The document discusses how technological advancements like the cotton gin, railroads, and telegraphs impacted the American economy and culture in the 1800s. It led to expanded markets, specialization in agriculture, and a market revolution as people began buying and selling goods rather than producing them themselves. These changes accelerated economic growth and depended on private investment and entrepreneurship in a growing capitalist system.

2. Discuss how the
following affected
the American
economy and
culture of the
period: the cotton
gin, railroads, and
telegraphs.
Cristo Rey
Benchmark: 9.11.7

3. WARM UP:
What do you think it means to be an American?
What is the difference between Americans and the
rest of the world?

4. ONE AMERICAN’S STORY- SAMUEL F. B. MORSE
1837- painter & scientist, Morse w/ Leonard Gale built an electromagnetic
telegraph.
Morse’s first model could send signals ten miles through copper wire
Morse asked Congress to fund an experimental telegraphic communication
that would travel for 100 mi.
Congress granted Morse $30,000 to built a 40-mi. telegraph line b/w
Baltimore and Washington D.C.
In 1844- Morse tapped out: “What hath God wrought?”
The message was received in D.C. in less than a second- leading to instant
communication

5. U.S. MARKETS EXPAND
Farmers shifted from self-sufficiency to
specialization [raising one or two
cash crops that they could sell at
home or abroad]
Developments led to a market revolution-
the major change in the U.S.
economy produced by people’s
beginning to buy and sell goods
rather than make them for
themselves
Due to this the national economy in the
1840s grew more than it had in the
previous 40 years
The quickening pace depended on
capitalism- an economic system in
which private individuals and
corporations control the means of
production and use them to earn
profits.
Capital [money, property, machines and
factories] were needed to fuel America’s
expansion
These investors, entrepreneurs- a person

6. REVIEW- ANALYZING CAUSES
What led to the Answer:
rise of Investors were
capitalism? willing to risk
their own
money in new
industries,
standing to
earn huge
profits if
successful.

7. NEW INVENTIONS
Charles Goodyear developed
vulcanized rubber in 1839
1st to protect boots- later in
automobiles
Sewing Machine- patented by
Elias Howe in 1846 with a
foot treadle by I.M. Singer
led to factory production of
clothes
Clothing prices fell more than
75% allowing working
people to be able to afford
store bought clothes
Factories also created mechanized farm equipment and less expensive technology-
a clock that originally cost $50 to hand make was now made for half a dollar by the
mid-century. Falling prices meant workers also became regular consumers.

8. REVIEW- ANALYZING EFFECTS
Describe the Answer: The cost
impact of the of consumer
market goods dropped,
revolution on so more workers
potential could become
customers. consumers.

9. THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
These new inventions, transformed manufacturing, transportation and
communication
Telegraphs [a device for the electrical transmission of coded messages
over wires.] connected the larger cities on the East Coast
New railroads employed the telegraph to keep trains moving regularly and
to warn engineers of safety hazards
By 1854- 23,000 mi. of telegraph wire crossed the country

10. IMPACT ON TRANSPORTATION
Better and faster Eerie Canal was the 1st
transportation major canal and used
became imperative heavily
By 1830- 200 Ohio no longer
steamboats travelled depended on the
western rivers Mississippi River,
1816- America had more instead used a canal
than 100 miles of and river to NYC the
canals- 25 yrs. Later= nation’s major port
3,300 mi. Canals opened the
heartland of America
to world markets by
connecting the
Northeast to Midwest

11. EMERGENCE OF RAILROADS
Heyday of canals lasted until 1860s thanks to rapid emergence of railroads
Railroads were significantly pricier by offered speed
Trains could operate in the winter, and brought goods to those inland
By 1840s- freight pulled at 10mph 4x more than boats
Grew safe and reliable and cost came down
1850- 10,000 mi. of tracks laid/1859- carried 2 billion tons of freight a year

