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E-Research Paper




  A Research Study presented to:
       Mr. Jonathan Arriola
   College of Arts and Sciences
     Rizal Memorial Colleges




        In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
     Internet & MS Power point



     by: Ms. April M. Moneva
The internet
*How does the internet work?
   The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks,
   cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common
   software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet
   users can share information in a variety of forms. The size, scope and
   design of the Internet allows users to:

                      *connect easily through ordinary personal computers
                and local         phone numbers;
                      *exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and
                colleagues        with accounts on the Internet;
                      *post information for others to access, and update it
                frequently;
                      *access multimedia information that includes sound,
                      photographic images and even video; and
                      *access diverse perspectives from around the world.

   An additional attribute of the Internet is that it lacks a central authority
   —in other words, there is no "Internet, Inc." that controls the Internet.
   Beyond the various governing boards that work to establish policies
   and standards, the Internet is bound by few rules and answers to no
   single organization.

   In February 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Communications Decency
   Act, which provides criminal penalties for those who post or transmit "indecent"
   material via the Internet. This law, however, has been challenged in U.S. courts by
   those who feel it would unfairly prohibit many legitimate uses of the Internet, and
   was ruled unconstitutional in July 1996. The federal government, however, is
   preparing an appeal.
*The history of the internet

Many people think that the Internet is a recent innovation, when in fact the
essence of it has been around for over a quarter century. The Internet began as
ARPAnet, a U.S. Department of Defense project to create a nationwide
computer network that would continue to function even if a large portion of it
were destroyed in a nuclear war or natural disaster.

During the next two decades, the network that evolved was used primarily by
academic institutions, scientists and the government for research and
communications. The appeal of the Internet to these bodies was obvious, as it
allowed disparate institutions to connect to each others' computing systems and
databases, as well as share data via E-mail.

The nature of the Internet changed abruptly in 1992, when the U.S. government
began pulling out of network management, and commercial entities offered
Internet access to the general public for the first time. This change in focus
marked the beginning of the Internet's astonishing expansion.

According to a survey conducted by Commerce Net and Nielsen Media
Research in early 1997, nearly one out of every four Americans over the age of
16 is an Internet user. And the number of users worldwide is believed to be well
into the tens of millions. Other statistics are equally startling:

      •A CNN report stated that Internet traffic in 1996 was 25 times what it
      was just two years earlier.
      •The market research group IntelliQuest pegged the number of Internet
      users in the U.S. in late 1996 at 47 million - a 34 percent increase over
      the first quarter of that year.
      •According to IBM, 146 countries currently have at least some level of
      Internet access.
      •The technology research firm IDG estimates that by century's end, one
      billion people worldwide will have access to personal computers—more
      than doubling the computer-savvy population of 1996.

The Internet explosion coincides with the advent of increasingly powerful yet
reasonably priced personal computers with easy-to-use graphical operating
systems. The result has been an attraction of recent computer "converts" to the
network, and new possibilities for exploiting a wealth of multimedia
  capabilities.
*What kinds of information are available?

   In addition to text documents, the Internet makes available graphics
    files (digitized photographs and artwork), and even files that contain
    digitized sound and video. Through the Internet, you can download
    software, participate in interactive forums where users post and
    respond to public messages, and even join "chats," in which you and
    other users type (and, in some cases, speak) messages that are
    received by the chat participants instantly.





*How do people use the internet?
       Obviously, the Internet can bring you a whole host of capabilities. But
       how can they be put to practical use?
       Among the ways that users like yourself are taking advantage of the
       Internet are:
                                      *Sharing research and business data
                         among colleagues and like-          minded
                         individuals.
                                      *Communicating with others and
                         transmitting files via E-mail.
                                      *Requesting and providing assistance
                         with problems and        questions.
                                      *Marketing and publicizing products and
                         services.
                                      *Gathering valuable feedback and
                         suggestions from customers          and business
                         partners.

       The Internet's potential is limited only by users' vision and creativity.
       And as the Internet grows, new and innovative uses will surely follow.
Operating System Standards
and Practices
      • E-mail, for exchange of electronic mail messages.

      • USENET newsgroups, for posting and responding to
        public "bulletin board" messages.

      • File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a system for storing and
        retrieving data files on large computer systems.
      •
      • Gopher, a method of searching for various text-based
        Internet resources (largely obsolete).

