The document discusses the development of materials and manufacturing techniques over time. It provides a timeline of materials-related innovations from over 50,000 BC to 700 CE, including the development of brushes around 50,000 BC, clothing from animal skins around 30,000 BC, ceramics from animal fat and bone around 24,000 BC, and the invention of porcelain in 700 CE. The timeline shows the progression from early stone tools to developments in metals like copper, bronze and iron, as well as early plastics, glass, and other materials.

1. STAR TREK REPLICATOR: Hot, Plain, Tomato Soup

2. A LITTLE PERSPECTIVE. THAT IS ALL…
SOME FRESH, CLEAR, WELL-SEASONED
PERSPECTIVE

3. SCIENCE WRITING RULE #1:
YOU CANNOT BE 100% CORRECT, BUT YOU CAN BE 100% WRONG. THE GOAL IS NOT TO BE CORRECT, IT IS NOT TO BE WRONG
GLASS
WOOD PLANK
METAL EXTRUSION
TENSILE STRUCTURES OR
DIGITAL FABRICATION
(CNC)
PRECAST CONCRETE
“FINALLY, A
3D PRINTED
HOUSE…
THAT LOOKS
LIKE ONE”

4. THE BUSINESS

5. IS THIS DESIGN?
MANUFACTURING
VERIFY NECESSITY AFTER
CONSIDERATION TOWARDS
RECYCLING OF EXISTING
MATERIALS, PROXIMITY OF
RESOURCE TO END-USE, AND
RENEWABILITY OF RESOURCE
END-USE VALUE WITH
RESPECT TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
BURDEN
VALIDATE NECESSITY
AS A FUNCTION OF
DISTANCE BETWEEN
END USE AND PLACE
OF GREATEST
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
PROXIMITY OF:
RESOURCES, MATERIAL
MANIPULATION,
ECOLOGY, AND
GEOLOGY,
TO END-USE
LOCATION, CULTURE,
AND EXPOSURES
PROXIMITY OF
MATERIAL ORIGIN VS.
GEOLOGY AND
ECOLOGY OF END-USE
SITE WITH RESPECT
TO END-OF-LIFE
INTENT
DEFINITION OF LIFE-
EXPECTANCY
THE KNOWING-DOING GAP

6. GLOBAL INNOVATION FOR LOCAL MARKETS
CHEMICALS (INCLUDING PHARMECEUTICALS), MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, APPLIANCES, MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS,
AND PARTS, ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT INCLUDING AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE
• High R&D Intensity (5-25% of Value Added)
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Proximity to Demand: Products assembled in same
region where they are sold
• Established Supply Chains: complex supply-chain
requirements
• Regulation and Government Intervention: companies
build and sell in same markets because of government
policies
• Availability of Skilled Labor

7. REGIONAL PROCESSING
FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND TOBACCO; FABRICATED METALS; PRINTING AND PUBLISHING; AND RUBBER AND PLASTICS
• Low technology innovation requirements
• High capital intensity
• Low Tradeability
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Proximity to Demand
• Ensure freshness
• Timeliness
• Consumer preferences (convenience, traceability,
safety, choice, environmental or ethical
considerations
• Proximity to Raw Materials
• Cluster around upstream partners and raw
material suppliers to ensure a reliable, flexible,
and cost-efficient supply of raw materials

8. ENERGY- AND RESOURCE-INTENSIVE COMMODITIES
• Highly resource- and energy-intensive (purchased fuel
and electricity are between 7-15% value added)
• Trade is more regional than global
• Products are bulky and have low value density
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Transportation Costs
• Proximity to Demand
• Proximity to Raw Materials (represent 70% production
costs)
• Iron Ore, Crude Oil, Limestone, Wood
• Cost and Availability of Energy
BASIC METALS; REFINED PETROLEUM, COKE, AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS; MINERAL-BASED PRODUCTS (GLASS,
CEMENT, CERAMICS); PAPER AND PULP; AND WOOD PRODUCTS

9. GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES/INNOVATORS
• High dependence on innovation: R&D expenditure make
up 25-35% value added
• Highly traded due to high value density of products, high
modularity in components, fragmented value chains
• Exports represent 55-90% gross output for both
intermediate and final products
• Clusters of concentrated talent, experience, and broad
supply-chain ecosystems
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Ability of Innovate
• Labor Cost
SEMI-CONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS; MEDICAL, PRECISION, AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT; AND COMPUTERS AND
OFFICE MACHINERY

10. LABOR-INTENSIVE TRADABLES
• High labor intensity (every $1,000 of value added requires
30-35 hours of labor
• Highly tradable (50-70% global output consumer outside
country of origin
DEPENDENCY ON PROXIMITIES
• Labor Cost
• Lead times and technological skills
TEXTILES, APPAREL, AND LEATHER; FURNITURE, JEWELRY, TOYS, AND OTHER MANUFACTURING GOODS NOT
CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE

14. THE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION CASE

15. A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how
resources (space and nutrients) influence higher
trophic forms.
A top-down system focuses on interactions at top
level consumers (predators) and their prey influence
on lower trophic forms (Estes, 1996).

16. “…BOTTOM-UP PROCESSES DETERMINE THE FLOW OF
RESOURCES INTO THE SYSTEM, WHEREAS TOP-DOWN
PROCESSES INFLUENCE HOW THE SOURCES ARE
DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE TROPHIC LEVELS.”

