law prohibits anyone from operating
under the influence (OUI). This means operating any
vessel while under the influence of intoxicating
liquor or any drug. Alcohol and drugs cause
impaired balance, and blurred vision, poor
coordination, impaired judgment,
and slower reaction time.
Alcohol is a major contributor
to boating accidents and
fatalities.

Alcohol and DrugsAlcohol and Drugs (cont.)(cont.)
Washington law states that a
person is operating under the
influence if he or she:
Has blood or breath alcohol
concentration of 0.08 grams or
greater or …
Is under influence of or
affected by alcohol and/or any
drug.

Alcohol and DrugsAlcohol and Drugs (cont.)(cont.)
Washington law establishes the following
penalties for operating under the influence (OUI):
Person convicted of OUI may be imprisoned in
county jail for up to 90 days, or be fined up to $1,000,
or be penalized with both imprisonment and a fine.
Court may also order defendant to pay restitution for
any damages or injuries resulting from the offense.
If someone dies or is seriously injured, convicted
person may also be charged with a felony,
punishable by imprisonment and a substantial fine.

Obstructing NavigationObstructing Navigation
It is illegal to:
 Operate in such a way that will interfere with safe
navigation of other vessels.
 Anchor in traveled portion of river or channel
preventing or interfering with any vessel passing
through area.
 Moor or attach vessel to buoy, beacon, light, or
any other navigational aid.
 Move, displace, tamper with, damage, or destroy
any navigational aid.

Homeland SecurityHomeland Security
 Do not approach within 100 yards and slow to
minimum speed within 500 yards of any U.S.
Naval vessel. If you need to pass within 100
yards of a U.S. Naval vessel for safe passage,
must contact the
U.S. Naval vessel or
USCG escort vessel
on VHF-FM
channel 16.

Homeland SecurityHomeland Security (cont.)(cont.)
 Observe and avoid all security zones. Avoid
commercial port operation areas.
 Observe and avoid other restricted areas near
dams, power plants, etc.
 Do not stop or anchor beneath bridges or in
channels.
 Watch for anything that looks peculiar or
unusual.
 Report suspicious activities.

Personal Flotation DevicesPersonal Flotation Devices
(PFDs)(PFDs)
All vessels must be equipped with USCG–approved
life jackets called personal flotation devices or PFDs.
 Quantity and type depends on:
● Length of vessel
● Number of people on board and/or being towed
 Each PFD must be:
● In good condition and readily accessible
● Proper size for the intended wearer
 Boat operators should ask everyone to wear a PFD.

Personal Flotation DevicesPersonal Flotation Devices (cont.)(cont.)
Type I: Offshore Life JacketsType I: Offshore Life Jackets
 For rough or remote
waters where rescue may
take awhile.
 Excellent for flotation—will
turn most unconscious
persons face up in water.

Type II: Near-Shore VestsType II: Near-Shore Vests
 Good for calm waters
and fast rescues.
 May lack capacity to
turn unconscious
wearers face up.

Type III: Flotation AidsType III: Flotation Aids
 Good for calm waters
and fast rescues.
 Will not turn most
unconscious persons
face up.
 Some designed to
inflate when you enter
water.

Type IV: Throwable DevicesType IV: Throwable Devices
 Cushions or ring buoys
designed to be thrown to
someone in trouble.
 Not for long hours in rough
waters, non-swimmers or
the unconscious.

Type V: Special-Use DevicesType V: Special-Use Devices
 Designed for specific
activities.
 Some designed to inflate
when you enter water.
 To be acceptable, Type V
PFDs must be used in
accordance with their label.

PFD RequirementsPFD Requirements
 All vessels must carry one USCG–
approved Type I, II, or III PFD for each
person on board.
 Vessels 16 feet or longer must also
have one USCG–approved Type IV
PFD on board and immediately
accessible.
 PFDs must be in good and serviceable
condition, must be readily accessible,
and must be of proper size for the
intended wearer.

