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For this milestone, you will select a final proposition from your
topic paper and create
a complete argument. You will complete a three-part topic paper
before the deadline
on Friday, February 28th at 11:59pm.
1. Apply principles of argumentation to a contemporary
controversial issue
2. Construct an essay and argue for a side of the issue
You will complete the following components for this
assignment:
1. A rough draft of a complete argumentative essay
The essay will be 4-5 double-spaced pages (~1000-1250 words).
The essay will use APA format for citations and references,
including a separate
reference page that does not count toward to length of the essay.

The essay will be in 12-point Time New Roman font with 1”
margins.
Choose a final proposition (draw on instructor feedback) from
your topic paper
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proposition list and develop a claim in support of or opposed to
your final proposition.
Decide which side of the issue you want to argue to support.
This is an exercise in evaluating evidence, analyzing claims,
and building a case. I
do not expect you to change your mind or political position.
Rather, I expect you to
genuinely research the arguments, evidence, and rhetorical tools
(i.e., pathos, ethos)
that are used by those you disagree with to make their cases.
Write an essay with effective grounds, backing, and warrants
for your argument.
Research your topic to gain a sense of the major arguments
made by each side of

the issue’s stakeholders. Identify suitable backing that will
strengthen your claims.
Draw on the sources you identified in your annotated
bibliography.
Organize and analyze your research using the Toulmin model as
a guideline for
logical organization.
Put together the best case you can for the proposition. Think
through whether your
case has internal contradictions or is otherwise open to
counterarguments. Provide a
vision and story to give cohesion to your argument.
Remember: If there was not a case to be made for both sides of
an issue, the issue
would cease to be an issue because the matter would be settled.
For example, the
sun rising in the east is not an issue. There is no reasonable
evidence to contradict
the assertion and the vast majority of the world throughout
history has accepted this
as an unchanging fact. Issues are issues because both sides can
make arguments
since the matters have not resolved into broadly-accepted facts.

I strongly recommend diagramming your argument and writing
an outline to give your
argument a logical progression before beginning writing your
essay.
Once you have completed researching your argument, write a
formal essay creating
your case. Provide the grounds, the warrant, claim(s), backing,
reservations (if
applicable), counter arguments, rebuttal to counter arguments,
rhetorical strategies,
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and a vision of how the world is improved by your proposition
being granted
adherence.
Write to make your argument, then carefully proofread and edit
down. Be succinct.
Avoid unnecessary jargon or superfluous language. Be clear and
get to the point.
The audience you are attempting to persuade (me) wants to see
clear, relate-able,

and complete argumentation. I do not want to see obtuse, vague,
wildly abstract, or
confusing writing.
All sources must include an in-text citation and a reference on a
separate references
page. The references page does not count towards the length of
the paper.
If you are directly quoting a source, your citation should look
like this:
According to Author A, "blah blah blah blah blah," (Last Name,
Year, page #).
If you are paraphrasing a source, your reference should look
something like this:
Author A (year) found that their research demonstrates support
for blah blah blah
(page #).
If you are using multiple sources to back a claim, your citation
should look something
like this:
Surprisingly, this phenomenon is actually not that rare (Author
A, year; Author B,
year).
If you include a citation, you must also include a reference. If

you include a
reference, you must also include a citation. Citations point to
references and your
reference list tells your readers what evidence you have used.
Reference pages should have References centered at the top of
the page.
Your references are then listed in alphabetical order by author
last name. If there are
multiple authors, use the first author listed to determine order.
Here is an example of how a journal article reference should
look:
Author Last, First initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
Volume(issue):page #s.
Ferguson, C. J., Konijn, E. A., Kaufman, J. C. (2015). She
said/He said: A peaceful
debate on video game violence. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 4(4): 397-411.
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You might want to look at the

Purdue Online Writing Lab for APA.
(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style
/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html)
The rough draft should be largely complete but does not need to
be polished. I will
provide feedback on your draft version.
The rough draft will likely be shorter than your final draft.
The rough draft is not graded, but must be turned in before you
can continue to
the next module.
Submit your rough draft.
Your rough draft can be submitted as .pdf, .doc., or .docx.
If you have any concerns, contact me (mailto:[email protected])
to discuss.
Move on to the next module by clicking the Next button below.
You can also access
modules by returning to the module index on the Home page.
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Adema, W., Clarke, C., & Frey, V. (2016). Paid parental leave
and other supports for parents with young children: The

United States in international comparison. International Social
Security Review, 69 (2), 29–51.
Compared to other countries, the parental leave policies in the
U.S is different, it only has unpaid maternity leave. The article
also pointed out the positive influences of paid maternity leave
and indicated the potential benefits of strengthening these
policies. I think the quality of the source is reliable since it was
derived from OECD Social Employment and Migration Working
Paper No. 172, and the authors are policy analysts. To discuss
maternity leave in the U.S, this is a great source to use because
it provided a lot of analogical evidence.
Bryant, M. (2019). The US doesn't offer paid family leave -but
will that change in 2020? The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/28/us-paid-
family-leave-2020-election
Almost all countries in the world ensure the parents to have
paid maternity leave, but the United States is not one of them.
Until now, the U.S still don’t have relative policies to face this
problem. This article discussed that the U.S government has
started to talk about paid maternity leave and its importance in
this year’s presidential campaign. Also, it discussed some
potential policies that may be implemented. ‘The Guardian’ is a
relatively famous newspaper, and this article talks current hot
topics, so it can be used for my topic. This article is a good
illustration of the trend towards paid maternity leave.
Bryant, M. (2020). Maternity Leave: US Policy Is Worst on List
of the World's Richest Countries. The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jan/27/maternity-
leave-us-policy-worst-worlds-richest-countries
As the title of this article says, the United States has the worst
parental leave policies among rich countries in the world. It is
the only developed country in the world that has no mandatory
paid maternity leave policy. The article also comes from ‘The
Guardian’ and was written by the same author of the last one.
Differently, this article used mainly statistical evidence to show
that most rich countries in the world have good policies of