12. Trace the origins and implications of
“Manifest Destiny”

13. AMERICAN MISSION- WHITE PRIVILEGE
With expansion
fever hitting in
the 1840s,
American
believed their
westward and
southward
movement was
destined and
ordained by God
manifest destiny n. the 19th-century belief that
the United States would inevitably expand
westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican

14. MANIFEST DESTINY & “WHITE PRIVILEGE”
American Indians
& people of
Spanish
descent living
in West for
100s years
Supporters of
Manifest
Destiny
ignored this

15. ATTITUDES TOWARD THE FRONTIER
Abundance of western land was a great attraction especially after the panic
of 1837
Transportation revolution increased trade opportunities with Asia as well.
Many in the Oregon Territory helped expand trade with China and Japan
and also served as a naval station for a Pacific Fleet

16. SETTLERS AND NATIVE AMERICANS
Increasing number of This middle ground
settlers led to was well west of
cultural battles with the Mississippi due
Native Americans to the Indian
i.e.- the Black Hawk Removal Act of
War 1830
As long as settlers Displaced Native
needed Native Americans
Americans as occasionally fought
trading partners white settlers- U.S.
and guides, government
relations between responded with a
the two could be conference near
beneficial Laramie Wyoming

17. FORT LARAMIE TREATY
U.S. agreed to make annual
In return Native payments to Native
Americans promised Americans
not to attack settlers Traditional Native American
and to allow the hunting lands were
trampled and depleted
construction of forts of buffalo and elk
and roads The U.S. government
repeatedly violated the
terms of the treaties
Subsequent treaties
demanded that Native
Americans abandon
their lands and move to
reservations
Treaty of Fort Laramie- the
treaty requiring the Sioux to
live on a reservation along the
Missouri River.

18. SANTA FE TRAIL
While the westward Each spring from 1821-
movement was 1869s- Missouri
disastrous for Native traders loaded
American wagons with cloth,
communities it was knives, and guns
also perilous for Groups had up to 100
traders and settlers wagons
Santa Fe Trail- a route Traders charged off to
[780 mi.] from be the first to enter
Independence, New Mexico
Missouri, to Santa Fe,
New Mexico, used by Loaded wagons with
traders in the early silver, gold, and fur
and mid-1800s. and headed back to
U.S.

20. OREGON COUNTY
Mountain Men- men hired by eastern companies to trap
animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other western
regions of the United States
Rendezvous- annual event held by mountain men to trade
furs and socialize

21. THE MOUNTAIN MEN
Manuel Lisa, Jim
Bridger, Jebediah
Smith
Sold furs to
merchants from
eastern states
and Europe
1820s- met @
Rendezvous
1x/1yr
Event would sell
furs to agents
from fur
companies

22. NEW SETTLEMENTS
1811- Jacob Astor G.B., Russian, Spain,
founded Astoria @ U.S. all claimed
Columbia River ownership of the
Fur trading post one land originally
of the 1st Spain/Russia gave up-
settlements of 1827, U.S. & Britain
Oregon County extended 1818
American Indians: treaty that allowed
shared control of
Flathead Oregon County
Nez Pierce Both nations wanted
Cayuse to access Columbia
Shoshone River

23. THE MISSIONARIES
Growing #  difficult journey
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman- 1st settlers
Whitmans est. a mission near Walla Walla,
WA in 1836
Failed to convince many Cayuse to give up
traditional way of life
Mission became a stopping point for newly
arrived settlers

24. TRAGEDY FOR THE WHITMANS
Settlers stopping
brought diseases
 epidemic
Many Cayuse children
died
Cayuse, in ager,
attacked mission &
killed the Whitmans
& 10 others
Deaths did not slow
stream of pioneers
coming to Oregon
County

26. “THE OREGON FEVER IS RAGING IN ALMOST
EVERY PART OF THE UNION”
Stories of good
farmland
Economic problems
back East [Panic
of 1837]
Encourage
thousands
West
More settlers = end
of Mt. Men
Declining demand
for fur trade- less
profitable by
1840s
Some trappers
became guides