18. MATERIALS
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
MICROSCALE NANOSCALEBULKINORGANIC ORGANIC
Minerals, Clays, Sand, Bone,
Teeth
Wood, Leather, Sugars,
Proteins
MEM Devices, thin films,
integrated circuits
Fullerenes, nanotubes,
nanofibers, dendritic
polymers, nanoparticles,
inorganic-organic
nanocomposites,
nanoelectronic devices
Amorphous Crystalline
Inorganic Organic
Semiconductors,
optical crystals,
zeolites, solar panels,
gemstones, LCDs
Glasses, fiber optics,
iron, alloys, steel,
ceramics, cement
Composites,
polymers, plastics,
elastomers, fabrics,
fibers, OLEDs

19. >50,000B.C.BRUSHESAREDEVELOPEDTOAPPLYPIGMENTTOCAVEWALLS
30,000B.C.CLOTHINGMATERIALSAREFABRICATEDFROMANIMALSKINS
24,000B.C.CERAMICMATERIALSFROMANIMALFAT&BONE,MIXEDWITHBONEASHANDCLAY
20,000B.C.IVORYANDBONEAREUSEDTOMAKESEWINGNEEDLES
20,000B.C.ANONWOVENFABRIC,LATERTERMEDFELT,ISMADEFROMCOMPRESSEDWOOL/HAIR
10,000B.C.GOURDS,SEAPODS,BONES,ANDCLAYTOMAKEOCARINASORVESSELFLUTES
15000BCE
14000BCE
13000BCE
12000BCE
11000BCE
10000BCE
MATERIALS
SYNTHETIC
MICROSCALE NANOSCALEBULK
MEM Devices, thin films,
integrated circuits
Fullerenes, nanotubes,
nanofibers, dendritic
polymers, nanoparticles,
inorganic-organic
nanocomposites,
nanoelectronic devices
Amorphous Crystalline
Inorganic Organic
Semiconductors,
optical crystals,
zeolites, solar panels,
gemstones, LCDs
Glasses, fiber optics,
iron, alloys, steel,
ceramics, cement
Composites,
polymers, plastics,
elastomers, fabrics,
fibers, OLEDs
N K
Ca
P
B
Mn
Zn
Cu
Ni
C
O
H
EARTH
WATER
AIR
NATURAL
INORGANIC ORGANIC
Minerals, Clays,
Sand, Bone, Teeth
Wood, Leather,
Sugars, Proteins
Mg
S
Cl
Fe
Mo
AIR

22. 15000BCE
14000BCE
13000BCE
12000BCE
11000BCE
10000BCE
>50,000B.C.BRUSHESAREDEVELOPEDTOAPPLYPIGMENTTOCAVEWALLS
30,000B.C.CLOTHINGMATERIALSAREFABRICATEDFROMANIMALSKINS
24,000B.C.CERAMICMATERIALSFROMANIMALFAT&BONE,MIXEDWITHBONEASHANDCLAY
20,000B.C.IVORYANDBONEAREUSEDTOMAKESEWINGNEEDLES
20,000B.C.ANONWOVENFABRIC,LATERTERMEDFELT,ISMADEFROMCOMPRESSEDWOOL/HAIR
10,000B.C.GOURDS,SEAPODS,BONES,ANDCLAYTOMAKEOCARINASORVESSELFLUTES
POTENTIAL ACTUALITY
N
K
Ca
Mg
P
S
Cl
Fe
B
Mn
Zn
Cu
Mo
Ni
C
O
H
EARTH
WATER
AIR
Arboreal?

23. NECESSITIES FOR SURVIVAL
FOOD
WATER
AIR
SHELTER

24. MANUFACTURING
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
SEDIMENTARY COBBLE
CORES
G A T H E R I N G : C U L L I N G
CORE TOOLS
FLAKES
CORE-BIFACE
THICK-BIFACE
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 1
TRIMMED
FLAKES THIN-BIFACE
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 2
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 3
K N A P P I N G I ; L E V E L 4
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
+ ( f o o d , w a t e r , s h e l t e r , o x y g e n )
I N P U T S

25. 15000BCE
14000BCE
13000BCE
12000BCE
11000BCE
10000BCE
9000BCE
8000BCE
7000BCE
6000BCE
5000BCE
4000BCE
3000BCE
2000BCE
1000BCE
0BCE
1000CE
2000CE
STONE BRONZE IRON MIDDLE
>50,000B.C.BRUSHESAREDEVELOPEDTOAPPLYPIGMENTTOCAVEWALLS
30,000B.C.CLOTHINGMATERIALSAREFABRICATEDFROMANIMALSKINS
24,000B.C.CERAMICMATERIALSFROMANIMALFAT&BONE,MIXEDWITHBONEASHANDCLAY
20,000B.C.IVORYANDBONEAREUSEDTOMAKESEWINGNEEDLES
20,000B.C.ANONWOVENFABRIC,LATERTERMEDFELT,ISMADEFROMCOMPRESSEDWOOL/HAIR
10,000B.C.GOURDS,SEAPODS,BONES,ANDCLAYTOMAKEOCARINASORVESSELFLUTES
4,000B.C.STONESAREFIRSTUSEDTOCONSTRUCTROADS
3,500B.C.COPPERMETALLURGY
3,500B.C.THEFIRSTREPORTEDUSEOFGLASS
3,400B.C.LINENCLOTHSYNTHESIZEDFROMFLAX
3,200B.C.BRONZEISUSEDFORWEAPONSANDARMOR
3,000B.C.CLOTHINGCOMPRISEDOFCOTTONFIBERS
3,000B.C.FIRSTSTRINGEDMUSICALINSTRUMENT
3,000B.C.SOAPISFIRSTSYNTHESIZEDUSINGWOODASHANDANIMALFAT
2,600B.C.SILK:FIBERSAREUSEDFORCLOTHING
2,000B.C.PEWTERBEGINNINGTOBEUSED
1,600B.C.IRONMETALLURGY
1,600B.C.CONCEPTUALDESIGNSFORBATHINGSUITS
1,300B.C.INVENTIONOFSTEELFROMIRONANDCHARCOAL
1,000B.C.THEABACUSISCREATED
1,000B.C.GLASSPRODUCTIONBEGINS
900SB.C.PONTOONRAFTSFORARMIESTOCROSSRIVERS
800SB.C.SPOKEDWHEELSAREFABRICATED
700B.C.INVENTIONOFFALSETEETH
105B.C.PAPERISFIRSTFABRICATEDFROMBAMBOOFIBER
50B.C.GLASSBLOWINGTECHNIQUESAREDEVELOPED
590EXPLOSIVEMIXTURESOFSULFUR,CHARCOAL,&SALTPETER(POTASSIUMNITRATE)
618PAPERMONEYISFIRSTPUTINTOUSE
700PORCELAINISINVENTED
PALEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
HOMO HABILUS HOMO ERECTUS HOMO SAPIEN NEANDERTHALENSIS

