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China During The
Middle Ages (500 –
    1650 C.E.)
I. Introduction:
• The fall of the Han Empire left a
power vacuum in China, that was filled
by several small kingdoms with various
political styles. Some were run in the
Chinese style with an emperor and
Confucian bureaucrats. Other were
affected by Tibetan, and Turkic cultures
which depended on Buddhism to rule.
• In 618 C.E.,
China was
reunified under
the reign of the
Li family, who
started what is
called the Tang
Dynasty.
II. The Tang Dynasty
    (618-907 C.E.):
•Under the leadership of emperor Li
Shimin, China expanded its influence
by demanding tribute from Korea and
Vietnam.
• He reintroduced the
use of Confucian
scholars in running
the government.
• He established a
universal law code.
• And he built the 1,100 mile Grand
Canal, which linked the Yellow River in
northern China with the Yangzi River in
southern China. Thus improving trade
and communication in China.
Tang Inventions:
1. Tang scholars developed block
   printing; a system of printing where
   characters
   are carved
   onto a wooden
   block. The
   block is then
   inked and
   pressed onto
   a sheet of paper.
2. Tang scientists invented gunpowder
by combining saltpeter, sulfur, and
charcoal. It was first simply used for
fireworks.
3. Tang physicians developed the
small pox vaccine in the 10th century
C.E.. However, the widespread use of
this vaccine did not occur in China until
the 16th century, and it did not reach
Europe until the 17th century.
Tang Social Structure:
•The Tang had a strict social structure;
where, each class had its own rights
and duties, However, social mobility
was possible from one class to another,
through education.
• At the top of
China’s social
ladder was the
gentry class.
Most scholars and
government
officials were from
this wealthy
landowning class.
They were exempt
from land taxes,
and dominated the
money-lending
system of China.
• To avoid overextending the
government’s bureaucracy, Tang
emperors allowed local nobles, and
gentry to exercise significant power in
their regions.
•Next came the peasant class. Most
Chinese were peasants who worked
the land. They could move up in
society through education and
government service.
• At the social bottom was the merchant
class. Merchants were lower than
peasants; because according to
Confucian tradition, they made their
wealth off the labor of others.
• The Tang government issued curfews
within urban areas to control crime.
Commoners had to return to their
homes
between
8 and
10 p.m.
Tang Economy:
• The Tang dynasty encouraged, and
protected long-distant trade routes like
the Silk Road.
• During the Han era, China’s main
export had been silk; however, by the
Tang period China had lost its
monopoly on silk (Christian monks had
smuggled silk worms out of China.)
• At the same time, Western Asia
(India) had lost its monopoly over
cotton. Thus Tang merchants were
able to spin their own cotton cloth.
• China became the sole supplier of
porcelain, during this period.
• By 1000 C.E., Chinese exports
outnumbered Asian, European, or
African goods by a hundred to one.
Making the Tang dynasty one of the
wealthiest in Chinese history.
Tang Military:
• The Tang military
combined Chinese
weapons, the crossbow
and armored infantry,
with Central Asian
horsemen by utilizing
the stirrup (developed
in Central Asia.)
Tang Religion:
• The imperial family used Buddhism
for political gain.
• Buddhism became an important ally
as competing princes obtained the
support of Buddhist monasteries. In
return the monasteries received tax
exemptions, land, and gifts from the
princes when they became emperor.
• Mahayana (Great Vehicle) Buddhism
became the dominate Buddhist
teaching in China. It fostered faith in
enlightened beings, who choose to
remain on the earth in order to help
others achieve enlightenment.
•This Buddhist sect was popular among
the Chinese; because it permitted the
the absorption of local gods and
goddesses into the Mahayana
sainthood.
• After two centuries of Buddhist
influence, members of the imperial
family began to call for the eradication
of Buddhist influences and restore the
ancient values of hierarchy and social
harmony found in Confucianism.
• Confucian scholars feared that
Buddhism was destroying the family.
So they pushed for a return to
traditional family values.
• Their worries
were realized
when Wu
Zhao, married
into the
imperial family
and seized
control of the
government in
690 C.E.. She
ruled China
until 705 C.E.
• Confucian
scholars had
contempt for all
powerful
women, so they
accused Wu
Zhao of abuse
of power by
practicing
torture, and
murder.