27. REVIEW- WHAT WERE SOME OF THE REASONS
AMERICANS TRAVELED TO OREGON COUNTY?

28. THE OREGON TRAIL

29. OREGON TRAIL
Began in Family of 4 needed
Independence <$600 to buy
Missouri- supplies
stretched more necessary for 6-
than 2,000 mi. 8 mo. Trip
[From Great
Plains through Formed wagon
Rockies] trains ranging
from 10-several
Usually began dozen wagons
once rainy
season ended

30. DANGEROUS CONDITIONS
Shortages
Food
Supplies
Water
Rough weather
Natural barriers
Confusion over
routes
diseases

31. OTHER TRAILS WEST- SANTA FE, CALIFORNIA

32. DIFFERENT TRAILS
S A N TA F E CALIFORNIA TRAIL
Some went South West Where Oregon split in Idaho,
some went to S. Cali.
Trail started by
Crossed the Sierra Nevada, b4
Merchants 1st snows made it almost
From Independence impossible
Missouri to Santa Fe 1839- John Sutter: Sutter’s Ft.,
NM near Sacramento River
Trail NOT a major Few stayed in Mexican Cali.
migration rt. Californios- interested in trading
manufacturing goods for
Appealed to profit hides, tallow & gold dust then
seeking traders settling
Risky due to desert &
mts.

33. Group of families following California Trail. Began their journey in
the Spring of 1844. George Donner’s group left the main trail and
got lost. Trapped under heavy snow. February of 1847, found by a
rescure party. Of 87 only ½ survived.
The subsequent casualties resulting from starvation, exposure,
disease, and trauma were extremely high, and many of the
survivors resorted to cannibalism.
Seven-year-old Mary Donner suggested to the others that they
should eat Isaac Donner, Franklin Graves, Jr., and Elizabeth
Graves, because the Donners had already begun eating the others
at Alder Creek, including Mary's father Jacob.

34. SUMMARIZER
How did Manifest Destiny change the political and cultural climate of
America?
Think-Write-Pair-Share-Write

35. 10.11.4 P- Describe how
westward expansion in the mid-
to late 1800s led to conflicts
between American settlers and
Native American

36. WARM UP:
If you wanted something of value, what are some of the ways in which you
would try to get it?

37. AMERICANS SETTLE IN THE SOUTHWEST
Native American and Mexican populations in the S.W. had come into close
contact
Before Mexico won its independence in 1821, Spain’s system of Roman
Catholic missions in CA, NM and TX tried to convert Native American to
Catholicism and to settle them on mission lands
To protect the missions, Spanish soldiers manned nearby presidios or
forts.
Mission system declined in the 1820s and 1830s after Mexican
independence
Land was given to ranchers. Some Native Americans were forced to remain
as unpaid laborers, many fled
When Mexicans captured Native Americans for forced labor, groups of
hostile Comanche and Apache retaliated by sweeping through Texas
terrorizing Mexican settlements and stealing livestock that supported
many American settlers and Tejanos

38. THE IMPACT OF MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
Newly free Mexico sought to improve its economy by easing trade
restrictions with U.S.
Gradually the ties loosened between Mexico & NM, CA, TX, AZ, Nevada and
Utah
Mexico learned that owning territory was not the same as controlling
As Apache and Comanche threatened the settlements, Mexican government
strived to strengthen ties
To prevent border violations Mexican government officials encouraged
American farmers to settle in Texas offering land grants to agents,
empresarios [1821, 1823, 1824]
Empresarios brought in American settlers who eagerly bought cheap land
in return pledged to obey Mexican laws and observe the official religion
of Roman Catholicism

39. AUSTIN IN TEXAS
Stephen F. Austin, est.
a colony b/w the
Brazos and
Colorado rivers
excluding drunks,
gamblers and those
who use profanity
1825- had issued 297
land grants giving
177 acres of
farmland per family
and a 10 yr.
exemption from
taxes

40. BIDS FOR TEXAS
President JQA
bid $1mil.
President Andrew
Jackson- $5mil
Mexico continued
to refuse and
began to regret
its hospitality