26. WHY?

27. 15000BCE
14000BCE
13000BCE
12000BCE
11000BCE
10000BCE
9000BCE
8000BCE
7000BCE
6000BCE
5000BCE
4000BCE
3000BCE
2000BCE
1000BCE
0BCE
1000CE
2000CE
>50,000B.C.BRUSHESAREDEVELOPEDTOAPPLYPIGMENTTOCAVEWALLS
30,000B.C.CLOTHINGMATERIALSAREFABRICATEDFROMANIMALSKINS
24,000B.C.CERAMICMATERIALSFROMANIMALFAT&BONE,MIXEDWITHBONEASHANDCLAY
20,000B.C.IVORYANDBONEAREUSEDTOMAKESEWINGNEEDLES
20,000B.C.ANONWOVENFABRIC,LATERTERMEDFELT,ISMADEFROMCOMPRESSEDWOOL/HAIR
10,000B.C.GOURDS,SEAPODS,BONES,ANDCLAYTOMAKEOCARINASORVESSELFLUTES
4,000B.C.STONESAREFIRSTUSEDTOCONSTRUCTROADS
3,500B.C.COPPERMETALLURGY
3,500B.C.THEFIRSTREPORTEDUSEOFGLASS
3,400B.C.LINENCLOTHSYNTHESIZEDFROMFLAX
3,200B.C.BRONZEISUSEDFORWEAPONSANDARMOR
3,000B.C.CLOTHINGCOMPRISEDOFCOTTONFIBERS
3,000B.C.FIRSTSTRINGEDMUSICALINSTRUMENT
3,000B.C.SOAPISFIRSTSYNTHESIZEDUSINGWOODASHANDANIMALFAT
2,600B.C.SILK:FIBERSAREUSEDFORCLOTHING
2,000B.C.PEWTERBEGINNINGTOBEUSED
1,600B.C.IRONMETALLURGY
1,600B.C.CONCEPTUALDESIGNSFORBATHINGSUITS
1,300B.C.INVENTIONOFSTEELFROMIRONANDCHARCOAL
1,000B.C.THEABACUSISCREATED
1,000B.C.GLASSPRODUCTIONBEGINS
900SB.C.PONTOONRAFTSFORARMIESTOCROSSRIVERS
800SB.C.SPOKEDWHEELSAREFABRICATED
700B.C.INVENTIONOFFALSETEETH
105B.C.PAPERISFIRSTFABRICATEDFROMBAMBOOFIBER
50B.C.GLASSBLOWINGTECHNIQUESAREDEVELOPED
590EXPLOSIVEMIXTURESOFSULFUR,CHARCOAL,&SALTPETER(POTASSIUMNITRATE)
618PAPERMONEYISFIRSTPUTINTOUSE
700PORCELAINISINVENTED
RESILIENCY
AGRICULTURE
PAPERPRODUCTION
GLASSPRODUCTION
SMELTINGIRON/CARBON
SMELTINGCOPPER
EXPOSURE
N
K
Ca
Mg
P
S
Cl
Fe
B
Mn
Zn
Cu
Mo
Ni
C
O
H
EARTH
WATER
AIR
FIRE

29. wood metal

30. wood
Major pioneering efforts in wood technology ended at the close of
World War II. One reason was that aluminum alloy technology
evolved quickly in response to the needs of modern aircraft. This
was compounded by wood's past image, traditions, limitations, and
folklore. However, the main reason wood lost favor was related to
maintenance. Lack of a viable moisture protection system for a
completed structure was at the heart of the problem. All wooden
structures need some reasonable moisture stability to prevent
internal stressing and fungus attack.
• Lack of uniform, consistent wood physical properties
• Moisture management
• Woodworking required a high degree of skill that took a long
apprenticeship to acquire.
The De Havilland Aircraft Company of Great Britain developed a unique stressed-skin monocoque
shell design that was the culmination of 23 years of experience in wooden aircraft. The chief structural
feature of this design was a wood composite sandwich of birch veneers over a unidirectional balsa
core. The design for De Havilland's Mosquito bomber using this advanced structural concept was
conceived in 1939. This extremely successful airplane was in full-scale production in 1941 and saw
much service in World War II. This two-man-crew wooden bomber, one of the most advanced aircraft
of its day, had a level flight speed of over 400 mph and was capable of carrying a 3000-1b bomb load.
Operating at fighter speed without armament, it had a 1500-mile range.
Metals quickly gained favor as a safer material for most larger
and faster aircraft. Metals not only possessed more consistent
properties but could be fabricated with a high degree of reliability
by a semiskilled work force.

31. metal plastic

32. TYPICAL EXTERIOR WALL

33. TYPICAL EXTERIOR WALL

41. Composites reinforced with short biofibers are shown in Figure 1; it is
possible to see that the biofibers are well dispersed, since they do not
show agglomerates or separated phases, and the biofibers are
contained in the entire matrix, this is apparent by the homogenous
distribution. In addition the appropriate integration of chitosan and
starch is demonstrated by a uniform color in the matrix.
Figure 2 shows the composites reinforced with ground rachis; it is
possible to observe also that in these composites a good distribution
of reinforcement was achieved. In both cases the suitable dispersion
is due to the polysaccharide matrix and keratin which has a high
degree of compatibility, besides the size of the reinforcements
enables good embedding without fiber entanglements or rachis
agglomerates.