Fall of the Tang Dynasty:
1. Tang defeat at the Battle of Talas
   River, by a combined army of Arabs,
   Turks, and Tibetans ended its
   westward expansion, & control of the
   Silk Road.
2. Tang conquest in the east required
   extreme taxation of its citizens.
3. Disgruntled members of the gentry
   class began the Huang Chao
   Rebellion of 879-881 C.E.
III. The Song Dynasty (960-
            1279 C.E.)
• China experienced
a short period of
general chaos, after
the fall of the Tang
Dynasty. However,
by 960 C.E. strong
central
governmental
control was
reestablished under
the reign of the
Song Dynasty.
Song Military:
• The Song dynasty was
half the size of the Tang
empire, but its army was
four times as large. It
contained 1.25 million men
(about the size of the U.S.
military today.)
•Song military leaders
were educated
specialists, who were
tested on military
subjects, and paid a
•Engineers became skilled in High-
temperature metallurgy. They massed
produced steel weapons, and body
armor for soldiers.
• Cavalry of the
northern tribes
were countered by
utilizing gun power
to propel a cluster
of flaming arrows;
and, by firing shells
that blew out shards of iron.
Song
Economy:
•China during
this period did
not have
access to the
long-distant
trade network
that existed
during the
Tang dynasty.
• But China
began extensive
rice cultivation
by introducing
new hardy
strains of rice.
They were able
to harvest two
rice crops
annually, giving
them an
abundance of
food.
• The Song pioneered the first use of
paper money. Known as “flying
money” government issued paper
certificates could be redeemed for
coinage at locations throughout China.
Song Arts:
1. Song
artisans
were
famous for
their fine
porcelain.
2. Chinese calligraphy
became artistic &
standardized. The blank
sheet of paper
represented the
oneness of the universe
before creation. The
strokes reveal the union
of Yin and Yang, ink to
paper until harmonious
oneness, the Dao, is
achieved.
3. Song architects
designed
multistoried
temples with
ornate roofs called
pagodas.
4. During the Song dynasty, gardens
became extremely popular; and,
Chinese gardens became famous
throughout Asia.
Song Technology:
1. Movable type printing was
   developed; which increased printing
   speed, thus increasing the diffusion
   of ideas.
   Movable type
   spread to
   Korea and
   Japan, and
   was brought
   to Europe by the Mongols.
2. Song
mathematicians
are the first
known to have
used factions,
which they
originally
employed to
describe the
phases of the
moon.
3. Song astrologers were the first to
record the explosion of the “Crab
Nebula” in 1054 C.E.
4. Song scholars also Invented the
mechanical clock, which told the time of
the day and the day of the month.
In 1088 C.E.,
Su-Sung
created an
imperial clock
80 feet tall.
5. The
Song also
invented
the
spinning
wheel, a
machine
used to
make
thread
more
easily.
Chinese Footbinding:
• Footbinding began
as a Chinese fashion
during the 10th
Century C.E.. Its a
technique of forcing
the toes under the
heel, so that the
bones eventually
break making
walking impossible.
• The Chinese practice of binding a
woman’s feet probably began as the
result of an Empress having a club foot.
She insisted that all women in the court
bind their feet so that hers became the
model of Court beauty.
• By 1200 C.E.,
the practice was
firmly entrenched
among the elites
of society.
• The practice was
formally prohibited
in China in 1911
C.E.; but
continued in
isolated regions
well into the
1930s.
•The last
factory to
manufacture
shoes for
women with
bound feet
ended
production in
1998.
IV. The Yuan Dynasty (1279-
             1368 C.E.)
•The Yuan Dynasty was the reign of
Mongol invaders in China; which began with
its founder Genghis Khan.
• It was said that upon
his birth Genghis Khan
held a clot of blood in
his hand, which foretold
the future of his world
conquest.
• During the 13th century C.E., Genghis
Khan united the Mongol tribes and
conquered a vast empire that stretched
from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern
Europe.
• He imposed
strict military
discipline on his
armies, and
demanded
absolute loyalty.
His highly trained
armies contained
some of the most
skilled horsemen
in the world.
•Once conquered, subject
peoples were not
oppressed by Mongol
rulers. They were allowed
to live their traditional
lifestyles, as long as they
paid their yearly tribute to
the Mongols.
• Mongol rulers were able
to establish a period of
peace and order within
their domain, for about 100
years. This is referred to
as the Pax Mongolica, or
Mongol Peace.