41. BORDER PATROL
Mexico had abolished slavery in 1824 and insisted Texas free theirs
1830- Mexico sealed its borders and slapped a heavy tax on the importation
of American goods
Mexico lacked sufficient troops to police its borders
Anglo population doubled b/w 1830 and 1834
Austin won a repeal of the prohibition of immigration
By 1835- more than 1,000 Anglos each month came to Texas scrawling
“G.T.T.” on their doors
1836- population: 3,500 Tejanos, 12,000 Native Americans, 45,000 Anglos
and 5,000 African Americans

42. UGLY POLITICS
Austin went to Mexico City in 1833 to get greater self-government for Texas
via Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna
While Austin went home- Santa Anna suspended the 1824 Mexican constitution
and had Austin imprisoned for inciting revolution
Texas went into a state of rebellion when Santa Anna revoked local powers in
Texas
Texas Revolution- the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its
independence from Mexico.

43. “REMEMBER THE ALAMO!”
Santa Anna marched All 187 U.S. defenders
toward San Antonio died i.e.:
with a 4,000 member Jim Bowie [Bowie
army Knife]
Late in 1835 the Texans Davy Crockett
attacked driving the [raccoon hat]
Mexican forces from
the Alamo [an Only a few women and
abandoned mission children were spared
and fort]
In response, Santa Anna
stormed and
destroyed the small
American garrison in
the Alamo

44. REVIEW- COMPARING
Compare the Answer: Both the
reasons for the Texas rebels
Texas and the
Revolution with American
the reasons for colonists
the American believed they
Revolution. were
oppressed by
governments
outside of their
territories

45. THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC
Later in March of 1836, Santa Anna’s troops executed 300 rebels at Goliad
The Alamo and Goliad victories would prove costly for Santa Anna
Led by Sam Houston, Texans struck back defeating Santa Anna at Battle of
San Jacinto- w/ shouts of “Remember the Alamo” the Texans killed 630
of Santa Anna’s soldiers in 18 minutes and captured Santa Anna
Victorious Texans set Santa Anna free after he signed the Treaty of Velasco
giving Texas independence
Houston became president of the Republic of Texas- the nation established
in 1836 when American settlers in the Mexican province of Tejas
declared and fought for their independence, also commonly known at
that time as the “Lone Star Republic”

46. TEXAS JOINS THE UNION
March 16th 1836- Texas ratified a constitution
based on the U.S.
1838- Houston invited the U.S. to annex- to
incorporate a territory into an existing political
unit, such as a state or a nation. [into the U.S.]
Most people hoped this would happen but U.S.
was divided
South wanted to extent slavery, already est. in
Texas
Northerners feared the annexation of more slave
territory would tip the uneasy balance in the
Senate and prompt war with Mexico

47. THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS
Pres. John Tyler wanted to
annex Texas to # of slave
states in the union
Whig party rejected and
nominated Sen. Henry Clay
Democrats chose- James K.
Polk and in 1845 he won &
Congress voted to annex
Texas
On Dec. 29th, 1845- Texas
became the 28th state in the
Union
A furious Mexican
government recalled its
ambassador from
Washington.
Events were moving quickly
towards WAR

48. REVIEW- CONTRASTING
Explain the Answer: The North did
differences not want to admit a
between the slave state, which
Northern and would tip the balance
Southern of power between
positions on the free and slave states.
annexation of The South wished to
Texas annex Texas and
extend slavery which
already existed in
Texas

49. SUMMARIZER
Discuss the implications of adding new territory to the United States in
regards to Sectionalism.

50. L E A R N I N G G O A L : E VA L U AT E T H E
ACTIONS OF JAMES K. POLK AND
S A N TA A N N A , R E C O G N I Z I N G T H E
HISTORICAL CONTEXT IN WHICH
T H E Y W E R E O P E R AT I N G 5 . 11 . 1 2