      • TELNET, a way of connecting directly to computer
        systems on the Internet.
      • Internet Relay Chat (IRC), a system for sending public
        and private messages to other users in "real time"—
        that is, your message appears on the recipient's screen
        as soon as you type it.

      • CU-SeeMe, a videoconferencing system that allows
        users to send and receive sound and pictures
        simultaneously over the Internet.

      • The World Wide Web
Data Management

   A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with
    computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of
    a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases
    for various applications.



   A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other
    objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to
    concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of
    database models, such as the relational model or object model, to
    conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports
    query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages,
    dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing
    database application programs.


   Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as
    retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities
    for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing
    concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and
    restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security.


                                            ,
Network Management
Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to
the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems.[1]

Operation deals with keeping the network (and the services that the network provides) up and
running smoothly. It includes monitoring the network to spot problems as soon as possible,
ideally before users are affected.
Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and how they are assigned. It
includes all the "housekeeping" that is necessary to keep the network under control.

Maintenance is concerned with performing repairs and upgrades—for example, when equipment
must be replaced, when a router needs a patch for an operating system image, when a new
switch is added to a network. Maintenance also involves corrective and preventive measures to
make the managed network run "better", such as adjusting device configuration parameters.

Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to support a given service.
For example, this might include setting up the network so that a new customer can receive voice
service.
A common way of characterizing network management functions is FCAPS—Fault,
Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security.
   A software development kit (SDK or "devkit") is typically a set of
    software development tools that allows for the creation of applications for a
    certainsoftware package, software framework, hardware platform,
    computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar platform.
   It may be something as simple as an application programming interface (API)
    in the form of some files to interface to a particular programming language or
    include sophisticated hardware to communicate with a certain
    embedded system. Common tools include debugging aids and other utilities
     often presented in an integrated development environment (IDE). SDKs also
    frequently include sample code and supporting technical notes or other
    supporting documentation to help clarify points from the primary reference
    material.
   SDKs may have attached licenses that make them unsuitable for building
    software intended to be developed under an incompatible license. For
    example, a proprietary SDK will probably be incompatible with
    free software development, while a GPL-licensed SDK could be incompatible
    with proprietary software development. LGPL SDKs are typically safe for
    proprietary development.
   A software engineer typically receives the SDK from the target system
    developer. Often the SDK can be downloaded directly via the Internet. Many
    SDKs are provided for free to encourage developers to use the system or
    language. Sometimes this is used as a marketing tool.
   An SDK for an operating system add-on (for instance, QuickTime for Mac OS
    ) may include the add-on software itself, to be used for development
    purposes, if not necessarily for redistribution. An interesting situation arises
    here between platforms where it is possible to develop applications that can
    at least start up on a system configuration without the add-on installed, and
    use a Gestalt-style run-time environment query to determine if the add-on is
    present, and ones where the application will simply fail to start. In other
    words, it is possible to build a single binary that will run on configurations with
    and without the add-on present, albeit operating with reduced functionality in
    the latter situation.
   Providers of SDKs for specific systems or subsystems may sometimes
    substitute a more specific term instead of software. For instance, both
    Microsoft andApple provide driver development kits (DDK) for developing
    device drivers.
What is a Local-Area Network (LAN)?




             A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a
relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group
of buildings, however, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any
distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected
in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN).
             Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers.
Each node(individual computer ) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it
executesprograms, but it also is ableto access data and devices anywhere
on the LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices,
such aslaser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to
communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat
 sessions.
             LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much
faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line; but the distances
are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be
attached to a single LAN.
   LAN Resources