PFD RequirementsPFD Requirements (cont.)(cont.)
 Children 12 and younger must wear a USCG–
approved PFD at all times when underway when in a
vessel less than 19 feet in length unless in a fully
enclosed area.
 Each person on board a PWC must wear a USCG–
approved PFD.
 Each person being towed behind a vessel must
wear a USCG–approved PFD.
 A Type V PFD may be substituted for other required
PFDs if the Type V PFD is approved for the type of
vessel and the activity for which the PFD is being
used and is being worn.

PFD RequirementsPFD Requirements (cont.)(cont.)
 An emergency situation (rough water, rapid onset
of bad weather, or dangerous boating traffic) can
occur suddenly—leaving little or no time to put on
life jackets.
 Life jackets are very difficult to
put on once you are in the water.
Be a smart boater, and have
everyone on board your vessel
wear their life jackets at all times.

Fire ExtinguishersFire Extinguishers
 Extinguishers are classified by a
letter and number symbol.
 Number indicates the relative size
of the extinguisher.
 Letter indicates type of fire it will
extinguish.
Type A:Type A: fires of combustiblefires of combustible
solids like woodsolids like wood
Type B:Type B: fires of flammablefires of flammable
liquids like gasoline or oilliquids like gasoline or oil
Type C:Type C: electrical fireselectrical fires

Fire ExtinguishersFire Extinguishers (cont.)(cont.)
 All vessels required to have a Type B USCG–
approved fire extinguisher(s) on board if one or
more of the following conditions exist:
● Inboard engine
● Vessel length of 26 feet or longer
● Closed compartments where portable fuel tanks
may be stored
● Double-bottoms not sealed to hull or which are not
completely filled with flotation material
● Enclosed living spaces
● Closed storage compartments in which flammable
or combustible materials may be stored
● Permanently installed fuel tanks

 Approved fire extinguishers identified by “Marine
Type USCG Approved” on the label, followed by
size and type symbols and approval number.
 Inspect extinguishers regularly.
 Extinguishers should be readily accessible.
 Know how to operate them.
 On PWC, fire extinguisher may not be easily
accessible—should swim away quickly and use
another operator’s extinguisher. Should not open
engine compartment to put out the fire.

Fire Extinguisher RequirementsFire Extinguisher Requirements
 Vessels less than 26 feet:
without fixed system: one B-I
with fixed system: none
 Vessels 26 feet to less than 40 feet:
without fixed system: two B-I or one B-II
with fixed system: one B-I
 Vessels 40 feet to less than 65 feet:
without fixed system: three B-I or one B-II and one B-I
with fixed system: two B-I or one B-II

Backfire Flame ArrestorsBackfire Flame Arrestors
Backfire flame arrestors must be:
 In good and serviceable
condition
 U.S. Coast Guard–approved
(must comply with
SAE J-1928 or UL 1111
standards)
Periodically clean and check for damage.

Proper VentilationProper Ventilation
Purpose of ventilation systems is to avoid
explosions by removing flammable gases.
Properly installed ventilation systems greatly
reduce the chance of a life-threatening explosion.

Ventilation SystemsVentilation Systems (cont.)(cont.)
 All gas-powered vessels that would entrap fumes
must have at least two ventilation ducts fitted with
cowls to remove the fumes.
 If vessel is equipped with power ventilation
system, turn on for at least 4 minutes after fueling,
prior to starting engine.
 If vessel not equipped with
power ventilation system,
open engine compartment
and sniff for gasoline fumes
before starting engine.

MufflersMufflers
 Every vessel with an engine must be equipped
with muffler system that is in good working order
and in constant operation to prevent excessive
noise.
 Vessel must not exceed these noise levels:
● Measured using stationary test: for engines
manufactured before January 1, 1993, noise level of
90 decibels; engines manufactured on or after
January 1, 1993, noise le el of 88 decibels.
● Measured from shoreline: for all vessels, an
operational noise level of 75 decibels.

MufflersMufflers (cont.)(cont.)
 You may not remove or modify muffler or muffling
system if it results in increased noise level.
 Use of muffler cutout or muffler bypass system is
prohibited except while engaged in organized
racing events in area designated for that purpose.