Kublia Khan:
•Genghis Khan’s
grandson, Kublia
Khan, ruled the
Mongol Empire in
the late 1200s.
• He founded the
Yuan dynasty
that ruled China
from 1279-1368
C.E.
He also established the empire’s capital
at Khanbalik (present-day Beijing.)
• Kublai Khan knew that an empire
could be conquered but not governed
on horseback. So he strived to balance
Mongol and Chinese traditions within
his government. However, such
changes were unpopular to
conservative Mongols, who wanted to
remain segregated from Chinese
culture.
Marco Polo (I love that Game):
• Marco Polo is
more than a
summertime pool
game, he was a
merchant from
the city of
Venice, Italy.
Between 1271-
1295 C.E., he
traveled to the
court of Kublia
Khan.
• He published a
travel guide called,
“The Travels of
Marco Polo.” It gives
an account of his
journeys, and outline
his 17 year of service
to Kublia Khan.
• Hugely popular in
Europe, his book
provided the first
modern record of
China.
Reasons for the Fall of the
     Yuan Dynasty:
1. Mongol emperors abandoned their
 duties to govern; After the reign of
 Kubilai Khan, the government ceased
 to be concerned with the welfare of
 the people and neglected their duty to
 help them. Yuan officials were more
 concerned with seizing power, which
 caused revolts throughout the
 country.
2. Luxurious living of the Mongols; In
  order to pay for the extravagances of the
  Mongol court, the Chinese were heavily
  taxed. The result was uncontrollable
  inflation throughout the empire, making
  the China’s paper money worthless.
3. Racial
   segregation;
   China was
   divided into two
   separate societies
   (traditional
   Chinese &
   Mongolian.); and
   the Mongolians
   made no effort to
   assimilate into
   traditional
   Chinese culture.
The Chinese were prohibited from having
any real power in the government.
  –They were prohibited from military
  service.
  – They were allowed to hold local
•
  positions in the provinces. But they could
  not be appointed to high government
  positions.
• By the 1350's C.E., several aristocrats
living in the provinces had established
themselves as independent kings. China
was no longer in the control of the
Emperor—it had been carved up among a
dozen warlords.
One of these warlords, from a peasant
family, would become the founder of the
Ming dynasty. His name was Zhu
Yuanzhang.
By 1368 C.E., Zhu
had conquered all
of southern
China, marking
the beginning of
the Ming
dynasty, and ruled
as Hongwu (r.
1368-1398 C.E.)
V. Ming China:
• Humiliated and oppressed by foreign
rulers, the Ming dynasty came to preside
over the greatest economic and social era
in Chinese history. Chinese populations
reached over 100 million people. However,
it was the last native Chinese dynasty..
Ming Achievements:
1. They revived Confucian education.
2. They restored the civil service
   system, making the exams more
   rigorous.
3. Ming emperors repaired the canal
   system that had been neglected by
   the Mongols.
4. Chinese cities became industrial
   centers (for Porcelain, Paper, tools.)
5. Agricultural
   cultivation
   was
   increased by
   giving tax-
   exempt
   property to
   farmers who
   cleared new
   farmlands in
   Southern
   China.
6. Ming
   emperors
   supported
   a revival of
   Confucian
   values in
   Chinese
   art and
   literature.
Confucian society was based on
      the Veneration of Elders;
• Children must completely obey
  their parents.
 – Parents could sell children into
   slavery.
• Students were expected to obey
  their teachers without question.
 – Teacher could have student
   executed for disobedience.
Confucian values also stated that
  women were expected to honor and
  respect first their fathers, then
  husbands, then son.
• Upper-class women were educated;
  but could not take civil service
  exams.
• Most women found that the only way
  to gain respect was by having male
  children.
Ming Art:
• Ming
artisans
produced blue
and white
porcelain that
is still prized
today, as the
highest
quality China.
Ming
   Technology:
•The first magnetic
compasses
designed for
navigation were
probably developed
in the 11th century
C.E. by Chinese
navigators.
• The Ming utilized
this technology to
explore the Pacific
and Indian Oceans.
Chinese Exploration (1405-
            1433 C.E.)
•Zheng He was a
Chinese explorer
that sailed to
Southeast
Asia, India, Persia, a
nd East Africa during
the 15th century C.E.
• His voyages allowed the Chinese to
establish trade with these areas and
spread the Chinese culture to the West.
