1. Immune System and Reproductive
System
Day 6

2. Different Ways Where Pathogens
Can Cause Disease
 Producing Poison (toxin)
 Use of body cells to
replicate
 Destroy body tissues by
feeding on or burrowing into
tissues (parasites)

3. Transmission of Diseases
 Direct Contact (Physical contact)
 Indirect Contact (Carrier or Vector)
 Food and Water (Salmonella, Botulinum)

4. Immune System
 Responsible for defending the body from foreign
materials that cause diseases, called pathogens
 Antigens – causes the production of the
antibodies
 Antibodies – identifies and neutralizes foreign
materials like bacteria or viruses

5. Cells of the Immune System
 Leucocytes – main cellular components of the
immune system
 Phagocytes – are leucocytes that engulf and
digest unwanted cells and pathogens in a
nonspecific manner
 Macrophage – Largest phagocytes; each can
engulf hundreds of bacteria cells
 Lymphocytes – leucocytes that is involved in
the body’s specific defense system

6. Type of
Defense
Line Characteristic
s
Nonspecific First Line Prinicipal Barriers such
as skin, mucus, sweat,
tears
Nonspecific Second Line Inflammatory Response
Specific Third Line Immune responses
-Humoral and Cell-
mediated
Effective against
specific kinds of

7. Second Line
1. Damaged tissues release histamine, increasing
blood flow to the area
2. Histamine causes capillaries to leak, releasing
phagocytes and clotting factors into the wound
3. Phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells &
cellular debris
4. Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the
wounded area

8. Two Other Components of Second
Line Defense
1. Interferon – attacks many viruses and cancer
cells. Protein that interferes w/ the replication of
viruses. Released by cells that have been
invaded by viruses
2. Natural Killer cells – Found in both blood and
lymph.
 Fever – when macrophage produce pyrogens w/c
stimulates the brain to raise body temperature,
can inhibit growth and development of pathogens
and phagocytes will become more active

9. Third Line: Specific Defense
 Lymphocytes respond to antigens and are the key
players in the immune system
 Antigens – a molecule that elicits the immune
response. Surface Most antigens are molecules
on the surface of the pathogens (certain toxins
are also antigens)
 Antibody (Y-shaped) – a disease fighting protein
produced in response to a specific antigen

10. Cell-Mediated Immunity
 Phagocytosis
 Neutrophils – they ingest other cells but do not survive
 Macrophage - phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular
debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile
cells, and to stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells
to respond to the pathogen.
 Lymphocytes
 T cells – Divided into 3 ( T killer cells, helper T cells and
Suppressor T cells)
 B cells - type of lymphocyte that, when stimulated by a
particular antigen, differentiates into plasma cells that
synthesize the antibodies that circulate in the blood and
react with the specific antigens
 NK cells – Attacks body cells that have been infected with

11. Kinds of T Cells
 Cytotoxic T cells / T killer cells
 Attacks a dangerous cell by producing a protein that
ruptures the cell membrane
 Work the same manner with NK cells
 Helper T cells
 Stimulate T cells to divide forming a large army of
Killer T cells
 Suppressor T cells
 Inhibit the activity of other T cells when they are no
longer needed

12. Humoral Immunity

13. Cell Mediated Immunity

14. Immunization
 Active Immunization
 Passive Immunization

15. Reproductive System
 Asexual
 Sexual

16. Asexual Reproduction
 Budding
 Fragmentation
 Parthenogenesis
 Spore formation
 Vegetative reproduction
 Regeneration
 Binary fission

17. Male Reproductive System
 Sperm
 Scrotum
 Epididymis
 Vas Deferens
 Ejaculatory
duct
 Seminal Vesicle
 Bulbourethral
Gland
 Prostate Gland
 Penis

18. Sperm
 Head
 Nucleus – contains the chromosome that carry
genetic material of the male parent
 Acrosome – produces enzymes that help the sperm
penetrate the egg
 Midpiece – packed with
mitochondria, manufacturers ATP, provide energy
for movement of flagellum
 Flagellum – The tail of the cell. It has the typical
9+2 arrangement of microtubules

20. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive
Organ
 Penis – cylindrical in shape
 Root – attaches to the wall of the abdomen
 Body/Shaft
 Glans – the head of the penis. Covered with a layer
of skin called foreskin
 Erectile tissue – allows penis to erect
 Scrotum
 Loose pouch like sac of skin that hangs below the
penis
 Climate control system

21.  Testicles
 Oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the
scrotum
 Responsible for making testosterone, generating sperm
 Epididymis
 Long coiled tube that stands on the backside of each testis
 Transport and storage of sperm cells produced from the testi
 To bring sperm to maturity
 During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the
Vas deferens
 If sperm is not ejaculated after its sperm life, they will
degenerate

22.  Vas Deferens
 Transport mature sperm to the urethra in
preparation fro ejaculation
 Ejaculatory Duct
 Formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and
seminal vesicles
 Urethra

23.  Seminal Vesicles
 Sac-like pouches that attach to the Vas Deferens
near the base of the bladder
 Fluid produced makes up most of the volume of a
man’s ejaculatory fluid
 Viscous secretions, produce sugar-rich fluid
(fructose)
 Provides sperm with a source of energy
 Helps with the sperm’s motility

24.  Prostate Gland
 Walnut-sized below the urinary bladder and in front
of the rectum
 Small ducts surrounding the urethra, a milky fluid
containing a little citric acid, some lipids, few
enzymes and enough bicarbonate to make the fluid
alkaline
 Prostate secretions aid in sperm motility and help
neutralize acid in urethral urine residue and vaginal
secretions
 Contributes additional fluid to ejaculate
 Prostate fluid nourishes the sperm

25.  Bulbourethral gland / Cowper’s Gland
 Pea-sized structure located on the sides of the
urethra just below the prostate gland
 Produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly
into the urethra

26. Trivia
 Blue-whale has the largest penis which measures
11 feet and releases 360 gallons of sperm but
only 10% of the sperm can be fertilized
 Average size of penis not erect – 3.5 inches
 Average size of penis when erect – 5.2 – 6.4
inches
 Largest ever recorded: 13 inches

27. Female Reproductive System
 Egg
 Ovaries
 Fallopian Tube
 Uterus
 Cervix
 Vagina

28. Pregnancy
 lasts about 40 weeks, counting from the first day
of your last normal period. The weeks are
grouped into three trimesters.