42. The recycling of PVB is hampered by the elimination of plasticizer and/or degradation during the recycling process.
Degradation generates new functional groups of the polymer, which, in addition to variations in composition caused by the
loss of plasticizer, can cause deterioration of the polymer properties

43. -Photography: Jim Richardson

44. 8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
FT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
P
H
Y
T
O
M
A
S
S
TERRESTRIAL PRIMARY PRODUCERS
DECOMPOSERS.
to
p
tr
u
fu
in
w
d
in
fe
g
n
"c
fo
le
T E R R E S T R I A L S E C O N D A RY C O N S U M E R S
T E R R E S T R I A L T E R T I A R Y C O N S U M E R S
TERRESTRIAL PRIMARY CONSUMERS
Z
O
O
M
A
S
S

45. TERRESTRIAL ZOOMASS TERRESTRIAL PHYTOMASS
1:1000
water uptake and hydraulic redistribution,
nutrient uptake, physical–chemical weathering
and C sequestration, deep root-fauna and -
microbial interactions.
?

46. “IF A SOLUTION EXISTS,
THEN THE SOLUTION
THAT USES ELEMENTS
FROM THE CLOSED
WORLD WILL BE MORE
CREATIVE.”
-I n s i d e t h e B o x

47. ...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the
individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his
locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function
of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations,
though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local
materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being
chosen and imported quite exceptionally.[10]
-Ronald Brunskill
...comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of the people.
Related to their environmental contexts and available resources they
are customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional
technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet
specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life
of the cultures that produce them.[12]
-Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World
folk architecture is built by "...persons not professionally trained in building arts...";
vernacular architecture is still of the common people but may be built by trained professionals
such as through an apprenticeship, but still using local, traditional designs and materials.
Traditional architecture is architecture is passed down from person to person, generation to
generation, particularly orally, but at any level of society, not just by common people.
-Allen Noble, Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions
"the architecture of the people, and by the people, but not for the people."[14]:
- Paul Oliver, Dwellings
"Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people
who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling".[14]:9 suggesting that it is a
primitive form of design, lacking intelligent thought, but he also stated that it was "for
us better worth study than all the highly self-conscious academic attempts at the
beautiful throughout Europe".
- Frank Lloyd Wright

48. The target blood pressure for most healthy adults is 120/80 = 2.32/1.55 psi

49. Systolic 2.32 psi
Atmospheric 14.69 psi
Due to diffusion, air moves from high to low pressure. If atmospheric pressure is low, air (which contains water) will move out of the plant and into the atmosphere, hence increasing transpiration. Plants will lose water at a faster rate than at a higher atmospheric
pressure.
Hooke and the Science of Elasticity

50. STEEL FROM ROCK AND ORE
COAL LIMESTONE IRON ORE
COKING
PLANT
LIMESTONE
BURNING KILN
SINTERING
PLANT
BLAST FURNACE (BF/BOF)
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
STEEL CONVERTER
OXYGEN, OIL, SINTER, PELLETS, COKE
RAW IRON
DESULPHURIZATION
CONVERTER
STEEL
C O M M U N I T I O N , S I Z I N G , C O N C E N T R A T I O N , D E W A T E R I N G
BILLET BLOOM SLAB
LADLE FURNACE, VACUUM DEGASSING, CONTINUOUS CASTING, HOT DIRECT ROLLING
REHEATING FURNACE
SECTION MILL, WIRE ROD MILL, PLATE MILL, HOT STRIP MILL, COLD ROLLING TANDEM MILL, WELDED
PIPE MILL, SEAMLESS PIPE MILL
RAIL
SHEET PILE
SHAPE
BAR
WIRE ROD
PLATE
HOT ROLLED COIL AND SHEET
COLD ROLLED COIL AND SHEET
WELDED PIPE
BUTT WELDED PIPE
SEAMLESS PIPE
1. METALS
A. Metal Surfaces, General: Provide materials with smooth, flat surfaces unless otherwise indicated. For metal fabrications exposed to view in the completed
Work, provide materials without seam marks, roller marks, rolled trade names, or blemishes.
B. Steel Plates, Shapes, and Bars: ASTM A 36/A 36M.
C. Stainless-Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate: ASTM A 240/A 240M or ASTM A 666, [Type 304] [Type 316L].
D. Stainless-Steel Bars and Shapes: ASTM A 276, [Type 304] [Type 316L].
E. Rolled-Steel Floor Plate: ASTM A 786/A 786M, rolled from plate complying with ASTM A 36/A 36M or ASTM A 283/A 283M, Grade C or D.
F. Rolled-Stainless-Steel Floor Plate: ASTM A 793.
G. Abrasive-Surface Floor Plate: Steel plate [with abrasive granules rolled into surface] [or] [with abrasive material metallically bonded to steel].
H. Steel Tubing: ASTM A 500/A 500M, cold-formed steel tubing.
I. Steel Pipe: ASTM A 53/A 53M, Standard Weight (Schedule 40) unless otherwise indicated.
J. Zinc-Coated Steel Wire Rope: ASTM A 741.
K. Slotted Channel Framing: Cold-formed metal box channels (struts) complying with MFMA-4.
L. Cast Iron: Either gray iron, ASTM A 48/A 48M, or malleable iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M, unless otherwise indicated.
M. Aluminum Plate and Sheet: ASTM B 209 (ASTM B 209M), Alloy 6061-T6.
N. Aluminum Extrusions: ASTM B 221 (ASTM B 221M), Alloy 6063-T6.
O. Aluminum-Alloy Rolled Tread Plate: ASTM B 632/B 632M, Alloy 6061-T6.
P. Aluminum Castings: ASTM B 26/B 26M, Alloy 443.0-F.
Q. Bronze Extrusions: ASTM B 455, Alloy UNS No. C38500 (extruded architectural bronze).
R. Bronze Castings: ASTM B 584, Alloy UNS No. C83600 (leaded red brass) or No. C84400 (leaded semired brass).
S. Nickel Silver Extrusions: ASTM B 151/B 151M, Alloy UNS No. C74500.
T. Nickel Silver Castings: ASTM B 584, Alloy UNS No. C97600 (20 percent leaded nickel bronze).