   The Big-LAN FAQ is for the Big-LAN mailing list, a mailing list for discussion of
    issues in designing and operating Campus-Size Local Area Networks, especially
    complex nets utilizing multiple technologies and supporting multiple protocols.
    Topics include repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways; how to incorporate
    smaller Personal-Computer type LANs into the campus-wide LAN; how to unify the
    mail systems, etc..
   The Interactive Network Design Manual is a set of essays aimed at helping network
    professionals successful design and troubleshoot computer networks. A new
    chapter is added each month. Topics covered include fault tolerance, Internet
    connectivity, middleware, troubleshooting token ring, web based networking
    resources, firewalls, ISDN, virtual LANs, NT networks, messaging systems, frame
    relay, scalable remote access, video conferencing, and performance tuning.
   Networking Tutorials, from UNH's InterOperability Lab, includes papers on ATM,
    ethernet, FDDI, 100Base technology, fibre technology, TCP/IP, network
    management, and token ring.
   The Web66 Network Construction Set, by Stephen E. Collins, gives one an
    overview of 10BaseT networks and how to analyze and understand modern
    networks. It will also give you a firm foundation to begin learning how to plan your
    own school network. Not enough that you could do it yourself without more training,
    but enough so that you can watch over and understand the activities of your
    network provider or consultant.
   RFC 1983 is a pretty complete glossary of terms relating the LAN to the Internet.
   Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Page provides an extensive collection of information
    about Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) local area network technology, including the original
    10-Mbps system, the 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet system, and Gigabit Ethernet.
   The Ethernet FAQ includes information about ethernet and standards, cabling
    information, ethernet devices and components, errors and related terms, testing
    and troubleshooting, and more.
   The Ethernet Codes Master Page contain collected information on the various
    codes used on IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet. Codes are sorted by type, vendor, and
    multicast.
   Dan Kegel's Fast Ethernet Page is a collection of pointers to information about
    100BaseX, including adapters, white papers, hubs, switches, protocol and
    hardware specifications, and vendors.
   The Token Ring FAQ covers general token ring information, the token ring physical
    layer, the token ring data link layer, errors and troubleshooting, and other sources
    of token ring information.
   The ANSI FDDI Home Page provides access to status information relating to
    X3T12 efforts, working documents, and links to the FDDI FAQ, FDDI tutorial and
    related FTP sites..
   The InterOperability Lab Tutorials offers tutorials and testing information on ADSL,
    ATM, DOCSIS, Ethernet, Fast Etherenet, FDDI, Fibre CHannel, GigE, IP, MPLS,
    Network Management, Token Ring, VG-AnyLAN, VLAN, Wireless, and more.
   The Telecommunications Technology Resources Page is an attempt to organize
    the various resources available on the internet by topic. It starts out with the basics
    of telecom, working it's way to LANS, the internet, Frame, ATM, SMDS, LMDS,
    DSL, cable modems, sonet, wireless communication, spred spectrum, satellite,
    PCS, and more.
A      Wide Area Network (WAN)

       is a network that covers a broad area (i.e.,
        any telecommunications network that links across
        metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries)
        using private or public network transports. Business
        and government entities utilize WANs to relay data
        among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers
        from various geographical locations. In essence,
        this mode of telecommunication allows a business
        to effectively carry out its daily function regardless
        of location. The Internet can be considered a WAN
        as well, and is used by businesses, governments,
        organizations, and individuals for almost any
        purpose imaginable.[1]
   Related terms for other types of networks
    are personal area networks (PANs), local area
    networks(LANs), campus area
    networks (CANs), or metropolitan area
    networks (MANs) which are usually limited to
    a room, building, campus or specific
    metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.