Navigation LightsNavigation Lights
Vessel operators must make sure vessels are
equipped with proper navigation lights and use
them:
 When away from dock between sunset and sunrise
 During periods of restricted visibility
No other lights that may be mistaken for required
navigation lights may be exhibited.
Blue or red flashing lights restricted to use by law
enforcement vessels.
The requirements for navigation lights differ
depending on type and size of vessel.

Power-driven VesselsPower-driven Vessels (including sailboats
operating under power) less than 65.6 feet long
when underway must exhibit:
Red and green sidelights visible from a distance of
at least two miles away—or if less than 39.4 feet long,
at least one mile away—on a dark, clear night.
An all-round white light or both a masthead light
and a sternlight visible from a distance of at least two
miles away on a dark, clear night.
The all-round white light (or masthead light) must
be at least 3.3 feet higher than the sidelights.

Unpowered VesselsUnpowered Vessels less than 65.6 feet long must
exhibit when underway:
 Red and green sidelights visible from a distance of
at least two miles away—or if less than 39.4 feet
long, at least one mile away—
on dark, clear night.
 Sternlight visible
from at least two
miles away.

When underway, unpowered vesselsunpowered vessels less than 23
feet long should exhibit:
 If practical, same lights as
required for unpowered
vessels less than 65.6 feet
in length.
 If not practical, at least one
lantern or flashlight shining
a white light.

When not underway, all vesselsall vessels required to exhibit
a white light visible from all directions whenever
moored or anchored away from dock between
sunset and sunrise.

Visual Distress SignalsVisual Distress Signals
Visual Distress Signals (VDSs) allow vessel operators
to signal for help in the event of an emergency.
VDSs are classified as:
 Day signals (visible in bright sunlight)
 Night signals (visible at night)
 Both day and night signals
VDSs are either:
 Pyrotechnic (smoke and flames)
 Non-pyrotechnic (non-combustible)

Visual Distress SignalsVisual Distress Signals (cont.)(cont.)
If on federally controlled waters, vessel must be
equipped with USCG–approved VDSs.
All vessels required to carry night signals when
operating between sunset and sunrise. Most vessels
must carry day signals also; exceptions are:
 Recreational vessels less than 16 feet in length
 Non-motorized open sailboats less than 26 feet in
length
 Manually propelled vessels
VDSs must be USCG–approved, in serviceable
condition, and readily accessible.

If pyrotechnic VDSs are used, minimum of three
must be on board—must be dated and not used
past expiration date. Examples that satisfy USCG
requirements are:
 Three hand-held red flares
 One hand-held red flare and two red meteors
 One hand-held orange smoke signal, two floating
orange smoke signals, and one electric light
Prohibited to display visual distress signals except
when assistance is required to prevent immediate or
potential danger to persons on board.

Non-Pyrotechnic Visual Distress SignalsNon-Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals
Pyrotechnic Visual Distress SignalsPyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals
Day Signal Day & Night Signal Day & Night Signal
Night Signal Day Signal

Sound Producing DevicesSound Producing Devices
 Sound producing device is essential in periods of
reduced visibility or whenever vessel operator
needs to signal intentions or position. Sound-
producing device requirements are:
● Vessels less than 65.6 feet in length, including
PWC, required to carry on board a mouth-, hand-,
or power-operated whistle or horn or some other
means to make an efficient sound signal.
● Vessels 65.6 feet or more in length required to
carry on board a whistle or horn and a bell.
 No vessel may be equipped with a siren except
vessels used by law enforcement officers.

Diver-Down Flags: Any vessel involved in diving
operations where persons are scuba diving, skin
diving, or snorkeling from a vessel must display a
rigid replica of the Alfa flag to mark its diving
operation.
Between sunset and sunrise flag should be lighted.
Vessels not engaged in diving operations should
remain at least 200 feet from a displayed flag.
Other Equipment & RegulationsOther Equipment & Regulations

(cont.)(cont.)
Two types of diver-down flags are available.
 A blue and white International Code
Flag A (or Alfa flag), at least 3.3 feet
high and visible from all directions,
must be displayed on vessels
engaged in diving operation.
 A rectangular red flag with a white
diagonal stripe may be used to
indicate presence of submerged
diver, but does not meet state and
federal requirements for display.