51. PLASTICS FROM PETROCHEMICALS
COALCRUDE OIL
ETHYLENE
PROPYLENE
BENZENE
TOULENE
DESALTING &
DEHYDRATION
+CHLORINE
POLYESTER
FIBERS
POLYCARBONATE
+
TEREPHTHALIC
ACID XYLENE
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
+PHENOL
+OCTANOL
+ACRYLONITRILE
+PROPYLENEOXIDE
URETHANE
FOAM
ACRYLIC
FIBER
PHTHALATES
PHENOLIC
RESIN
POLYPROPENE
LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
ETHYLENEDICHLORIDEVINYLCHLORIDEMONOMER
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
+ETHYLENEOXIDEETHYLENEGLYCOL
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)
+ETHYLENEBENZENESTYRENEMONOMER
ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE
POLYSTYRENE (PS)
ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)
METHACRYLATE BUTADIENE STYRENE (MBS)
STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR)
+ACETALDEHYDE
BUTANOL
ETHYL ACETATE
+ACETALDEHYDE
ACETIC ACID
VINYL ACETATE
POLYVINYL ACETATE
NATURAL GAS
GASOLINE
KEROSENE
DEISEL OIL
LUBRICANT
HEAVY OIL
BITUMEN
NAPHTHA
POWER AND FEEDSTOCK
NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGL)METHANE
C R A C K I N G U N I T ( L I Q U I D O R G A S F E E D S T O C K )
BUTADIENE
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONSOLEFINS
GAS TREATMENT: CRYOGENIC
EXPANDER DEMETHANIZER PROCESS
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
PENTANE
FRACTIONATION
COLUMNS
LIMESTONE IRON ORE