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The internet

  • 1. E-Research Paper A Research Study presented to: Mr. Jonathan Arriola College of Arts and Sciences Rizal Memorial Colleges In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Internet & MS Power point by: Ms. April M. Moneva
  • 2. The internet *How does the internet work? The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet users can share information in a variety of forms. The size, scope and design of the Internet allows users to: *connect easily through ordinary personal computers and local phone numbers; *exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and colleagues with accounts on the Internet; *post information for others to access, and update it frequently; *access multimedia information that includes sound, photographic images and even video; and *access diverse perspectives from around the world. An additional attribute of the Internet is that it lacks a central authority —in other words, there is no "Internet, Inc." that controls the Internet. Beyond the various governing boards that work to establish policies and standards, the Internet is bound by few rules and answers to no single organization. In February 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Communications Decency Act, which provides criminal penalties for those who post or transmit "indecent" material via the Internet. This law, however, has been challenged in U.S. courts by those who feel it would unfairly prohibit many legitimate uses of the Internet, and was ruled unconstitutional in July 1996. The federal government, however, is preparing an appeal.
  • 3. *The history of the internet Many people think that the Internet is a recent innovation, when in fact the essence of it has been around for over a quarter century. The Internet began as ARPAnet, a U.S. Department of Defense project to create a nationwide computer network that would continue to function even if a large portion of it were destroyed in a nuclear war or natural disaster. During the next two decades, the network that evolved was used primarily by academic institutions, scientists and the government for research and communications. The appeal of the Internet to these bodies was obvious, as it allowed disparate institutions to connect to each others' computing systems and databases, as well as share data via E-mail. The nature of the Internet changed abruptly in 1992, when the U.S. government began pulling out of network management, and commercial entities offered Internet access to the general public for the first time. This change in focus marked the beginning of the Internet's astonishing expansion. According to a survey conducted by Commerce Net and Nielsen Media Research in early 1997, nearly one out of every four Americans over the age of 16 is an Internet user. And the number of users worldwide is believed to be well into the tens of millions. Other statistics are equally startling: •A CNN report stated that Internet traffic in 1996 was 25 times what it was just two years earlier. •The market research group IntelliQuest pegged the number of Internet users in the U.S. in late 1996 at 47 million - a 34 percent increase over the first quarter of that year. •According to IBM, 146 countries currently have at least some level of Internet access. •The technology research firm IDG estimates that by century's end, one billion people worldwide will have access to personal computers—more than doubling the computer-savvy population of 1996. The Internet explosion coincides with the advent of increasingly powerful yet reasonably priced personal computers with easy-to-use graphical operating systems. The result has been an attraction of recent computer "converts" to the network, and new possibilities for exploiting a wealth of multimedia capabilities.
  • 4. *What kinds of information are available?  In addition to text documents, the Internet makes available graphics files (digitized photographs and artwork), and even files that contain digitized sound and video. Through the Internet, you can download software, participate in interactive forums where users post and respond to public messages, and even join "chats," in which you and other users type (and, in some cases, speak) messages that are received by the chat participants instantly.  *How do people use the internet? Obviously, the Internet can bring you a whole host of capabilities. But how can they be put to practical use? Among the ways that users like yourself are taking advantage of the Internet are: *Sharing research and business data among colleagues and like- minded individuals. *Communicating with others and transmitting files via E-mail. *Requesting and providing assistance with problems and questions. *Marketing and publicizing products and services. *Gathering valuable feedback and suggestions from customers and business partners. The Internet's potential is limited only by users' vision and creativity. And as the Internet grows, new and innovative uses will surely follow.
  • 5. Operating System Standards and Practices • E-mail, for exchange of electronic mail messages. • USENET newsgroups, for posting and responding to public "bulletin board" messages. • File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a system for storing and retrieving data files on large computer systems. • • Gopher, a method of searching for various text-based Internet resources (largely obsolete). • TELNET, a way of connecting directly to computer systems on the Internet. • Internet Relay Chat (IRC), a system for sending public and private messages to other users in "real time"— that is, your message appears on the recipient's screen as soon as you type it. • CU-SeeMe, a videoconferencing system that allows users to send and receive sound and pictures simultaneously over the Internet. • The World Wide Web
  • 6. Data Management  A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications.  A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs.  Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security. ,
  • 7. Network Management Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems.[1] Operation deals with keeping the network (and the services that the network provides) up and running smoothly. It includes monitoring the network to spot problems as soon as possible, ideally before users are affected. Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and how they are assigned. It includes all the "housekeeping" that is necessary to keep the network under control. Maintenance is concerned with performing repairs and upgrades—for example, when equipment must be replaced, when a router needs a patch for an operating system image, when a new switch is added to a network. Maintenance also involves corrective and preventive measures to make the managed network run "better", such as adjusting device configuration parameters. Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to support a given service. For example, this might include setting up the network so that a new customer can receive voice service. A common way of characterizing network management functions is FCAPS—Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security.