• However, after Zhen He’s death in 1433
C.E., the Ming Emperor ordered all voyages
stopped and trade with the outside world cut
off. His action limited China’s development
and made them
an easy target in
the coming
centuries of the
Europeans.
Reasons for Ending Overseas
       Exploration:
1. The Chinese wanted to preserve
   their ancient traditions, which they
   saw as the source of stability.
2. Confucian scholars had little interest
   in overseas trade. To them, Chinese
   civilization was superior to all others.
3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly
   and did not produce any profits.
Let the Fat
Lady Sing.
 The End!

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Ap world china in middle ages

  • 1. China During The Middle Ages (500 – 1650 C.E.)
  • 2. I. Introduction: • The fall of the Han Empire left a power vacuum in China, that was filled by several small kingdoms with various political styles. Some were run in the Chinese style with an emperor and Confucian bureaucrats. Other were affected by Tibetan, and Turkic cultures which depended on Buddhism to rule.
  • 3. • In 618 C.E., China was reunified under the reign of the Li family, who started what is called the Tang Dynasty.
  • 4. II. The Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.):
  • 5. •Under the leadership of emperor Li Shimin, China expanded its influence by demanding tribute from Korea and Vietnam. • He reintroduced the use of Confucian scholars in running the government. • He established a universal law code.
  • 6. • And he built the 1,100 mile Grand Canal, which linked the Yellow River in northern China with the Yangzi River in southern China. Thus improving trade and communication in China.
  • 7. Tang Inventions: 1. Tang scholars developed block printing; a system of printing where characters are carved onto a wooden block. The block is then inked and pressed onto a sheet of paper.
  • 8. 2. Tang scientists invented gunpowder by combining saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. It was first simply used for fireworks.
  • 9. 3. Tang physicians developed the small pox vaccine in the 10th century C.E.. However, the widespread use of this vaccine did not occur in China until the 16th century, and it did not reach Europe until the 17th century.
  • 10. Tang Social Structure: •The Tang had a strict social structure; where, each class had its own rights and duties, However, social mobility was possible from one class to another, through education.
  • 11. • At the top of China’s social ladder was the gentry class. Most scholars and government officials were from this wealthy landowning class. They were exempt from land taxes, and dominated the money-lending system of China.
  • 12. • To avoid overextending the government’s bureaucracy, Tang emperors allowed local nobles, and gentry to exercise significant power in their regions.
  • 13. •Next came the peasant class. Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land. They could move up in society through education and government service.
  • 14. • At the social bottom was the merchant class. Merchants were lower than peasants; because according to Confucian tradition, they made their wealth off the labor of others.
  • 15. • The Tang government issued curfews within urban areas to control crime. Commoners had to return to their homes between 8 and 10 p.m.
  • 16. Tang Economy: • The Tang dynasty encouraged, and protected long-distant trade routes like the Silk Road.
  • 17. • During the Han era, China’s main export had been silk; however, by the Tang period China had lost its monopoly on silk (Christian monks had smuggled silk worms out of China.) • At the same time, Western Asia (India) had lost its monopoly over cotton. Thus Tang merchants were able to spin their own cotton cloth.
  • 18. • China became the sole supplier of porcelain, during this period. • By 1000 C.E., Chinese exports outnumbered Asian, European, or African goods by a hundred to one. Making the Tang dynasty one of the wealthiest in Chinese history.
  • 19. Tang Military: • The Tang military combined Chinese weapons, the crossbow and armored infantry, with Central Asian horsemen by utilizing the stirrup (developed in Central Asia.)
  • 20. Tang Religion: • The imperial family used Buddhism for political gain. • Buddhism became an important ally as competing princes obtained the support of Buddhist monasteries. In return the monasteries received tax exemptions, land, and gifts from the princes when they became emperor.
  • 21. • Mahayana (Great Vehicle) Buddhism became the dominate Buddhist teaching in China. It fostered faith in enlightened beings, who choose to remain on the earth in order to help others achieve enlightenment. •This Buddhist sect was popular among the Chinese; because it permitted the the absorption of local gods and goddesses into the Mahayana sainthood.
  • 22. • After two centuries of Buddhist influence, members of the imperial family began to call for the eradication of Buddhist influences and restore the ancient values of hierarchy and social harmony found in Confucianism. • Confucian scholars feared that Buddhism was destroying the family. So they pushed for a return to traditional family values.