53. 1100CE
1200BE
1300CE
1400CE
1500CE
1600CE
1700CE
1800CE
1900CE
2000CE
2016CE
1156FIRSTREPORTEDSYNTHESISOFPERFUME
1182THEMAGNETICCOMPASSISDEVELOPED
1249GUNPOWDERISDESIGNED/SYNTHESIZED
1280THECANNONISINVENTED
1286EYEGLASSESAREFIRSTUSED
1400THEFIRSTUSEOFGRENADES
1450CRYSTALLO,ACLEARSODA-BASEDGLASS,ISINVENTED
1570THEPINHOLECAMERAISINVENTED
1590GLASSLENSESUSEDINMICROSCOPESANDTELESCOPES
1593WATERTHERMOMETER
1608THETELESCOPE
1612THEFLINTLOCKFIREARM
1621THESLIDERULE
1643BAROMETERUSINGMERCURYINASEALEDGLASSTUBE
1651MICROSCOPE
1668REFLECTINGTELESCOPE
1709ALCOHOLTHERMOMETER
1710BATHROOMBIDETISINVENTEDINFRANCE
1712THESTEAMENGINEISFIRSTINVENTED
1714THEFIRSTPATENTFORATYPEWRITERISAWARDED
1714MERCURYTHERMOMETER
1718THEMACHINEGUNISDEVELOPED
1738PROCESSFORPRODUCTIONMETALLICZINCBYDISTILLATIONFROMCALAMINE&CHARCOAL
1770FIRSTREPORTEDUSEOFPORCELAINFALSETEETH
1774THEELECTRICTELEGRAPHISDEVELOPED
1779PATENTFORHYDRAULICCEMENT(STUCCO)FORUSEASANEXTERIORPLASTER
1789CHLORINEBLEACHISDEVELOPED
1800COPPER/ZINCACIDBATTERY
1815SAFETYLAMPTHATISUSEDINCOALMINESWITHOUTTRIGGERINGANEXPLOSION
1820THEFIRSTELASTICFABRICS
1821INVENTIONOFTHETHERMOCOUPLE
1823PATENTEDMETHODFORMAKINGWATERPROOFGARMENTS
1824PATENTISSUEDFORTHEINVENTIONOFCEMENT
1825PRODUCTIONOFMETALLICALUMINUM
1825THEELECTROMAGNET
1837THETELEGRAPH
1838POLYMERIZATIONOFVINYLIDENECHLORIDEVIASUNLIGHT
1839VULCANIZATIONOFNATURALRUBBER
1839THEFIRSTFUELCELL,HYDROGEN&OXYGENGASESINTHEPRESENCEOFANELECTROLYTE
1842THEFACSIMILEMACHINEISINVENTED
1849FERROCONCRETE,CONCRETEREINFORCEDWITHSTEEL,ISINVENTED
1855BESSEMERPROCESSFORMASSPRODUCTIONOFSTEELPATENTED
1856INVENTIONOFTHEFIRSTSYNTHETICDYE,MAUVEINE
1857TOILETPAPERISDESIGNEDANDMARKETED
1860LINOLEUM,COMPRISEDOFLINSEEDOIL,PIGMENTS,PINEROSIN,ANDPINEFLOUR
1861COLORPHOTOGRAPHY
1864DEVELOPMENTOFFLASHPHOTOGRAPHY
1872ASPHALTISFIRSTDEVELOPED
1872POLYVINYLCHLORIDE(PVC)ISFIRSTCREATED
1873BLUE-JEANSOUTOFDURABLECANVAS
1876GASMOTORENGINE
1877THEFIRSTPHONOGRAPH
1881THEFIRSTMETALDETECTOR
1883THEFIRSTSOLARCELLSUSINGSELENIUMWAFERS
1885SUNGLASSESAREINVENTED
1885DESIGNANDBUILDINGOFTHEFIRSTGASOLINE-FUELEDAUTOMOBILE
1885THEFIRSTGASOLINEPUMPISMANUFACTURED
1887CONTACTLENSESAREINVENTED
1888INTRODUCTIONOFAKODAKCAMERA
1890THEZIPPERISINVENTED
1891THEFIRSTCOMMERCIALLYPRODUCEDARTIFICIALFIBER,RAYON,ISINVENTED
1892CALCIUMCARBIDEISSYNTHESIZED,ASWELLASACETYLENEGAS
1893PATENTEDMETHODFORMAKINGCARBORUNDUM(SIC),ANABRASIVECOMPOUND
1896FIRSTHORSELESSCARRIAGE
1901THEFIRSTMERCURYARCLAMPISDEVELOPED
1902PROCESSFORMAKINGSYNTHETICRUBIES
1902THENEONLIGHTISINVENTED
1903DUCTILETUNGSTENWIREISSYNTHESIZED
1907BAKELITE(PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDERESINS),SYNTHESIZED
1907BAKELITE,PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDERESINS
1908CELLOPHANEISINVENTED
1909THEBAKELITEHARDTHERMOSETTINGPLASTIC
1916METHODFORGROWINGSINGLECRYSTALSOFMETALS
1920STRONGLYMAGNETICCO/WALLOY
1920THE-BIRTHOFPOLYMERSCIENCE
1923SUPERCHARGEDAUTOMOBILE,THE6/25/40HP
1924GLASSWITHAVERYLOWTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,PYREX
1924COMMERCIALPRODUCTIONOFACETATEFIBERS
1924THEFIRSTMOBILE,TWO-WAYVOICE-BASEDTELEPHONEISINVENTED
1926PLASTICIZEDPVCKNOWNASVINYL
1929POLYSULFIDE(THIOKOL)RUBBERISSYNTHESIZED
1929ALIPHATICPOLYESTERS,
1929THEPRINCIPLESOFSTEP-GROWTHPOLYMERIZATION
1929NYLON6,6
1931DEVELOPMENTOFSYNTHETICRUBBERCALLEDNEOPRENE
1931POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE)(PMMA)ISSYNTHESIZED
1932PATENTSFORTHEJETENGINE
1932CATHODERAYTUBES(CRTS)AREINVENTED
1933ELECTRONMICROSCOPE;MAGNIFICATIONOF12,000X
1933POLYETHYLENE(LDPE)
1936THEFIRSTPROGRAMMABLECOMPUTER,THEZL,ISDEVELOPED
1937POLYSTYRENEISDEVELOPED
1937DRYPRINTINGPROCESSCOMMONLYCALLEDXEROX
1938PROCESSFORMAKINGPOLY-TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,TEFION™
1940THOMASANDSPARKASYNTHESIZEISOBUTYLENE-ISOPRENERUBBER
1940BUTYLRUBBERISSYNTHESIZEDINTHEUS
1941CANADIANJOHNHOPPSINVENTSTHEFIRSTCARDIACPACEMAKER
1942THESYNTHETICFABRIC,POLYESTER,ISINVENTED
1943THEFIRSTKIDNEYDIALYSISMACHINEISDEVELOPED
1943POLYURETHANESARESYNTHESIZED
1944PLASTICARTIFICIALEYEISDEVELOPED
1945MICROWAVEOVEN
1946ELECTRONICNUMERICALINTEGRATORANDCOMPUTER
1947TRANSISTORISINVENTED
1947COMMERCIALAPPLICATIONOFBARIUMTITANATE
1947INVENTIONOFMAGNETICTAPEFORRECORDINGAPPLICATIONS
1947EPOXYPOLYMERICSYSTEMS
1950THEFIRSTCOMMERCIALPRODUCTIONOFACRYLICFIBERS
1951INDIVIDUALATOMSSEENFORTHEFIRSTTIMEUSINGTHEFIELDIONMICROSCOPE
1951THECOMPUTERUNIVAC1ISDEVELOPED
1951POLYPROPYLENEISDEVELOPED
1952THEFIRSTAPPLICATIONOFANTIPERSPIRANTDEODORANTWITHAROLL-ONAPPLICATOR
1953METALLICCATALYSTSWHICHGREATLYIMPROVESTRENGTHOFPOLYETHYLENEPOLYMERS
1954SIXPERCENTEFFICIENCYSILICONSOLARCELLS
1954THEMASER(MICROWAVEAMPLIFICATIONBYSTIMULATEDEMISSIONORRADIATION)
1955OPTICALFIBERSAREPRODUCED
1956LIQUIDPAPER™ISFORMULATED
1957CHARACTERIZATIONOFASINGLECRYSTALOFPOLYETHYLENE
1958BIFOCALCONTACTLENSESAREPRODUCED
1959PATENTFORTHEFLOATGLASSPROCESS
1959THEFIRSTCOMMERCIALPRODUCTIONOFSPANDEXFIBERSBYDUPONT
1960SPOLYMERSAREFIRSTCHARACTERIZED
1960THEFIRSTWORKINGLASER(PULSEDRUBY)ISDEVELOPED
1960HE:NEGASLASER
1960SPANDEXFIBERSARESYNTHESIZED
1962THEFIRSTSQUIDSUPERCONDUCTINGQUANTUMINTERFERENCEDEVICEISINVENTED
1962POLYIMIDERESINSARESYNTHESIZED
1963THEFIRSTBALLOONEMBOLECTOMYCATHETERISINVENTED
1963THENOBELPRIZEAWARDEDFOR1950'SPOLYMERIZATIONSTUDIES
1964EIGHT-TRACKPLAYER
1965ABULLETPROOFNYLONFABRIC,KEVLAR,ISINVENTED
1965INVENTIONOFTHECOMPACTDISK
1965STYRENE-BUTADIENEBLOCKCOPOLYMERSARESYNTHESIZED