51. WARM UP:
What justifications are there for entering into a war?

52. POLK URGES WAR
Hostilities b/w U.S. &
Mexico flared
during Texas
Revolution
Reignited by
Annexation
2 countries could
have resolved it
peacefully however
the instability of the
Mexican
government and
the territorial
aspirations of
James K. Polk
would prevent this

53. SLIDWELL’S REJECTION
1844- Santa Anna ousted as Mexico’s president
1845- “Polk the Purposeful” sent a Spanish-speaking emissary, John Slidell
to Mexico to purchase CA and NM and gain approval of the Rio Grande
as the Texas border
Mexican official refused to see him
Hoping for Mexican aggression to unify Americans behind a war, Polk
instituted a plan that was shared by many Americans
Public opinion still split due to Slavery issues

54. MEXICAN OUTRAGE
Texas considered a rebel province
Cut off diplomatic relations w/ U.S.
Polk inherited boundary disagreement b/w Texas & Mexico
Sent Gen. Zachary Taylor into disputed region to protect
U.S. interests
Polk’s offer to purchase lands failed
Ordered Taylor to move nearer the River Grande

55. 1…2…3…BOOM!
• Stationed across Taylor
Mexican
forces
• Demanded he withdraw
• refused
Taylor
• Troops attack 63 U.S. soldiers
Mexican
forces
• Killing 11 & capturing the rest

56. “MEXICO HAS PASSED THE BOUNDARY OF THE
UNITED STATES, HAS INVADED OUR TERRITORY
AND SHED AMERICAN BLOOD UPON THE
AMERICAN SOIL… THE TWO NATIONS ARE NOW
AT WAR”
-PRES. JAMES K. POLK, MAY 11TH, 1846

57. CAUSE & EFFECT

58. SECTIONAL ATTITUDES TOWARD WAR
The idea of war unleashed great public celebrations
Volunteers swarmed recruiting stations, and the advent of daily
newspapers, printed on new rotary presses, gave the war a romantic
appeal
Abolitionist James Russell Lowell however, consider the war a “national
crime committed in behoof of slavery, our common sin”
John C. Calhoun spoke of the perils of expansionism claiming Mexico was
a forbidden fruit that would subject “our institutions to political death”
Southerners saw this as a great expansion of slavery
Furthermore the Wilmot Proviso- a proposed amendment to a military
appropriations bill of 1846, prohibited slavery in lands that might be
gained from Mexico
Northerners opposed the war. Antislavery Whigs and abolitionists saw the
war as a plot to expand slavery and ensure Southern domination
Charles Sumner, MASS legis. Proclaimed: “the lives of Mexicans are
sacrificed in this cause; and a domestic question, which should be
reserved for bloodless debate in our own country, is transferred to
fields of battle in a foreign land”
200,000 men enlisted [4x the # the U.S. requested]
Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than pay taxes to support the war
Emerson feared war would divide the country

59. REVIEW- ANALYZING EFFECTS
How did the Answer:
issue of slavery Northerners
affect the opposed war,
debate over the seeing it as a
war with way to extend
Mexico? slavery in
Texas. Many
southerners
favored war for
the same
reason.

60. “AMERICAN BLOOD UPON AMERICAN SOIL”
Polk sent a war Truthful or not, the
message to House voted for
Congress, war 174-14 and
desiring war the Senate by 40-
Rep. Abraham 2
Lincoln Since Polk withheld
questioned the key facts, the
truthfulness of the reality and the
message wanting practice of
to know exactly manifest destiny
where the launched the U.S.
skirmish occurred into its 1st war on
foreign territory

61. REVIEW- ANALYZING CAUSES
How did President Answer: Polk
Polk provoke purposely
Mexico to attack ordered
U.S. forces? American
soldiers to
invade territory
that Mexico
claimed as its
own; when
Mexico attacked,
Polk quickly
claimed that
Mexico had
started the war.