  • 23. • Their worries were realized when Wu Zhao, married into the imperial family and seized control of the government in 690 C.E.. She ruled China until 705 C.E.
  • 24. • Confucian scholars had contempt for all powerful women, so they accused Wu Zhao of abuse of power by practicing torture, and murder.
  • 25. Fall of the Tang Dynasty: 1. Tang defeat at the Battle of Talas River, by a combined army of Arabs, Turks, and Tibetans ended its westward expansion, & control of the Silk Road. 2. Tang conquest in the east required extreme taxation of its citizens. 3. Disgruntled members of the gentry class began the Huang Chao Rebellion of 879-881 C.E.
  • 26. III. The Song Dynasty (960- 1279 C.E.) • China experienced a short period of general chaos, after the fall of the Tang Dynasty. However, by 960 C.E. strong central governmental control was reestablished under the reign of the Song Dynasty.
  • 27. Song Military: • The Song dynasty was half the size of the Tang empire, but its army was four times as large. It contained 1.25 million men (about the size of the U.S. military today.) •Song military leaders were educated specialists, who were tested on military subjects, and paid a
  • 28. •Engineers became skilled in High- temperature metallurgy. They massed produced steel weapons, and body armor for soldiers. • Cavalry of the northern tribes were countered by utilizing gun power to propel a cluster of flaming arrows; and, by firing shells that blew out shards of iron.
  • 29. Song Economy: •China during this period did not have access to the long-distant trade network that existed during the Tang dynasty.
  • 30. • But China began extensive rice cultivation by introducing new hardy strains of rice. They were able to harvest two rice crops annually, giving them an abundance of food.
  • 31. • The Song pioneered the first use of paper money. Known as “flying money” government issued paper certificates could be redeemed for coinage at locations throughout China.
  • 32. Song Arts: 1. Song artisans were famous for their fine porcelain.
  • 33. 2. Chinese calligraphy became artistic & standardized. The blank sheet of paper represented the oneness of the universe before creation. The strokes reveal the union of Yin and Yang, ink to paper until harmonious oneness, the Dao, is achieved.
  • 34. 3. Song architects designed multistoried temples with ornate roofs called pagodas.
  • 35. 4. During the Song dynasty, gardens became extremely popular; and, Chinese gardens became famous throughout Asia.
  • 36. Song Technology: 1. Movable type printing was developed; which increased printing speed, thus increasing the diffusion of ideas. Movable type spread to Korea and Japan, and was brought to Europe by the Mongols.
  • 37. 2. Song mathematicians are the first known to have used factions, which they originally employed to describe the phases of the moon.
  • 38. 3. Song astrologers were the first to record the explosion of the “Crab Nebula” in 1054 C.E.
  • 39. 4. Song scholars also Invented the mechanical clock, which told the time of the day and the day of the month. In 1088 C.E., Su-Sung created an imperial clock 80 feet tall.
  • 40. 5. The Song also invented the spinning wheel, a machine used to make thread more easily.
  • 41. Chinese Footbinding: • Footbinding began as a Chinese fashion during the 10th Century C.E.. Its a technique of forcing the toes under the heel, so that the bones eventually break making walking impossible.
  • 42. • The Chinese practice of binding a woman’s feet probably began as the result of an Empress having a club foot. She insisted that all women in the court bind their feet so that hers became the model of Court beauty.
  • 43. • By 1200 C.E., the practice was firmly entrenched among the elites of society. • The practice was formally prohibited in China in 1911 C.E.; but continued in isolated regions well into the 1930s.
  • 44. •The last factory to manufacture shoes for women with bound feet ended production in 1998.
  • 45. IV. The Yuan Dynasty (1279- 1368 C.E.) •The Yuan Dynasty was the reign of Mongol invaders in China; which began with its founder Genghis Khan. • It was said that upon his birth Genghis Khan held a clot of blood in his hand, which foretold the future of his world conquest.
  • 46. • During the 13th century C.E., Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and conquered a vast empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe.
  • 47. • He imposed strict military discipline on his armies, and demanded absolute loyalty. His highly trained armies contained some of the most skilled horsemen in the world.
  • 48. •Once conquered, subject peoples were not oppressed by Mongol rulers. They were allowed to live their traditional lifestyles, as long as they paid their yearly tribute to the Mongols. • Mongol rulers were able to establish a period of peace and order within their domain, for about 100 years. This is referred to as the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace.