(cont.)(cont.)
Skier-Down Flag: Washington law requires vessels
towing person(s) on water skis or similar devices
must carry and use bright red or brilliant orange
skier-down flag whenever towed person(s) is
preparing to ski or has fallen into the water.
Remote-operated PWC must
have skier-down flag attached
to the PWC.

(cont.)(cont.)
Local Regulations: Many Washington waterways
have special equipment and operational
restrictions. Be sure to check with sheriff’s office or
police department for local regulations before you
go boating.

Requirements Specific to PWCRequirements Specific to PWC
PWC operators must obey these laws in addition
to all other boating laws:
Every person on board a PWC must wear a USCG–
approved personal flotation device (PFD). Inflatable
PFDs not recommended for persons riding on PWC.
If PWC is equipped with ignition safety switch, the
lanyard must be attached to person, clothing, or PFD
of the operator.

(cont.)(cont.)
 PWC may be operated during hours between
sunrise and sunset only.
 You must be at least 14 years old to operate PWC
legally.
 It is illegal to lease, hire, or rent a PWC to anyone
under 16.

(cont.)(cont.)
 PWC must be operated in a reasonable and prudent
manner. Illegal to:
● Weave PWC recklessly through congested
waterway traffic.
● Jump wake of another vessel unreasonably close to
that vessel or when visibility around the vessel is
obstructed.
● Maneuver PWC such that you must swerve at last
possible moment to avoid collision.
● Operate PWC while under the influence of alcohol or
drugs.
● Chase, harass, or disturb wildlife, birds, or marine
mammals.

Towing a Person LegallyTowing a Person Legally
Vessel operators towing person(s) on water skis,
aquaplane, surfboards, inner tubes or any other
similar devices must also obey these laws also:

Towing a Person LegallyTowing a Person Legally (cont.)(cont.)
 Every vessel towing person(s) on water skis or
other devices must have on board, in addition to
operator, a person capable of observing
towed person(s) and
reporting their
progress to the
operator.

 Observer must observe person(s) under tow
continuously and display a skier-down flag
whenever person is in the water after falling or
while preparing to ski. Flag must be visible from
all directions.
 Every person being towed behind a vessel on
water skis or other devices must wear a USCG–
approved PFD. Inflatable PFDs not recommended
for persons being towed.

 Everyone engaged in water skiing—operator,
observer, and towed person(s)—must conduct
themselves in a safe manner not endangering
other persons or property.
 Illegal for vessels to tow a person(s) on water skis
or any other device during period from one hour
after sunset until one hour before sunrise.
 If towing a person on skis or other devices, vessel
must be rated to carry at least the number of
persons on board plus those being towed. You
may not exceed vessel’s safe carrying capacity.

Waste, Oil, and Trash DisposalWaste, Oil, and Trash Disposal
Illegal to discharge untreated waste, oil, or trashIllegal to discharge untreated waste, oil, or trash
into any federally controlled or state waters.into any federally controlled or state waters.
 Sewage carries disease and is harmful to
people, aquatic plants, and animals.
 Trash thrown into water can injure swimmers and
wildlife and plug engine cooling water intakes.
 Pollution is unsightly and takes away from
enjoyment of the water.
The Refuse Act prohibits throwing, discharging, or
depositing any refuse matter of any kind into U.S.
waters.

(cont.)(cont.)
Discharge of Sewage and WasteDischarge of Sewage and Waste
 If you have a recreational vessel with installed
toilet facilities, it should have an operable marine
sanitation device (MSD) on board.
 Vessels 65 feet or less in length may use a Type I,
II, or III MSD. Vessels over 65 feet in length must
install a Type II or III MSD.
 All installed devices must be USCG–certified.
 If you have treated sewage, flush in deep water
and avoid flushing in small bays, in marinas, or
near shellfish beds.

(cont.)(cont.)
Types I and II MSDs:
 Usually found on large vessels.
 Waste treated with special chemicals to kill
bacteria before waste is
discharged.
 Have “Y” valves that direct
waste overboard which
must be secured so valve
cannot be opened.