62. KEARNY MARCHES WEST
Stephen Kearny
marched from
Ft.
Leavenworth
Kansas to
Santa Fe, NM
Joined by upper-
class Mexicans
Went to CA -

63. THE REPUBLIC OF CALIFORNIA
American settlers led by Frémont seized the town of Sonoma in June 1846
and declared their independence from Mexico
Republic of California n. the nation proclaimed by American settlers in
California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846.
Kearny arrived and joined forces with Frémont and a U.S. naval expedition
led by Commodore John D. Sloat.
Mexican troops quickly gave way, leaving U.S. forces in control of CA
The War in Mexico-
Mexicans gallantly defended their
soil- had poor leadership
Americans under the best of the
nation’s officers like Capt. Robert
E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant, both
West Point graduates

64. HOW THE U.S. GOT CALIFORNIA
American settlers
declared independence
from Mexico
Kearny joins with naval forces
under Stockton to defeat
Californios

65. GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT
After Buena Vista, Polk
believed Taylor could
not win the war
Worried that as a fellow
Whig, would be
popular enough to
win 1848 election
Polk gave command for
a new invasion in the
South of Mexico to
Gen. Winfield Scott

66. POLK’S BIZARRE SCHEME
Santa Anna [exiled in Cuba] told Polk if he helped him sneak back into
Mexico- Santa Anna would end the war an mediate the border dispute
Polk agreed, but Santa Anna returned to Mexico- became president and
took command of the army ordering an attack on Taylor’s forces at
Buena Vista in Feb. 1847
The battles continued to rage on
Oops.

67. THE WAR’S END
Buena Vista
Gen. Santa Anna demands
Taylor never surrenders- WINS!
surrender
Veracruz
U.S.- Gen. Scott captured in March
Mexico City
Scott goes to capital and on Covering 260 mi. & never lost a
8/14/1847 captures the capital single battle. WINS!

68. THE MEXICAN CESSION

69. MEXICAN CESSION
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- the 1848 treaty ending the U.S. war with
Mexico, in which Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United
States.
Territory ceded to U.S.:
California
Nevada
Utah
Most of: Arizona & New Mexico
Parts of: Colorado & Wyoming
Got area claimed by Texas north of the Rio Grande
Totaled more than 500,000 sq. mi.
Increased U.S. by 25%

70. FINAL AGREEMENTS
U.S. agreed to Mexicans living
pay Mexico $15 in region of
mil. Cession would
Agreed to have
assume rights/property
responsibility protected
for American
claims of $3mil.
Against Mexico

71. DEBATE OVER THE TREATY
Against
• Antislavery Activists
• Most Whigs
• Some wanted to take ALL of Mexico
In favor
• Polk argued Treaty greatly benefitted
U.S.
• 1848- Senate ratified

72. GADSDEN PURCHASE
December 1853- James
Gadsden- U.S. minister
to Mexico
Negotiated Purchase
U.S. paid $10 mil for:
Southern parts of:
Arizona
New Mexico
Wanted region for
transcontinental RR
route
Continental boundaries
of U.S. were fixed

73. SUMMARIZER
Explain the Together with the
importance of settlement of the
the Treaty of Oregon
Guadalupe question, the
Hidalgo and the Treaty of
Gadsden Guadalupe
Purchase. Hidalgo and the
Gadsden
Purchase settled
the boundaries
on mainland
U.S.

74. THE GROWTH OF THE WEST
LEARNING GOAL:
1 0 . 11 . 1 R-DESCRIBE HOW THE
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN
I M M I G R A N T S I M PA C T E D T H E S O C I A L
FA B R I C O F A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y

75. THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
Forty-niners= gold seekers who moved to California during the gold rush

76. “MY EYE WAS CAUGHT WITH THE GLIMPSE OF
SOMETHING SHINING IN THE BOTTOM OF A
DITCH… I WAS CERTAIN… IT WAS… GOLD”
1/24/11848- Sutter’s Mill- gold found
1849- 80,000 gold seekers [49ers] California
California Gold Rush
Iowa Woman: “at that time gold fever was contagious,
and few, old or young escaped the malady!”