  • 49. Kublia Khan: •Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublia Khan, ruled the Mongol Empire in the late 1200s. • He founded the Yuan dynasty that ruled China from 1279-1368 C.E.
  • 50. He also established the empire’s capital at Khanbalik (present-day Beijing.)
  • 51. • Kublai Khan knew that an empire could be conquered but not governed on horseback. So he strived to balance Mongol and Chinese traditions within his government. However, such changes were unpopular to conservative Mongols, who wanted to remain segregated from Chinese culture.
  • 52. Marco Polo (I love that Game): • Marco Polo is more than a summertime pool game, he was a merchant from the city of Venice, Italy. Between 1271- 1295 C.E., he traveled to the court of Kublia Khan.
  • 53. • He published a travel guide called, “The Travels of Marco Polo.” It gives an account of his journeys, and outline his 17 year of service to Kublia Khan. • Hugely popular in Europe, his book provided the first modern record of China.
  • 54. Reasons for the Fall of the Yuan Dynasty: 1. Mongol emperors abandoned their duties to govern; After the reign of Kubilai Khan, the government ceased to be concerned with the welfare of the people and neglected their duty to help them. Yuan officials were more concerned with seizing power, which caused revolts throughout the country.
  • 55. 2. Luxurious living of the Mongols; In order to pay for the extravagances of the Mongol court, the Chinese were heavily taxed. The result was uncontrollable inflation throughout the empire, making the China’s paper money worthless.
  • 56. 3. Racial segregation; China was divided into two separate societies (traditional Chinese & Mongolian.); and the Mongolians made no effort to assimilate into traditional Chinese culture.
  • 57. The Chinese were prohibited from having any real power in the government. –They were prohibited from military service. – They were allowed to hold local • positions in the provinces. But they could not be appointed to high government positions.
  • 58. • By the 1350's C.E., several aristocrats living in the provinces had established themselves as independent kings. China was no longer in the control of the Emperor—it had been carved up among a dozen warlords. One of these warlords, from a peasant family, would become the founder of the Ming dynasty. His name was Zhu Yuanzhang.
  • 59. By 1368 C.E., Zhu had conquered all of southern China, marking the beginning of the Ming dynasty, and ruled as Hongwu (r. 1368-1398 C.E.)
  • 61. • Humiliated and oppressed by foreign rulers, the Ming dynasty came to preside over the greatest economic and social era in Chinese history. Chinese populations reached over 100 million people. However, it was the last native Chinese dynasty..
  • 62. Ming Achievements: 1. They revived Confucian education. 2. They restored the civil service system, making the exams more rigorous.
  • 63. 3. Ming emperors repaired the canal system that had been neglected by the Mongols.
  • 64. 4. Chinese cities became industrial centers (for Porcelain, Paper, tools.)
  • 65. 5. Agricultural cultivation was increased by giving tax- exempt property to farmers who cleared new farmlands in Southern China.
  • 66. 6. Ming emperors supported a revival of Confucian values in Chinese art and literature.
  • 67. Confucian society was based on the Veneration of Elders; • Children must completely obey their parents. – Parents could sell children into slavery. • Students were expected to obey their teachers without question. – Teacher could have student executed for disobedience.
  • 68. Confucian values also stated that women were expected to honor and respect first their fathers, then husbands, then son. • Upper-class women were educated; but could not take civil service exams. • Most women found that the only way to gain respect was by having male children.
  • 69. Ming Art: • Ming artisans produced blue and white porcelain that is still prized today, as the highest quality China.
  • 70. Ming Technology: •The first magnetic compasses designed for navigation were probably developed in the 11th century C.E. by Chinese navigators. • The Ming utilized this technology to explore the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
  • 71. Chinese Exploration (1405- 1433 C.E.) •Zheng He was a Chinese explorer that sailed to Southeast Asia, India, Persia, a nd East Africa during the 15th century C.E.
  • 72. • His voyages allowed the Chinese to establish trade with these areas and spread the Chinese culture to the West.
  • 73. • However, after Zhen He’s death in 1433 C.E., the Ming Emperor ordered all voyages stopped and trade with the outside world cut off. His action limited China’s development and made them an easy target in the coming centuries of the Europeans.
  • 74. Reasons for Ending Overseas Exploration: 1. The Chinese wanted to preserve their ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. 2. Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas trade. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others. 3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits.
  • 75. Let the Fat Lady Sing. The End!