maternity leave. These comparisons are useful to reflect that
U.S policy is very backward.
Delle Donne, A., Hatch, A., Carr, N. R., Aden, J., & Shapiro, J.
(2019). Extended Maternity Leave and Breastfeeding in Active
Duty Mothers. Pediatrics, 144 (2), 1–8.
This journal did researches about the influences on new mothers
after extending their paid maternity leave from 6 weeks to 12
weeks. By increasing the time of breastfeeding, the mother and
her newborn baby have better physical and mental health. This
is an academic journal, and I think it has a high degree of
credibility. I can use the evidence from this article that longer
maternity leave has positive impacts to both mothers and
babies.
Gault, B., & Hartmann, H. (2014). Paid Parental Leave in the
United States: What the Data Tell Us Paid Parental Leave in the
United States: What the Data Tell Us about Access, Usage, and
Economic and Health Benefits. Cornell University, 1–50.
This journal introduced the benefits of paid parental leave in
different countries. It also describes the current situation in the
U.S and what implementations can do to promote paid parental
leave. Since it’s an academic journal from Cornell University, it
should be qualified. There are many claims in this article I can
use to argue that paid maternity leave is better.
Huang, R., & Yang, M. (2015). Paid maternity leave and
breastfeeding practice before and after California's
implementation of the nation's first paid family leave program.
Economics and Human Biology, 16, 45-59.
This article describes the positive changes in the California
workforce after implementing a paid maternity leave policy. It
highlights the positive impact of paid pregnancy leave. Since
this is academic research that has rigorous survey data, it is
highly reliable. I think California's experience can be a
microcosm of the entire United States, I can use this as
analogical evidence to insinuate the whole United States.
Jia, N. Y., Dong, X. P., & Song, Y. (2018). Paid Maternity
Leave and Breastfeeding in Urban China. Feminist Economics,

24(2), 31-53.
Like one of the previous sources, this article also thinks paid
maternity leave is important because it can benefit
breastfeeding and the development of infants. These benefits are
proved by both American and Chinese scientific researches. A
large number of scientific evidence in this academic journal is
very helpful to my topic. The United States lacks relevant
policies at this stage.
McCloskey, A. M. (2016). A Plan for Parental Leave. National
Review, 68 (9), 18–21. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&A
N=115237594&site=ehost-live
The article listed the issues of not having federal policies for
paid parental leave in the United States. The author also gave
some ideal solutions to this problem. Many of them are reliable
options and can be further discussed. I could find both pieces of
evidence and suitable claims to support my propositions. The
source is from National Review, so I don’t doubt its credibility.
Petts, R. J., Knoester, C., & Waldfogel, J. (2020). Fathers’
Paternity Leave-Taking and Children’s Perceptions of Father-
Child Relationships in the United States. Sex Roles, 82 (3/4),
173–188.
This article illustrates the benefits of paid maternity leave from
a father's perspective. Through data research, the authors found
that fathers taking at least two weeks of maternity leave can
strengthen their close relationship with their babies. This is the
conclusion of an extensive investigation. I can use this source
to emphasize the significance of paid maternity leave.
BBC News. (2020). Finland to give dads same parental leave as
mums. BBC News. Retrieved 23 February 2020 from
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51384614
This article introduced the new maternity leave policy changes
in Finland. The father now has the same length of vocation as
the mother. The author demonstrated many advantages of this
new policy and how to implement it in different situations. The
article is a recent BBC news which tends to have a minimal

bias. I can use this resource as an analog to America.
Justification
Maternity leave is always an important topic in every country.
To every people who want to have children, it is necessary to
know the policies about maternity leave. As we know, the
United States has relatively poor policies in this area. The
absence of statutory paid maternity leave has significantly
increased the financial burden on American families. This
problem is even more pronounced for families who cannot
afford high day-care fees and do not enjoy paid maternity leave.
In addition to economic pressures, changes in American
parenting ideas have also fueled calls for paid maternity leave.
Therefore, whether to revise related policies is a topic that can
be argued. As parents, everyone hopes that they can enjoy better
treatment when they have just had children. Also, this topic has
conflicts of interest, better maternity leave welfare may reduce
the benefits of companies, they may argue this topic from the
opposite side. It has relations to feminism too. With the
feminist movement nowadays, the pursuit of a better maternity
leave system can also be a hot issue for feminists (of course,
male maternity leave is also important). To argue this topic, we
should first list the benefits of maternity leave and prove that
the current policies about maternity leave is not enough and the
government needs to do more on editing relevant policies. In
this process, there will be many rebuttals, such as who will
afford the expense. To counter these rebuttals, we should give
corresponding solutions. In this topic, the experience of other
countries can be used as a very effective reference.
Propositions
U.S. should implement mandatory paid maternity leave policy.