(cont.)(cont.)
Type III MSDs:
 Provide no treatment and
are either holding tanks or
portable toilets.
 Collected waste should be
taken ashore and disposed
of in a pump-out station or
onshore toilet.

(cont.)(cont.)
Discharge of TrashDischarge of Trash
It is illegal to dump garbage and plastics into
federally controlled or state waters—litter can kill
birds, fish, and marine mammals.
 Store trash in container
on board, then place in
proper receptacle after
returning to shore.
 On federal waters, must
display 4"x 9" Garbage
Disposal Placard on any
vessel 26 feet or longer—
notifies passengers/crew about pollution restrictions.

(cont.)(cont.)
Discharge of Oil and Other Hazardous SubstancesDischarge of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances
 It is illegal to discharge oil or hazardous substances.
Penalty may be a fine up to $10,000.
 It is Illegal to dump oil into bilge of vessel without
means for proper disposal.
 You must discharge oil waste
to a reception facility.
 On recreational vessels,
bucket or bailer is adequate
for temporary storage.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Must immediately notify USCG if your vessel
discharges oil or hazardous substances in water.
 Must also call Washington State Department of
Emergency Management and report the discharge.
 On federal waters, vessels
26 feet or longer must
display 5"x 8" placard near
bilge pump control station
stating Federal Water
Pollution Control Act’s law.

(cont.)(cont.)
Waste Management PlanWaste Management Plan
 Ocean-going vessels 40 feet or longer with
cooking and sleeping facilities must have
written Waste Management Plan.
 Captain of vessel is responsible for
implementing plan.

(cont.)(cont.)
 Waste Management Plan should be posted and
include directives to all persons on board about:
●Discharge of sewage and hazardous substances
●Discharge of garbage and other food waste
●Disposal of plastics, bottles, and cans
●Reading applicable placards for additional
information
●Advising captain in case of oily discharges or
diesel spills

Protecting the EnvironmentProtecting the Environment
Introducing non-native species into Washington
waters can upset the balance of the ecosystem,
harming the environment. Aquatic nuisance
species like aquatic weeds and New Zealand mud
snails most often spread between waterways by
hitching a ride on vessels and trailers.
When implanted into new waters,
these species rapidly multiply,
displacing native species and
damaging the water resource. The
Lower Columbia river and the waters of the Long
Beach Peninsula are infested with New Zealand
mud snails.

Protecting the EnvironmentProtecting the Environment (cont.)(cont.)
To prevent spreading aquatic pests:
 Inspect vessel and trailer, removing any plants and
animals you see before leaving the area.
 Drain engine, live well, and bilge on land before
leaving the area.
 Empty your bait bucket on land. Never release live
bait into a body of water or release aquatic animals
from one body of water into another.
 Rinse vessel, trailer, and equipment.
 Air-dry vessel and equipment for as long as
possible.

Accidents and CasualtiesAccidents and Casualties
Operators involved in a boating accident must:
 Stop their vessel immediately at the scene and …
 Give assistance to anyone injured in the accident,
unless doing so would endanger his or her own
vessel or passengers and …
 Give in writing his or her name, address, and
vessel identification to anyone injured and to the
owner of any property damaged by the accident.

Accidents and CasualtiesAccidents and Casualties (cont.)(cont.)
 Anyone who renders assistance at the scene of a
boating accident will not be held liable for any civil
damages as a result of providing reasonable and
prudent assistance.
 Operator of a vessel involved in an accident or
owner of vessel reporting for operator must
complete and submit written accident report if:
● A person dies or disappears from vessel under
circumstances that indicate death or injury or …
● A person is injured and requires medical treatment
beyond first aid or …
● Damage to vessel(s) or other property exceeds $500
or there is complete loss of a vessel.

Accidents and CasualtiesAccidents and Casualties (cont.)(cont.)
Boating accident report must be submitted to the law
enforcement agency with jurisdiction where accident
occurred. It must be submitted:
 Within 48 hours of the accident if:
● A person dies within 24 hours of the accident or…
● A person is injured and requires medical treatment
beyond first aid or…
● A person disappears from a vessel.
 Within 10 days for all other accidents.

