Socialization is the process by which individuals learn social norms and customs in order to function within society. It ensures continuity across generations as children learn appropriate behaviors from various socializing agents like family, peers, school, and media. Effective socialization involves internalizing norms so individuals behave predictably even without direct oversight, through roles and anticipatory socialization. Deviations are discouraged through positive and negative sanctions.

1. Socialization

2.  Process
of inheriting and disseminating
norms, customs and ideologies.
 Manas biological being becomes a human
being as result.
 Socializationensures the continuity of
societies through successive generations
 Socialization
is accomplished through a
number of agents.

3.  Internalization of norms
 When a social norm is accepted as a personal
behavior, it is called internalization.
 It explains the individual tendency to behave in
relatively predictable ways even in the absence
of formal group pressures.

4.  Group norms and individual behavior
 Individuals more or less follow norms accepted
by a group

5.  Selective Internalization
 The individual internalizes some norms from each
of his reference groups but the influence of
primary group – family and peers – is greater than
that of more impersonal groups.

6.  Roles
– Part people play as members of social
groups
 Rolesocialization – Groups can function
smoothly only if participants learn their lines
and perform as expected.
 Reallife role playing requires acquisition of
required skills as well as supportive
emotions, attitudes and values.

7.  Anticipatory socialization – preparing for a
role in expectation that you will be required
to fulfill in future.
 General and segmental roles
 General roles are based on age, gender and
occupation and largely shape a person’s behavior
 Segmental roles are played in certain situations
e.g. a mother standing in line at the bank.

8.  Adjusting to new roles
 Sometimes new roles require extensive
resocialization.
 E.g a girl prepared for the role of wife takes on a
career as a writer.

9.  Group controls & internalized controls
 From a group perspective, positive and negative
sanctions are used to encourage adherence to
established norms and to check potential or actual
deviations
 Sanctions are experienced very personally, causing
pleasure or displeasure
 Positive gratification: Felt when a person is rewarded.
Reinforces behavior
 Negative gratification: Felt when a person is punished or
made to fell uncomfortable.
 Repeated behavior patterns tend to be firmly
established.
 Most effective symbolic gestures are applied
unintentionally.

10.  Group Ranking System
 Group ranking systems have the effect of
narrowing the range of contact among group
members.
 People interact intimately with those closer to
them, formally with those far to them in terms
of family, class, education, responsibility etc.

11.  PersonalOrganization of a person is shaped
by the total pattern of his social experience.
 Agents of social experience include
 The Family
 The Peer Group
 The School
 Mass Media

12.  Responsibility of the
family includes
 Personality formation
 “Train” the new generation
 Guidance
 It depends on
 Rural or urban family
 Occupation of parents
 Social class
 Gender composition of the
siblings
 Presence or absence of
parent(s)

13.  Most influential agent after the family
 Has a more recreational purpose
 Helps the child develop ideas about the
 norms,
 roles,
 systems of social control,
 differential ranking
 Teaches the child about
 His tolerance limits
 Cooperation
 Sharing
 Developing friendships
 He learns to predict other people’s behaviors

14.  Peer groups create three kinds of personalities
 Tradition directed: looks to accepted ways of society
for guidance in personal conduct
 Inner directed: found in societies going rapid
normative change as there are no stable guides.
 Other directed: In modern societies, these people
look to peers for ideas on how to behave. Great need
for social approval and fear of social rejection.
 Generation Gap
 Importance of peer group results in wide disparity
between norms of young people and their adults.
 This is due to peer group demands to think , act and
feel in ways in a sharp contrast to the elders’ norms

15. Generation gap Peer pressure

16.  Responsible to transmit to the child the
skills, knowledge, values, attitudes to be a
better member of the society.
 It might not always succeed in it’s task.
 School is potentially an arena for serious conflict
of values.
 School can be perceived as a punishing activity
with few successes and many failures
 School can even be seen as the enemy by the
child, designed to hurt and embarrass them.

17.  Media and cultural norms
 Media provides the “definition of the situation” on a
variety of issues.
 It emphasizes certain topics, stresses certain
interpretations, overuses specific themes, which results
in a distorted set of norms which might not be reflective
of the society.
 The media and incidental learning
 Incidental learning is the unplanned by product of the
entertainment.
 It gives a glimpse of the adult world to the child, which
fascinates him.
 He acquires concepts about people’s values, roles and
other knowledge without really seeking the information.
 It might give an incorrect interpretation of the society.