77. INCREDIBLE STORIES OF SUCCESS
1 miner pocketed 2
& ½ lbs. of gold
after 15 mins. Of
work
Usually gold mining-
very difficult/time
consuming
Few 49ers became
rich
Many had 0
experience when
they came to
prospect

78. METHODS OF MINING
Most pop. Method= placer
mining
put dirt in a pan
ran water over dirt
used a sluice box to
wash gold nuggets out of
loose rock
Reach gold in hills=
dig shafts and tunnels
usually used by mining
companies

79. MINING CAMPS
1852- gold
production more
than $81mil
Camps
appeared/disappe
ared @ fast rate
Skunk Gulch
Hangtown
Git-Up and Git
Dry Diggins

80. LIFE OF MINERS
Some tried to est. law, but Most made a living:
it was rowdy and Selling food
dangerous
Selling clothing
Most were young,
unmarried men Selling equipment
5% of gold-rush Miners paid high prices
immigrants were due to gold in circulation
women and children causing severe inflation
Wives made good money: A loaf of bread that would
cost 5 cents back east
Cooking cost 50-75 cents in San
Washing Clothes Francisco
Operating Boarding
houses

81. REVIEW- COMPARING
What common Answer: In both
dreams did cases, settlers
people who rushed to settle
sought gold in a territory
California where they
share with envisioned
those who bright
settled in economic
Oregon? opportunity

82. EFFECTS OF THE GOLD RUSH
Gold fever lured many from around the world
Chinese [gam san haak: “travellers to gold mt.”]
1849-1853: 24,000 young Chinese men came to CA
Many Americans did not welcome Chinese

83. TREATMENT OF THE CHINESE
Chinese miners
suffered violent
attacks and little
legal protection
CA placed high
monthly taxes to
foreigners in 1852
U.S. government did
not allow Chinese
to become
America citizens

84. DESPITE TREATMENT, CHINESE PROSPER
Chinese worked:
Mines
Ploughman
Laundrymen
Placer miners
Woolen spinners
Weavers
Domestic Servants
Cigar Makers
Shoe-Makers
Railroad
constructors

85. OTHER TRAVELERS
Prospectors
Europe [German/Irish]
Mexico
South America
African American
20,000 immigrants moved to CA
Most returned home after making a fortune
Many stayed inc. German immigrant Levi Strauss who made denim pants
for miners… now known as Levi Jeans

86. EFFECTS OF THE GOLD RUSH
Pre-gold CA pop: grew slowly
Arrival of 49ers led to a transformation
Gold mining, trade & business the economy
Pop. Grew CA. became a state 2 years after the
U.S. acquired it
Agriculture/Industry flourished
Even after rush, frontier life remained prosperous

87. CAUSE & EFFECT
Pop. 
rapidly =
Immigrants CA.
from all becomes
over come a state 2
years after
Discovery being a
of Gold territory

88. THE MORMONS & MIGRATION
Mormons- members of a church founded by
Joseph Smith and his associates in 1830.
Migrated westward on the Oregon Trail
History began in NY in 1827 when Joseph
Smith and 5 associates established the
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in
Fayette, NY in 1830
Smith and band moved to Nauvoo, Illinois in
1839
Within 5 yrs. The community numbered
20,000
Smith’s angry neighbors printed protests
against polygamy- the practice of having
more than 1 wife, Smith destroyed their
printing press
As a result, in 1844 he was jailed for treason
An anti-Mormon mob broke into the jail and
murdered Smith and his brother

90. BRING IN BRIGHAM
Following Smith’s
murder- Brigham
Young became
the leader
Moved Mormons to
Utah, then in
Mexican Territory
1847- July
10s of thousands
travelled to Utah-
The Mormon Trail

91. MORMON TRAIL
Many pushed hand carts across rough ground
Joined by converts from G.B.
1860- 40,000 Mormons settled in Salt Lake City Utah
Broad Roads
Gridlike street patterns
Spacious lots
Surrounding farms