EnforcementEnforcement
Washington state parks rangers, Fish and Wildlife
agents, city police officers, deputy sheriffs, and all
other officers with law enforcement authority
enforce boating laws of Washington.
USCG officers also patrol
and have enforcement
authority on federally
controlled waters.

EnforcementEnforcement (cont.)(cont.)
 Officers have authority to stop and board your
vessel and direct it to suitable pier or anchorage in
order to check for compliance with state and
federal laws.
 Illegal to refuse to follow directive of person with
law enforcement authority. An operator who has
received a visual or audible signal from law
enforcement officer must bring his or her vessel to
a stop.

Chapter Five
Boating
Emergencies

 Risk Management
 Boating Accidents
 Personal Injuries
 Weather Emergencies
 Summoning Help

►understand how to practice risk management
while boating.
►understand the effects of boating stressors.
►understand how dehydration occurs and how to
recognize and prevent it.
►understand the increased effects of alcohol on
the water.

►be able to properly size a PFD for a wearer and
check a PFDs condition.
►be able to take the proper safety actions if a boat
capsizes, is swamped, or someone falls
overboard.
►know how to avoid collisions.
►be able to respond properly to a fire emergency.
►know how to prevent or respond to running
aground.

►be able to recognize the symptoms of
hypothermia, avoid hypothermia if trapped in
cold water, and give basic treatment to victims.
►know how to prevent and be able to recognize
the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
►be able to obtain weather forecasts and
recognize weather warnings, and know what to
do if caught in foul weather.

Risk ManagementRisk Management
Nearly all accidents are preventable. BoatingNearly all accidents are preventable. Boating
fatalities are most often characterized by:fatalities are most often characterized by:
 PFDs are on board but not in use
 Good weather conditions
 Involvement of small,
open boats with a
fiberglass hull
 Age of the operator
between 26 to 50 years

Risk ManagementRisk Management (cont.)(cont.)
Profile of a Typical U.S. Boating FatalityProfile of a Typical U.S. Boating Fatality
 PFDs are on board but not in use
 Vessel is small boat of open design
⅓ of time alcohol is involved
 Daylight, good weather
 Operator is male, 26 to 50,
with boating experience
 Nearly all accidents are
preventable

Risk management is practice of:Risk management is practice of:
 Recognizing dangerous situations and reducing
chance that they will happen
 Lessening effects of accidents if they do happen
Increased risk due to boating stressors:Increased risk due to boating stressors:
 Sun glare and heat, motion, noise vibration make
you tire more easily on the water.
 Boating stressors increase risk of boating
accident.

Dehydration increases risk of boating accidents:Dehydration increases risk of boating accidents:
 Boating causes you to generate more body heat—
increases sweating, can cause dehydration if body
fluids not replaced.
 Dehydration increases fatigue, more
likely to be in boating accident.
 To prevent dehydration, take a
drink of water every 15 – 20 minutes.
 Watch for signs of dehydration. If symptoms are
observed, drink plenty of water, get out of the sun.

Minimize Risk of Boating AccidentsMinimize Risk of Boating Accidents—Avoid Alcohol—Avoid Alcohol
 Effect of alcohol increased by natural
stressors placed on body while boating.
 One drink on the water—same effect
as three drinks on land.
 Alcohol depresses central nervous
system, affects judgment, slows reaction time.
 Designate non-drinking boater to operate vessel
and act as observer if you plan to consume alcohol.
 Don’t drink and boat!

Minimize Risk of DrowningsMinimize Risk of Drownings——Wear PFDsWear PFDs
Drownings are rare when boaters are wearing a PFD.
Have everyone on board wear one. Requirements for
PFDs include:
 Must be readily accessible
 Are of proper size for intended wearer
 Are in good and serviceable condition
If using an inflatable PFD, before each outing, check
the status of the inflator and CO2 cylinder.

Boating AccidentsBoating Accidents
Capsizing is when a boat turns on its side or turns
completely over. Swamping occurs when boat
stays upright and fills with water. To help prevent
and prepare for capsizing, swamping, or someone
falling overboard:

Boating AccidentsBoating Accidents (cont.)(cont.)
 Make sure that you and passengers are wearing
lifejackets.
 Attach ignition safety switch lanyard to your wrist,
clothes, or life jacket.
 Don’t allow anyone to sit
on gunwale, bow, seat
backs, motor cover, or
any area not designed
for seating.