1966FUEL-INJECTIONSYSTEMSFORAUTOMOBILESAREDEVELOPED
1966SYNTHESIZEANDTESTASTROTURF
1967KEYBOARDSAREFIRSTUSEDFORDATAENTRY,REPLACINGPUNCHCARDS
1968LIQUIDCRYSTALDISPLAYISDEVELOPED
1968INVENTIONOFTHEFIRSTAUTOMOTIVEAIRBAGSYSTEM
1969THESCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPE(SEM)ISFIRSTUSEDINLABORATORIESTOVIEW
1969CHARGE-COUPLEDDEVICES(CCD)INVENTED
1970THEFLOPPYDISK(8IN.)ISINVENTED
1970THEFIRSTMICROFIBER(POLYESTER)ISINVENTED
1970THEFIRSTFABRICCOMPRISEDOFMICROFIBERS,ULTRASUEDE
1971THELIQUIDCRYSTALDISPLAY(LCD)ISINVENTED
1971THEFIRSTSINGLECHIPMICROPROCESSORISINTRODUCED
1971THEVIDEOCASSETTERECORDER(VCR)INVENTED
1971HYDROGELSARESYNTHESIZED
1972DEMONSTRATIONOFTHEUSEOFTHEFIRSTPORTABLECELLULARPHONE
1973THEDISPOSABLELIGHTER
1973MAGNETICRESONANCEIMAGING(MRI)ISINVENTED
1974POST-IT®NOTESFEATURINGALOW-RESIDUEADHESIVE
1975THELASERPRINTERISINVENTED
1975PATENTFOR"DIAGNOSTICX-RAYSYSTEMS"(CATSCANS)
1976THEINKJETPRINTERISDEVELOPED
1977SUPERCOMPUTERISINTRODUCED
1977ELECTRICALLYCONDUCTINGORGANICPOLYMERSARESYNTHESIZED
1978ANARTIFICIALHEART,JARVIK-7,ISINVENTED
1978THEFIRSTANALOGVIDEOOPTICALDISKPLAYER
1979THEFIRSTCASSETTEWALKMANTPS-L2ISINVENTED
1980COMPACTDISKPLAYERS
1981THEWORLD'SLARGESTSOLAR-POWERGENERATINGSTATIONGOESINTOOPERATION
1981THESCANNINGTUNNELINGMICROSCOPE(STM)ISINVENTED
1982THEFIRST"PERSONALCOMPUTER"(PC)ISINTRODUCED
1982PATENTFORDENDRIMERS
1983USPHONECOMPANIESBEGINTOOFFERCELLULARPHONESERVICE
1983COMPUTERFEATURINGTHEFIRSTGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACE(GUI)
1984THECD-ROMISINVENTEDFORCOMPUTERS
1984THEFIRSTCLUMPINGKITTYLITTERISINVENTED
1985HYPERBRANCHEDPOLYMERS,NAMEDDENDRIMERS
1986SYNTHETICSKIN
1987MATERIALTHATISSUPERCONDUCTINGAT-183°C
1987CONDUCTINGPOLYMERS
1988NIGHTLIGHT,CONSISTINGOFELECTROLUMINESCENTPHOSPHORPARTICLES
1989HIGH-DEFINITIONTELEVISIONISINVENTED
1989"NOTEBOOK"COMPUTER
1989ABREATHABLE,WATER-ORWIND-PROOFFABRICISINTRODUCED
1989MICROPROCESSORFEATURING1,000,000TRANSISTORS
1990BIOTEXTILESAREINVENTED
1991CARBONNANOTUBES
1992MINIDISCS(MDS)AREINTRODUCED
1992COMPUTER-CONTROLLED"SMARTPILL,"FORDRUG-DELIVERYAPPLICATIONS
1993THEPENTIUMPROCESSORISINVENTED
1994THEFIRSTSEARCHENGINEFORTHEWORLDWIDEWEBISCREATED
1994LYOCELL,MATERIALDERIVEDFROMWOODPULP
1995DIGITALVERSATILEDISKORDIGITALVIDEODISK(DVD)ISINVENTED
1996NOBELPRIZEAWARDEDFORDISCOVERYOFBUCKMINSTERFULLERENE
1996WEBTV
1996THEPALMPILOT
1997THEGAS-POWEREDFUELCELLISINVENTED
1997AFIRE-RESISTANTBUILDINGMATERIAL
1997DEVICECOMBININGDIGITALCELLPHONE,HAND-HELDPC,ANDFAX
1998GLOBALSATELLITE-BASEDWIRELESSTELEPHONESERVICE
1998"ELECTROCHEMICALPAINTBRUSH"CIRCUIT
1998APPLECOMPUTERINTRODUCESTHEIMAC
1998SYNTHETICSEASHELLSFROMSIO2
1998MASS-PRODUCEDHYBRIDLOW-EMISSIONVEHICLE(LEV)
1998TELEVISIONSTATIONSTRANSITIONFROMANALOGTODIGITALSIGNALS
1999DANISHPHYSICISTHAUISABLETOCONTROLTHESPEEDOFLIGHT,USEFULFORPOTENTIAL
1999BUILDINGWITHARETRACTABLEROOF,SYSTEMSDESIGNFORIDEALTURFCONDITIONS
1999CHEMICALINGREDIENTFROMMUSSELSISUSEDTOSYNTHESIZEWATERPROOFADHESIVE
1999MOLECULAR-BASEDLOGICGATESDEMONSTRATEDTOWORKBETTERTHANSILICONBASED
2000MICROPROCESSORCONSISTINGOF42MILLIONTRANSISTORS
2000THEFIRSTCELLPHONECAPABLEOFCONNECTINGTOTHEINTERNET
2000ROBOTICPETS
2000"DIGITALJUKEBOXES,"DEVICECAPABLEOFSTORINGTHOUSANDSOFMP3SONGS
2001SELF-CONTAINEDARTIFICIALHEARTISIMPLANTED
2001SMARTSHIRTSENSORS,TORECORDANDREPORTBODYDIAGNOSTICS
2001THEBIOARTIFICIALLIVER
2001AFUEL-CELLBICYCLE
2001DIGITALSATELLITERADIO
2001SELF-CLEANINGGLASS
2001AWRINKLE-FREESHIRTCONSISTINGOFTI-ALLOYFIBERSINTERWOVENWITHNYLON
2002CLOTHINGCOMPRISEDOFNANOWHISKERSTOAIDINSTAINRESISTANCE
2002THELIGHTESTSUBSTANCEONEARTH,KNOWNASAEROGELS,ISDEVELOPED
2002TYPEOFSEMICONDUCTINGMATERIAL,GAS/MN,FORFUTURESPINTRONICS-BASEDDEVICES
2003SCIENTISTSDISCOVERAMETHODUSEDTOCOMMERCIALLYPRODUCESPIDER-WEBSILK
2003NANOPARTICLESAREUSEDFORCLEARCOATPAINTFINISHES(PPG–CERAMICLEAR™)
2003NANOFILTERSAREUSEDTOPURITYGROUNDWATERINMANITOBA,CANADA
2003DIGITALVIDEODISKRECORDERS(DVRS)
2003SMALLESTLIGHT-EMITTINGTRANSMITTER,COMPRISEDOFCARBONNANOTUBES(CNTS)
2003COMPUTERLAPTOPSWITHLCDSCREENS
2003BANDAGESAREMADEFROMFIBRINOGEN,ASOLUBLEPROTEINFOUNDINBLOOD
2004THEBLUEGENE/LPRODUCEDBYIBMISABLETOPERFORM70.7TRILLIONCALCULATIONS
2004APPLERELEASESTHEIPODMINI-ABLETOHOLD1,000SONGS
2004SCIENTISTSAREABLETOCONTROLPOLYMORPHISM
2004ACOMPOUNDINTHESHAPEOFABORROMEANKNOTISDISCOVERED
2004NINTENDORELEASESTHEHAND-HELDGAMINGSYSTEM,NINTENDODS
2005CARBONNANOTUBESARESYNTHESIZEDINBULK,ANDSPUNINTOAYARN
2005IPODNANOANDAVIDEO-CAPABLEIPOD
2005MOBILEPHONE,CAPABLEOFMUSICDOWNLOADINGHIGH-DEFINITIONDVDPLAYERS
2006COMPUTERCONTAININGOVERONEBILLIONTRANSISTORS
2006FLAT-PANELDISPLAYTECHNOLOGIESEMPLOYINGCARBONNANOTUBES
2006DESIGNOFCELLULARPHONEWITHBUILT-INBREATHALYZERFORSOBRIETYTESTING;
2007IPHONE,WHICHCOMBINESCELLULARPHONE,INTERNET,ANDIPODFUNCTIONALITIES
2007DUALHD-DVD/BLU-RAYHIGH-DEFINITIONPLAYER
1760INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION
NUMBER
WHAT IS THE CURRENT PROXIMITY OF ACTUALITY AND POTENTIAL?POTENTIAL
ACTUALITY
major impacts of deep roots on the
subsoil and deep roots' functions:
water uptake and hydraulic
redistribution, nutrient uptake,
physical–chemical weathering and C
sequestration, and deep root-fauna
and -microbial interactions.
POTENTIAL
Despite recent technological advances,
the study of deep roots and their
rhizosphere remains inherently time-
consuming, technically demanding and
costly, which explains why deep roots
have yet to be given the attention they
deserve.