  • 8. A software development kit (SDK or "devkit") is typically a set of software development tools that allows for the creation of applications for a certainsoftware package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar platform.  It may be something as simple as an application programming interface (API) in the form of some files to interface to a particular programming language or include sophisticated hardware to communicate with a certain embedded system. Common tools include debugging aids and other utilities often presented in an integrated development environment (IDE). SDKs also frequently include sample code and supporting technical notes or other supporting documentation to help clarify points from the primary reference material.  SDKs may have attached licenses that make them unsuitable for building software intended to be developed under an incompatible license. For example, a proprietary SDK will probably be incompatible with free software development, while a GPL-licensed SDK could be incompatible with proprietary software development. LGPL SDKs are typically safe for proprietary development.  A software engineer typically receives the SDK from the target system developer. Often the SDK can be downloaded directly via the Internet. Many SDKs are provided for free to encourage developers to use the system or language. Sometimes this is used as a marketing tool.  An SDK for an operating system add-on (for instance, QuickTime for Mac OS ) may include the add-on software itself, to be used for development purposes, if not necessarily for redistribution. An interesting situation arises here between platforms where it is possible to develop applications that can at least start up on a system configuration without the add-on installed, and use a Gestalt-style run-time environment query to determine if the add-on is present, and ones where the application will simply fail to start. In other words, it is possible to build a single binary that will run on configurations with and without the add-on present, albeit operating with reduced functionality in the latter situation.  Providers of SDKs for specific systems or subsystems may sometimes substitute a more specific term instead of software. For instance, both Microsoft andApple provide driver development kits (DDK) for developing device drivers.
  • 9. What is a Local-Area Network (LAN)? A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings, however, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN). Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. Each node(individual computer ) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it executesprograms, but it also is ableto access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices, such aslaser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions. LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line; but the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.
  • 10. LAN Resources  The Big-LAN FAQ is for the Big-LAN mailing list, a mailing list for discussion of issues in designing and operating Campus-Size Local Area Networks, especially complex nets utilizing multiple technologies and supporting multiple protocols. Topics include repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways; how to incorporate smaller Personal-Computer type LANs into the campus-wide LAN; how to unify the mail systems, etc..  The Interactive Network Design Manual is a set of essays aimed at helping network professionals successful design and troubleshoot computer networks. A new chapter is added each month. Topics covered include fault tolerance, Internet connectivity, middleware, troubleshooting token ring, web based networking resources, firewalls, ISDN, virtual LANs, NT networks, messaging systems, frame relay, scalable remote access, video conferencing, and performance tuning.  Networking Tutorials, from UNH's InterOperability Lab, includes papers on ATM, ethernet, FDDI, 100Base technology, fibre technology, TCP/IP, network management, and token ring.  The Web66 Network Construction Set, by Stephen E. Collins, gives one an overview of 10BaseT networks and how to analyze and understand modern networks. It will also give you a firm foundation to begin learning how to plan your own school network. Not enough that you could do it yourself without more training, but enough so that you can watch over and understand the activities of your network provider or consultant.  RFC 1983 is a pretty complete glossary of terms relating the LAN to the Internet.  Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Page provides an extensive collection of information about Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) local area network technology, including the original 10-Mbps system, the 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet system, and Gigabit Ethernet.  The Ethernet FAQ includes information about ethernet and standards, cabling information, ethernet devices and components, errors and related terms, testing and troubleshooting, and more.  The Ethernet Codes Master Page contain collected information on the various codes used on IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet. Codes are sorted by type, vendor, and multicast.  Dan Kegel's Fast Ethernet Page is a collection of pointers to information about 100BaseX, including adapters, white papers, hubs, switches, protocol and hardware specifications, and vendors.  The Token Ring FAQ covers general token ring information, the token ring physical layer, the token ring data link layer, errors and troubleshooting, and other sources of token ring information.  The ANSI FDDI Home Page provides access to status information relating to X3T12 efforts, working documents, and links to the FDDI FAQ, FDDI tutorial and related FTP sites..  The InterOperability Lab Tutorials offers tutorials and testing information on ADSL, ATM, DOCSIS, Ethernet, Fast Etherenet, FDDI, Fibre CHannel, GigE, IP, MPLS, Network Management, Token Ring, VG-AnyLAN, VLAN, Wireless, and more.  The Telecommunications Technology Resources Page is an attempt to organize the various resources available on the internet by topic. It starts out with the basics of telecom, working it's way to LANS, the internet, Frame, ATM, SMDS, LMDS, DSL, cable modems, sonet, wireless communication, spred spectrum, satellite, PCS, and more.
  • 11. A Wide Area Network (WAN)  is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries) using private or public network transports. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.[1]  Related terms for other types of networks are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks(LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.