 Don’t overload boat—balance the load.
 Keep center of gravity low. When you must move
in a small boat, maintain three points of contact.
 Don’t allow anyone to lean a shoulder beyond
gunwale in a small boat.
 Slow boat when turning.
 Do not boat in rough water or bad weather.
 Secure anchor line to bow of vessel—never to
stern.

If you capsize or swamp boat, or have fallen outIf you capsize or swamp boat, or have fallen out
and can’t get back in, stay with the boat.and can’t get back in, stay with the boat.
 Take a headcount. Reach, throw, row, or go to
anyone in distress. Signal for help.
 If boat remains afloat, try to reboard.
 If boat is overturned or swamped,
hang onto it. If possible, climb
onto the bottom of vessel.
 Try to get as much of your body
as possible out of cold water.

If boat sinks or floats away, don’t panic.If boat sinks or floats away, don’t panic.
 If you are wearing a life jacket, make sure it is
securely fastened, remain calm, and wait for help.
 If you aren’t wearing a life jacket, look for one
floating in the water or other floating items.
 Make sure others are wearing PFDs.
 You may have to tread water or simply float.
 In cold water, float rather than tread.

If someone on your vessel falls overboard, youIf someone on your vessel falls overboard, you
need to immediately:need to immediately:
 Reduce speed and toss the victim a PFD.
 Turn boat around and slowly pull alongside victim,
approaching from downwind or into the current.
 Stop engine. Pull victim on board over stern,
keeping weight in boat balanced.

Preventing CollisionsPreventing Collisions
 Follow the rules of navigation.
 Pay attention to navigational aids.
 Keep a sharp watch and appoint a lookout.
 Maintain a safe speed.
 Look in all directions before turning.
 Use caution when traveling into sun’s glare.
 Never operate when fatigued, stressed, or when
consuming alcohol.
 Watch for floating debris.

Dealing With Fire EmergenciesDealing With Fire Emergencies
To help prevent a fire:
 Don’t mix the three ingredients required to ignite a
fire.
 Make sure ventilation
systems have been
installed and are used
properly.
 Maintain fuel system.
 Follow safe fueling
procedures.

If fire erupts on your boat:If fire erupts on your boat:
 Stop boat and have everyone put on PFD.
 If fire breaks out at the back of the boat, keep the
bow into the wind.
 If the fire is at the front, put the stern into the wind.
 If fire is in engine space, immediately shut off fuel
supply.

 Aim extinguisher at
base of flames and
sweep back and forth.
 Never use water on
gasoline, oil, grease, or
electrical fire.
 Summon help.

Running AgroundRunning Aground
Know your environment—
best way to prevent
running aground.
 Become familiar with
locations of shallow water
and submerged objects
before you go out.
 Learn to read a chart to
determine your position
and depth.

If you run aground, make sure no one is injured andIf you run aground, make sure no one is injured and
then check for leaks. If impact did not cause leak:then check for leaks. If impact did not cause leak:
 Do not put boat in reverse. Stop the engine and lift
outdrive.
 Shift weight in boat to area furthest away from point
of impact.
 Try to shove off from the rock, bottom, or reef with
paddle or boathook.
 Check to make sure vessel is not taking on water.
 If you can’t get loose, summon help.

Personal InjuriesPersonal Injuries
Cold Water ImmersionCold Water Immersion
and Hypothermiaand Hypothermia kill in
several ways. The initial
response to cold water
can occur in water as
warm as 77° F.
By understanding how
your body reacts to cold
water, you can prepare
for and be better able to
appropriately respond,
increasing your chance
of survival.