55. The cell walls of plants are made up of just
four basic building blocks: cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin and pectin.

65. INK (TODAY)
RECTANGULAR PRISM.
MODULAR PANELS.
PRODUCTS ARE PACKAGED TO OPTIMIZE VOLUME.
TRUCKS ARE DESIGNED TO CARRY CONTAINER
SHIPS ARE DESIGNED TO OPTIMIZE SPACE FOR STACKING
RAILROAD CARS ARE DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT THE CRATE
EVERY STEP OF MANUFACTURING TRANSFORMS PROPERTIES OF
MATERIAL. END PRODUCT IS DIRECTIONAL STRENGTH.

66. INK (TOMORROW)

68. OFFER “FIXED” SECONDARY TECHNOLOGY ROUTE FOR EACH CERTIFIED MATERIAL INPUT,
TO FACILITATE SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION CAPABLE OF OPERATING AT NET-ZERO ENERGY,
SCALED TO MATERIAL CULTURE FOR THE BENEFIT OF PLACE AND PEOPLE.
• Material-specific datasets, including
• build parameters
• software print settings and file types
• LPC Approved Material of defined technology route
Completely defined production process:
WE KNOW HOW IT IS MADE
• “People's relationship to and perception of
objects are socially and culturally
dependent.”

69. “What really pays off for most of the common
purposes of life is not carbon fibres, but holes…
Holes are enormously cheaper, both in money
and in energy, than any conceivable form of high-
stiffness material. It would probably be better to
spend more time and money on developing
cellular or porous materials and less on boron or
carbon fibres.”
-J.E. Gordon