92. MORMON SETTLEMENT
Set about turning desert into promise land
Developed strict water use code due to water scarcity
Dams/canals needed
Under law: 1st person to use water had full rights to it
Water used for farming, mining, manufacturing
Disputes settled by good of community over individual interests
Code set example for modern water-rights laws in the west

93. REVIEW- ANALYZING MOTIVES
Why did the Answer: the
Mormons move Mormons were
further west in fleeing from
their search for religious
a new home? persecution

94. SUMMARIZER
Create a chart to show the lives of different
groups of people in the growth of the West.

95. Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens
and the Making of Modern America. Princeton
University Press, New Jersey, 2004

96. LEARNING GOAL
6.1.12.D.3.bExplain how immigration
intensified ethnic and cultural conflicts and
complicated the forging of a national
identity.
NJCCCS
Warm Up:
1. How do you think people of other cultures
and nations viewed Manifest Destiny?
2. What special purpose in the world do you
think the United States has today?

97. CHINESE IMMIGRANTS
1860S-1880S

98. CHINESE IMMIGRATION

100. ANIMOSITY GROWS
Reactions to With the Civil War
Chinese became economy in
volatile decline- Chinese
After being forcibly immigrants
driven out of blamed for
mines- moved to depressed wage
San Francisco labors
Worked low end Discriminated
wage labor against by
politicians, police
Restaurants
Blamed by
Laundry Services newspapers for
white
unemployment

101. CHINESE EXCLUSION
Signed into law by
President Arthur on
May 8th, 1882
Excluded Chinese “skilled
and unskilled laborers
and Chinese employed
in mining” from
entering the country for
ten years under penalty
of imprisonment and
deportation. Many
Chinese were
relentlessly beaten just
because of their race

102. CHINESE VS. MANIFEST DESTINY
According to Ngai:
“Asian migrants
collided with the
racial imperatives
of American
Manifest Destiny,
the ideology of
continental
expansion that
had declared the
West the domain
of Anglo-Saxon
civilization” (18).

103. EFFECTS OF CHINESE EXCLUSION
Law & federal courts declared Asians “racially
ineligible for naturalization” (18).
Made Asians permanent foreigners and
guaranteed they would be but a small
population in America for nearly 100 years
Congress/Supreme Court believed immigration to
be a form of “foreign aggression and
encroachment”
Court gave Congress absolute control over
immigration
Established restrictions for selective exclusion-
those not welcome included: “criminals,
prostitutes, paupers, the diseases, and
anarchists, as well as Chinese laborers”

104. BANNED
Immigration Service excluded only 1% of 25million immigrants from Europe
who came from 1800-WW I while Asian/African countries were only
allowed 100 immigrants a year.

106. JOHNSON-REED IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1924
Marked end of open immigration from Europe
Started an era of immigration restriction
Law placed numerical limits on immigration
Established a quota system that classified world’s
population according to nationality and race
Ranked these populations in a hierarchy of
desirability for admission to U.S.
Remapped ethno-central contours of the nation
Generated illegal immigration as the central
problem in immigration law

107. NEW REQUIREMENTS
Introduction of passport control in U.S. and
Europe began as emergency war measure
Became norm in regulating international migration
Requirement of visas [documentary proof as
permission to enter]
Literacy tests also given to immigrants before
entering

109. EXCLUDED
Johnson-Reed excluded immigrants:
Chinese
Japanese
Indians
Other Asians
On the grounds that they were “racially
ineligible for naturalized citizenship”
Declared by Supreme Court in early 1920s
Also solidified legal boundaries of the
white race

110. AFFECT ON MEXICANS
Immigration laws of the 1920s did not assign
quotas to Mexicans
Visa requirements and broader-control affected
Mexicans
Mexican became a separate racial category in the
census by federal law
Mexicans seen as “Race problem”
Allowed in through work visas to do cheap labor,
but the deported
Divisions led to racist formations and keeping
Asians and Mexicans [who were U.S. citizens]
as still “alien”

112. What is the effect
of Manifest
Destiny on
Race and
Racial
Relations
today?