Personal InjuriesPersonal Injuries (cont.)(cont.)
There are four stages of cold water immersion.There are four stages of cold water immersion.
 Stage 1: Initial “cold shock”
● Occurs first 3 – 5 minutes
 Stage 2: Short-term “swim failure”
● Occurs 3 – 30 minutes following immersion
 Stage 3: Long-term immersion hypothermia
● Sets in after 30 minutes
 Stage 4: Post-Immersion collapse
● Occurs during or after rescue

Your chance of surviving a cold waterYour chance of surviving a cold water
immersion depends on:immersion depends on:
 Having sufficient flotation to keep your head above
water
 Controlling your breathing
 Timely rescue by yourself or others
 Heat retention

Prepare for boating in cold water conditions:Prepare for boating in cold water conditions:
 Always wear a secured life jacket.
 Wear layered clothing for insulation.
 Equip your boat with a means for re-entry to use if
you should fall in.

The best prevention is to take all measuresThe best prevention is to take all measures
necessary to avoid capsizing your boat or fallingnecessary to avoid capsizing your boat or falling
into cold water. If you do fall into cold water:into cold water. If you do fall into cold water:
 Don’t panic.
 Try to get control of your breathing.
 Hold on to something or stay as still as possible
until your breathing settles down.
 Focus on floating with your head above water until
the cold shock response abates.

 When your breathing is under control, perform the
most important functions first before you lose
dexterity (10 – 15 minutes after immersion).
 If you were not wearing a PFD when entering the
water, look to see if one is floating around you and
put it on immediately.
 Don’t take your clothes off unless absolutely
necessary.

 Focus on locating and getting everyone out of the
water quickly before you lose full use of your
hands, arms, and legs.
 Try to reboard your boat, even if it is swamped or
capsized, or anything else that floats.
 Get as much of your body out of the water as
possible.

 In as little as 10 minutes, you may be unable to
self-rescue. Your focus should now be to slow
heat loss:
● Stay as motionless as possible.
● Protect the high heat loss areas of your body.
● Keep your head and neck out of the water.

● Stay with the boat rather than swim.
● Adopt a position to reduce heat loss. If alone
use the HELP position. If there are others with
you in the water, huddle.
● If you must swim, conserve energy and
minimize movement.
 Be prepared at all times to signal rescuers.

H.E.L.P.H.E.L.P.
Heat Escape Lessening Postures
 This position protects the body’s
three major areas of heat loss:
●Groin
●Head/Neck
●Rib cage/Arm pits
 Wearing a PFD allows you to draw
your knees to your chest and your
arms to your sides.

 Huddling with other people
in the water lessens the
loss of body heat and is
food for morale.
 Rescuers can spot a group
more easily than
individuals.

● Shivering, slurred
speech, blurred vision
● Bluish lips and
fingernails
● Loss of feeling in
extremities
● Cold, bluish skin
● Confusion
● Dizziness
● Rigidity in
extremities
● Unconsciousness
● Coma
● Death
Symptoms of hypothermia in order of severity are:Symptoms of hypothermia in order of severity are:

When treating hypothermia:When treating hypothermia:
 Get the victim out of the water as soon as possible.
Remove the victim gently and in a horizontal
position.
 Prevent further heat loss.
 Treat the hypothermia victim gently, and to your
level of training. Be prepared to provide basic life
support.
 Seek medical help immediately.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless,Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless,
tasteless gas. It can make you sick in seconds. Intasteless gas. It can make you sick in seconds. In
high enough concentrations, even a few breathshigh enough concentrations, even a few breaths
can be fatal.can be fatal.
 Early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
include:
● Irritated eyes
● Headache
● Nausea
● Weakness
● Dizziness

 These symptoms often are confused with
seasickness or intoxication.
 Anyone with these symptoms should be placed in
fresh air immediately and if symptoms persist,
seek medical help.

Protect yourself and others against carbonProtect yourself and others against carbon
monoxide poisoning.monoxide poisoning.
 Allow fresh air to circulate throughout the boat at
all times.
 Know where your
exhaust outlets are
located and keep
everyone away from
these areas.
 Install and maintain CO detectors.

 Never sit on the back deck,
“teak surf,” or hang on the
swim platform while
engines are running.
 Never enter areas under
swim platforms as air in
these areas could be fatal if
breathed in.
 If exhaust fumes are
detected, immediately
ventilate.

All new and used power-
driven vessels that are sold
within Washington must
display an approved carbon
monoxide warning sticker
on the interior of the vessel.

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