2. Knowledge is a complex, multifaceted concept.
Information sources
for clinical practice vary in dependability and
validity. A brief discussion of some alternative
sources of evidence shows how
research based information is different. Nursing has
historically
acquired knowledge through traditions, authority,
experience, borrowing, trial and error, role modeling
and mentorship, intuition ,reasoning and research.
INTRODUCTION
3. Scientific method is a synthesis of a reason and observation
. scientific method is with the verification of the acquired
knowledge . it finds out some order in which things are
related together. The conclusion which are arrived at by the
scientific method have an objective nature.
A scientific method is the way in which one can test
opinions, impressions , or guesses by examining the
available guidance both for and against them.
DEFINITION
Scientific method is “ an objective , logical and a
systematic method”. Scientific method aims at discovering
facts.
‘’The scientific method is a process for experimentation that
is used to explore observation that is used to explore
observation and answer questions’’.
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
4.
Scientific methods have five basic concepts of
It relies on empirical evidence.
It utilizes relevant concepts.
It is committed to only objective consideration.
It result in probabilistic predictions.
Testing the conclusion through replication.
BASIC CONCEPTS
7.
Cont..
Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when
you ask a question about something that you observe:
How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? For
a science fair project some teachers require that the
question be something you can measure, preferably
with a number.
Do Background Research: Rather than starting from
scratch in putting together a plan for answering your
question, you want to be a savvy scientist using
library and Internet research to help you find the best
way to do things and insure that you don't repeat
mistakes from the past.
8.
Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated
guess about how things work. It is an attempt to
answer your question with an explanation that can
be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then
make a prediction:
"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will
happen."
State both your hypothesis and the resulting
prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be
easy to measure.
Cont..
9.
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment:
Your experiment tests whether your prediction is
accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or
not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair
test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you
change only one factor at a time while keeping all
other conditions the same.
You should also repeat your experiments several
times to make sure that the first results weren't just
an accident.
Cont..
10.
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your
experiment is complete, you collect your measurements
and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis
or not.
Scientists often find that their predictions were not
accurate and their hypothesis was not supported, and in
such cases they will communicate the results of their
experiment and then go back and construct a new
hypothesis and prediction based on the information they
learned during their experiment. This starts much of the
process of the scientific method over again. Even if they
find that their hypothesis was supported, they may want
to test it again in a new way.
Cont..
11.
Cont..
Communicate Your Results: To complete your
science fair project you will communicate your
results to others in a final report and/or a display
board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the
same thing by publishing their final report in a
scientific journal or by presenting their results on a
poster or during a talk at a scientific meeting. In a
science fair, judges are interested in your findings
regardless of whether or not they support your
original hypothesis.
12.
INTRODUCTION
Research is considered to be the more formal ,
systematic and intensive process of carrying on a
scientific method of analysis , for purpose of
discovery and development of an organized body of
knowledge.
PROBLEM SOLVING
PROCESS
13.
Problem solving “ may be an formal application of
problem identification, hypothesis formulating ,
observation , analysis and conclusion.”
Problem solving approach is meaningful , development ,
sequential , based on the discovery of generalizations.
‘research essentially is problem solving process , a
systematic , intensive study directed toward full ,
scientific knowledge of the subject studied.”(French Ruth
)
The process of working through details of a problem to
reach a solution.
DEFINITION
15.
The Six Steps
Define the Problem
Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem
Develop Alternative Solutions
Select a Solution
Implement the Solution
Evaluate the Outcome
Six steps of scientific method of
problem solving –
17.
Problem solving models are used to address the
many challenges that arise in the workplace. While
many people regularly solve problems, there are a
range of different approaches that can be used to
find a solution.
Complex challenges for teams, working groups and
boards etc., are usually solved more quickly by using
a shared, collaborative, and systematic approach to
problem solving.
The Six Step Problem
Solving Model
18.
The Six-Step method provides a focused procedure for the
problem solving (PS) group.
It ensures consistency, as everyone understands the
approach to be used.
By using data, it helps eliminate bias and preconceptions,
leading to greater objectivity.
It helps to remove divisions and encourages collaborative
working.
It stops PS groups diverging into different problems.
It also helps PS groups reach consensus
It eliminates the confusion caused when people use
different problem solving techniques on the same issue.
It makes the decision making process easier.
It provides a justifiable solution.
Advantages of Six-Step
Problem Solving
19.
All six steps are followed in order – as a cycle,
beginning with “1. Identify the Problem.” Each step
must be completed before moving on to the next
step.
The steps are repeatable. At any point the group can
return to an earlier step, and proceed from there. For
example, once the real problem is identified – using
“2. Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem”, the
group may return to the first step to redefine the
problem.
Cont..
20. Step One is about diagnosing the problem – the context,
background and symptoms of the issue. Once the group
has a clear grasp of what the problem is, they investigate
the wider symptoms to discover the implications of the
problem, who it affects, and how urgent/important it is to
resolve the symptoms.
At this stage groups will use techniques such as:
Brainstorming
Interviewing
Questionnaires
As this step continues, the PS group will constantly revise
the definition of the problem. As more symptoms are
found, it clarifies what the real problem is.
Step One: Define the
Problem
22.
Once all the symptoms are found and the problem
diagnosed and an initial definition agreed, the PS
group begins to explore what has caused the
problem. In this step the problem solving team will
use tools such as:
Fishbone diagrams
Pareto analysis
Affinity diagrams
These techniques help collect the information in a
structured way, and focus in on the underlying
causes of the problem. This is called the root cause.
At this stage, the group may return to step one to
revise the definition of the problem.
Step Two: Determine the
Root Cause(s) of the Problem
24. Analytical, creative problem solving is about creating a
variety of solutions, not just one. Often the most obvious
answer is not the most effective solution to the problem.
The PS group focuses on:
Finding as many solutions to the problem, no matter how
outlandish they may seem.
Looking at how each solution relates to the root cause and
symptoms of the problem.
Deciding if different solutions can be merged to give a
better answer to the problem.
At this stage it is not about finding one solution, but
eliminating the options that will prove less effective at
dealing with both the symptoms and the root cause
Step Three: Develop
Alternative Solutions
26.
In the fourth step, groups evaluate all the selected, potential
solutions, and narrow it down to one. This step applies two key
questions.
Which solution is most feasible?
Which solution is favoured by those who will implement and use it?
Feasibility is ascertained by deciding if a solution:
Can be implemented within an acceptable timeframe?
Is cost effective, reliable and realistic?
Will make resource usage more effective?
Can adapt to conditions as they evolve and change?
Its risks are manageable?
Will benefit the organization?
Step Four: Select a Solution
28.
Once the solution has been chosen, initial project planning
begins and establishes:
The project manager.
Who else needs to be involved to implement the solution.
When the project will start.
The key milestones
What actions need to be taken before implementing the
solution
What actions need to be taken during the implementing
the solution
Why are these actions necessary?
Step Five: Implement the
Solution
30.
The project implementation now needs to be monitored by
the group to ensure their recommendations are followed.
Monitoring includes checking:
Milestones are met
Costs are contained
Necessary work is completed
Many working groups skip Step Six as they believe that
the project itself will cover the issues above, but this often
results in the desired outcome not being achieved.
Effective groups designate feedback mechanisms to detect
if the project is going off course. They also ensure the
project is not introducing new problems. This step relies
on:
The collection of data
Accurate, defined reporting mechanisms
Regular updates from the Project Manager
Challenging progress and actions when necessary
Step Six: Evaluate the
Outcome
32.
In Step Six, as the results of the project emerge, evaluation
helps the group decide if they need to return to a
previous step or continue with the implementation. Once
the solution goes live, the PS group should continue to
monitor the solutions progress, and be prepared to re-
initiate the Six Step process when it is required.
Overall, the Six Step method is a simple and reliable way
to solve a problem. Using a creative, analytical approach
to problem solving is an intuitive and reliable process.
It helps keep groups on track, and enables a thorough
investigation of the problem and solution search. It
involves implementers and users, and finds a justifiable,
monitorable solution based on data.
Cont..
33.
The Six Step Problem Solving Model provides a shared,
collaborative, and systematic approach to problem solving.
Each step must be completed before moving on to the next
step. However, the steps are repeatable. At any point the
group can return to an earlier step, and proceed from there.
The goal is not to solve but to evolve, adjusting the solution
continually as new challenges emerge, through repeating
the Six Step Process.
Step 1) Define the Problem – Identify problems through
problem formulation and questioning. The key is asking
the right questions to discover root causes.
Step 2) Determine the Root Cause – During this process,
assumptions are uncovered and underlying problems are
further revealed. Also, this is an opportunity to collect and
analyze data.
Step 3) Develop Alternative Solutions – Decisions are made
within the group to determine the appropriate solution and
process through creative selection.
.Key Points
34.
Step 4) Select a Solution – Once the group has formed
solutions and alternatives to the problem(s), they need to
explore the pros and cons of each option through
forecasting consequences.
Step 5) Implement the Solution – Develop an action plan
to implement and execute the solution process.
Step 6) Evaluate the Outcome – This final stage requires
an evaluation of the outcomes and results of the solution
process. Ask questions such as: Did the option answer
the questions we were working on? Did this process
address the findings that came out of the assumptions?
This process helps keep groups on track, and enables a
thorough investigation of the problem and solution
search.
Cont..
35.
Bilstein , libes kind and lott have adopted these problem
solving steps in their book “ a problem solving approach
to mathematics for elementary school teachers. They are
based on the problem-solving steps in first outlined by
George polya in 1945.
Understanding the problem
Can you state the problem in your own words?
What are you trying to find or do?
What are the unknowns?
What information do you obtain from the problem?
What information , if any , is missing or not needed.
A FOUR –STEP PROCESS
36.
Divising a plan
Look for a pattern.
Examine related problems , and determine if the same
technique can be applied.
Examine a simpler or special case of the problem to gain
insights in to solution of the original problem.
Make a table.
Make a diagram.
Write an equation.
Use guess and check.
Work backward.
Identify a sub goal.
Cont..
37.
3.Carrying out the plan
Implement the strategy or strategies in step 2, and perform any
necessary actions or computations.
Check each step of the plan as you proceed. This may be
intuitive checking or a formal proof of each step.
Keep an accurate record of your work.
4. Looking back
Check the result in the original problem.
Interpret the solution in terms of the original problem.
Determine whether there is another method of finding the
solution.
If possible, determine other related or more general problem for
which the techniques will work.
Cont..
38.
Acquiring knowledge through tradition, authority,
borrowing, trial and error, personnel experience,
role-modeling, intuition and reasoning is important
in nursing. However these ways of acquiring
knowledge are inadequate in providing a scientific
knowledge base for nursing. Research is needed to
generate new, accurate scientific.
CONCLUSION
39.
BT BASAVANTHAPPA, “NURSING RESEARCH “ 2nd
edition , published by jaypee . page no 08 ,9,16,17.
BHARAT PAREEK ,SHIVANI SHARMA,” A TEXT
BOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH AND STATICS”.
PUBLISHED BY PEE VEE .9.10.
SOUMYA KURIAL, “TEXT BOOK OF NURSING
RESEARCH AND STATICS “Published by EMMESS ,
page no 33,34,35. 4. 4.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/proble
m-solving.html
BIBLIOGRAPHY
